Sodium Chloride Saturated Solution - BioReagent, Suitable for molecular biology, Ready-to-use , CAS No.7647-14-5

CAS: 7647-14-5 Cat. No.: S1528805 Formule: NaCl Poids moléculaire: 58.44 Beilstein Registry Number: 3534976 Numéro CE: 231-598-3

GRADE & PURITY BioReagent, Ready-to-use, Suitable for molecular biology

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Application

1038

Vue d’ensemble

This product is a ready-to-use saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride, prepared by dissolving sodium chloride (NaCl, CAS: 7647-14-5, molecular weight: 58.44) in deionized water. At 25°C, the saturated mass fraction is approximately 36%. It is suitable for nucleic acid salting-out precipitation, protein sample preparation, osmotic pressure adjustment, colloid chemistry experiments, and preparation of high ionic strength reaction systems.

This product is a saturated aqueous solution. When the temperature decreases, white sodium chloride crystals may precipitate at the bottom of the container — this is an inherent physical characteristic of the system and does not indicate product deterioration. Before use, warm to room temperature and mix thoroughly to redissolve the crystals; the solution can then be used normally without any loss of performance. Evaporation of water will exacerbate crystallization; please tighten the cap promptly after use. Do not freeze, as freezing will cause extensive crystallization.

Procedure (for reference only):

Operate according to the specific requirements of the experiment.

Precautions:

1.For your safety and health, please wear a lab coat and disposable gloves during operation.

2.This product is for research use only. Strictly prohibited for any other use.

Specifications

Spécifications et pureté

BioReagent, Suitable for molecular biology, Ready-to-use

Stabilité et stockage

Store at Room temperature long term (12 months).

Conditions de stockage de stockage

Room temperature

Expédié en

Normal

Grade

BioReagent, Prêt à l'emploi, Suitable for molecular biology

Product Line

biological_products

Noms et identifiants

Isomères SMILES

[Na+].[Cl-]

WGK Allemagne

1

RTECS

VZ4725000

Poids moléculaire

58.44

Beilstein

3534976

Propriétés chimiques et physiques

• Point de fusion (°C): 800 °C

Application Protocols

No item-specific, validated application protocols are provided for this product; refer to standard laboratory manuals and method SOPs.

General literature-style protocols where saturated NaCl solution is commonly employed:

• Brine wash during extraction:
  • After neutral and acid/base washes, add ~0.5–1 volume of saturated NaCl to the separatory funnel containing your organic phase.
  • Invert gently 3–5 times, venting as needed. Allow layers to separate fully; drain the aqueous brine layer.
  • Repeat once if necessary. Proceed to dry the organic phase with a solid desiccant.
• Salting-out of water-miscible organics:
  • To an aqueous mixture containing a partially water-miscible solvent (e.g., isopropanol, acetonitrile), add saturated NaCl incrementally with stirring until a distinct organic-rich phase forms. Extract with a hydrophobic solvent as needed.

These are general suggestions and not product specifications. Optimize volumes, temperatures, and timing for your substrate and solvent system. For regulated or critical work, document and validate your procedure.

Biological Roles

This product provides sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions in water at very high concentrations. While it is not a buffer or nutrient formulation, understanding ionic effects is important for biological workflows.

General biochemistry context (literature):

• Na+ and Cl− are the dominant extracellular ions in many organisms, central to osmotic balance, membrane potentials, and transport processes.
• High ionic strength screens electrostatic interactions, weakens long-range charge–charge attraction/repulsion, and can modulate protein stability and aggregation (Hofmeister series effects), with chloride being relatively weakly kosmotropic.
• Hypertonic environments drive water efflux from cells, used experimentally for osmotic shock procedures, vesicle shrinking, or to modulate cell adhesion; conditions must be validated for each system.
• Chloride specifically can influence certain enzymes and channels (e.g., chloride-dependent transporters), and may interfere with halide-sensitive assays or metal–ligand equilibria.

Practical notes for lab use (literature):

• Use caution when contacting live cells or delicate biomolecules: saturated brine is far above physiological ionic strength and is typically used only for short exposures, extractions, or equipment rinses where high salt is desired.
• If physiological conditions are required, dilute with appropriately buffered, sterile water to reach target salinity; verify osmolarity by measurement rather than assumption.

Buffer Applications

Not a buffer. Saturated NaCl lacks acid/base conjugate pairs and provides no pH control.

Relevant uses in buffer systems (literature):

• Ionic strength modifier: NaCl is often added to buffers (e.g., Tris, HEPES, phosphate) to adjust ionic strength. This saturated solution can serve as a convenient stock for stepwise additions when chloride is acceptable.
• Creating saline solutions: For isotonic saline (~0.9% w/v), dilute carefully with high-purity water and, if needed, add buffering components to maintain pH. Verify final conductivity/osmolarity.
• Nucleic acid and protein protocols: Elevated NaCl (but far below saturation) is commonly used to tune hybridization stringency, protein–ligand interactions, or elution conditions in chromatography. Prepare defined-concentration working solutions from this stock if precise molarity is required.

Practical tips (literature):

• Because saturation depends on temperature, do not assume a fixed molarity; for buffered applications, prepare fresh defined-concentration NaCl solutions gravimetrically or volumetrically from solid NaCl to reduce uncertainty.
• Avoid using saturated brine directly in pH-sensitive assays; add to pre-buffered systems and re-check pH after addition.

Green Alternatives

Saturated NaCl solution (“brine”) is generally considered a benign, low-toxicity auxiliary reagent. Greenness considerations focus on corrosion, chloride load in waste, and resource use.

• Environmental profile (general):
  • Low human toxicity; non-volatile; minimal air emissions. Primary concerns are chloride discharge to wastewater and corrosion of infrastructure.
• Greener or alternative choices (literature):
  • Saturated sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solutions: Comparable salting-out with reduced chloride-induced corrosion; higher sulfate load in waste streams.
  • Solid drying agents (MgSO4, Na2SO4) used directly on the organic phase: Avoids brine washes but does not help break emulsions.
  • Process intensification: Centrifugation or phase separators to resolve emulsions without high-salt washes.

Qualitative comparison (literature):

• Brine (NaCl):
  • Pros: Readily available, low cost, effective at breaking emulsions, easy to dispose in small-scale lab settings following institutional guidelines.
  • Cons: Chloride-related corrosion; added aqueous waste volume; not suitable with chloride-sensitive analytes.
• Saturated Na2SO4/MgSO4:
  • Pros: Less corrosive to many metals; strong salting-out.
  • Cons: Potential sulfate discharge limits; may have different density/viscosity profiles affecting separations.

Recommendation: For routine bench extractions, brine is appropriate. In scale-up or chloride-restricted facilities, evaluate sulfate-based brines or mechanical separation to reduce chloride burden.

Pharmaceutical Uses

Context for formulation research (general; no clinical/therapeutic claims):

• Sodium chloride is a common excipient for adjusting tonicity and ionic strength in formulations; however, saturated NaCl is far above typical formulation levels and is generally used only as a lab auxiliary (e.g., phase separation during extractions, cleaning studies) rather than as a formulation component.
• In preformulation or equipment cleaning validation studies, high-salt rinses may be used to evaluate residue removal challenges or to probe corrosion susceptibility of materials-of-construction. Chloride-rich solutions can stress-test stainless steels and coatings; assess compatibility accordingly.
• Pharmacopeial status: Sodium chloride is compendial (e.g., Ph. Eur., USP) as a raw material, but this specific product is provided as a research-grade saturated solution and is not designated for GMP manufacturing or clinical use. Verification of compendial compliance is outside the scope of this catalog listing.

Important: This product is for research use only (Product Data). It is not intended for human or animal administration, diagnostic procedures, or as a drug substance/excipient without appropriate qualification. For regulated applications, source GMP-grade materials and validated solutions prepared under controlled conditions.

Physical Properties

• Appearance (Product Data): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Storage conditions (Product Data): Room temperature. Avoid evaporation to maintain saturation level.
• Shipping (Product Data): Normal.

Literature/typical properties of saturated aqueous NaCl (for context; temperature-dependent and not product specifications):

• Approximate concentration at 20–25 °C: ~26–27% w/w NaCl (literature; varies with temperature and exact saturation protocol).
• Density (25 °C, ~26% w/w): ~1.20 g/mL (literature).
• Refractive index nD (20 °C, ~26% w/w): ~1.38 (literature).
• pH: Near neutral; typically ~6–8 depending on water and dissolved CO2 (literature).
• Freezing behavior: Eutectic for NaCl–H2O occurs near 23.3% w/w at ~−21 °C; saturated brine remains liquid well below 0 °C (literature).
• Boiling point: Elevated modestly relative to pure water; water-rich vapor phase; significant water loss upon boiling (literature).
• Vapor pressure: Governed by water; slightly reduced vs pure water due to solute activity effects (literature).
• Viscosity: Slightly higher than pure water; increases with salinity and decreases with temperature (literature).
• Solubility/miscibility: Completely miscible with water; immiscible with most nonpolar organic solvents; induces salting-out of many organics (literature).

Note: Values above are general references to assist with experimental planning and should not be interpreted as this item’s certified specifications.

Quality and Grades

• Grade (Product Data): BioReagent.

What BioReagent typically implies (general guidance; check CoA for this item’s exact specifications):

• Suitable for common biological and biochemical laboratory workflows where background ionic contaminants, bioburden, or endotoxin must be controlled within practical research limits.
• Prepared from components intended for laboratory research use; not formulated or released for clinical/diagnostic purposes.
• May be filtered/clarified; exact microbial/endotoxin, conductivity/resistivity, and trace-metal profiles are item-specific and should be verified on the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Considerations specific to a saturated NaCl solution:

• Ionic strength is maximized by definition; small temperature changes shift saturation and can precipitate or dissolve additional NaCl. If crystals are present, gentle warming and mixing can restore homogeneity.
• For nucleic acid/protein work or halide-sensitive assays, verify that the chloride background is compatible with the method.

Do not infer unstated specifications:

• Trace metal limits, UV cutoffs, pH ranges, microbial limits, filtration pore size, stabilizers, and exact concentration: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Reaction and Applications

As a saturated aqueous electrolyte, this product is primarily used in workups and phase behavior control rather than as a direct reagent in bond-forming reactions.

Common laboratory applications (literature):

• Liquid–liquid extraction workups: A brine wash can collapse emulsions, decrease water solubility of organics, and assist in drying the organic phase prior to contact with solid desiccants.
• Phase partitioning: Saturating the aqueous layer with NaCl shifts distribution coefficients (K_d) to favor transfer of neutral, moderately polar organics into the organic phase.
• Protein and biomolecule handling: High ionic strength can modulate hydrophobic interactions and precipitate some proteins (Hofmeister effect), though Na2SO4 or (NH4)2SO4 are stronger salting-out agents; chloride compatibility must be confirmed for sensitive systems.
• Analytical/sample prep: Adjusting ionic strength for certain SPE protocols or to influence micelle formation in surfactant-containing systems.

Practical tips (literature):

• Ensure the solution remains saturated: visible undissolved NaCl crystals are common; mix well before dispensing to maintain consistent ionic strength.
• Temperature control: Warmer solutions dissolve more NaCl; cooling can crystallize NaCl and lower the dissolved concentration if crystals are removed inadvertently.
• Sequence in workups: Typically wash with water, then saturated NaHCO3/acid if needed, and finish with saturated NaCl (brine) to pre-dry before exposure to solid drying agents.

Reaction Conditions

Typical usage parameters for saturated NaCl solution in extractions and workups (literature guidance; adjust to your system):

• Brine wash volumes: 0.5–1.0 volume equivalents relative to the organic phase per wash is common; multiple smaller washes are often more effective than a single large wash.
• Sequence: After neutral water washes and any acid/base washes, finish with 1–2 brine washes to pre-dry the organic layer before using solid desiccants.
• Mixing: Gentle inversion or moderate stirring/shaking minimizes persistent emulsions; if emulsions form, allow to stand, add additional brine, or centrifuge.
• Temperature: Ambient (20–25 °C). Warmer temperatures can change saturation and viscosity; maintain consistency across runs.
• Compatible organic phases: Ethers, esters, hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, and many aromatics. Highly water-miscible solvents (e.g., lower alcohols, acetonitrile, THF) may require prior dilution or salting-out steps to achieve clear separation.
• Expected outcomes: Faster phase disengagement, lowered water content in organic layer, and improved recovery of neutral products.

Notes:

• For chloride-sensitive systems (e.g., Pd-catalyzed couplings with halide effects, Ag-mediated steps), use sulfate-based brines.
• Because saturation varies with temperature, if you require quantitation (e.g., to calculate ionic strength), measure density or refractive index of the working solution and reference appropriate correlations.

Safety and Handling

• GHS classification, pictograms, signal word, H-statements (Product Data): Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• General hazard profile (literature): Aqueous sodium chloride solutions are generally of low acute toxicity but can be irritating to eyes/skin upon prolonged contact; ingestion of concentrated brine may cause gastrointestinal irritation. Hypertonic solutions can be dehydrating to tissues.
• Personal protective equipment (good laboratory practice):
  • Safety glasses or splash goggles; lab coat; appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile) when handling bulk volumes.
  • Use secondary containment to prevent spills; brine can corrode certain metals over time.
• Handling guidance:
  • Avoid aerosol formation; handle near sinks or spill trays.
  • Prevent evaporation to maintain defined saturation; cap tightly after use.
  • Rinse spills with copious water; floors may become slippery.
• Incompatibilities/Material concerns (general):
  • Corrosive to many metals (e.g., carbon steel, some aluminum alloys) under wet, chloride-rich conditions; avoid prolonged contact with susceptible metals and electronics.
  • Precipitates with certain silver, lead, and mercury salts; may interfere with halide-sensitive reactions/analyses.
• First-aid overview (consult SDS for definitive guidance):
  • Eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if easy; seek medical advice if irritation persists.
  • Skin: Wash with water/soap; remove contaminated clothing.
  • Inhalation: Not a typical risk for solutions; if aerosolized, move to fresh air.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical advice if large quantities swallowed.

Solvent Selection

This product is an aqueous electrolyte solution rather than an organic solvent. Selection guidance is thus about choosing it as an aqueous phase modifier or workup reagent.

• Polarity/medium: Highly polar, protic, hydrogen-bonding medium dominated by water with high ionic strength (literature).
• Miscibility: Completely miscible with water; effectively immiscible with most hydrophobic organic solvents. High salinity induces “salting-out” of many organics from water (literature).
• Typical use scenarios (literature):
  • Brine washes during liquid–liquid extraction to break emulsions and drive partitioning into an organic phase.
  • Saturating the aqueous layer to reduce solubility of organics in water, improving phase separation and recovery.
  • Setting high ionic strength for certain chromatographic or precipitation steps where chloride is acceptable.
• When to choose vs alternatives (literature):
  • Choose saturated NaCl when robust salting-out and chloride compatibility are needed, and when a neutral, non-buffered medium is acceptable.
  • Consider alternatives (e.g., saturated Na2SO4 or MgSO4 solutions) if chloride-sensitive substrates or corrosion concerns exist.

Mini-comparison (literature, qualitative):

• Saturated NaCl (this item): Strong salting-out; neutral pH; can corrode susceptible metals.
• Pure water: No salting-out; slower phase separation; fewer corrosion issues.
• Buffered saline (e.g., PBS): Controlled pH but much lower ionic strength; not equivalent to saturated brine for extractions.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (Product Data): Room temperature.
• Shipping (Product Data): Normal.
• Research use note (Product Data): For research use only.

Handling and stability guidance (general best practice):

• Keep container tightly closed to prevent evaporation, which can change concentration and deposit salt crystals at the neck/cap.
• Store in chemically compatible containers (e.g., glass or high-grade plastics). Avoid prolonged contact with corrosion-prone metals and metal closures where chloride attack may occur.
• Homogenization: If crystals are observed (common for saturated solutions), warm gently to ambient temperature and mix until fully dissolved before use. Maintain consistent temperature between uses for reproducibility.
• Reconstitution: Not applicable—this is a ready-to-use solution. If dilution is required (e.g., to prepare defined salinities), use high-purity water and verify concentration by conductivity, density, or refractive index when precision is critical.
• Shelf life and specific acceptance criteria: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Microbial control: High salinity inhibits many microbes but is not sterilizing. For sterile applications, filter through appropriate membranes under aseptic conditions as required by your protocol.

Structure and Identity

A ready-to-use, aqueous sodium chloride solution at saturation; inorganic electrolyte solution for laboratory use.

• Item-specific identifiers (CAS, CID, InChIKey, SMILES): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Grade/Purity (Product Data): BioReagent.
• Composition (general description): Water containing dissolved sodium chloride (NaCl) at its solubility limit at ambient temperature (exact concentration depends on temperature; see Physical Properties for literature context).
• Molecular constituents (general chemistry):
  • Sodium ion (Na+): monovalent cation, non-coordinating in bulk water but engages in ionic strength effects.
  • Chloride ion (Cl−): monovalent anion, weakly coordinating, participates in Hofmeister series effects.
• 2D structural description (general): The solution contains discrete, fully dissociated Na+ and Cl− ions dispersed in a hydrogen-bonded network of H2O molecules; there is no covalent structure for the solution as a whole.
• Molecular formula and molecular weight (for the solute NaCl; literature):
  • NaCl formula: NaCl (literature)
  • NaCl molecular weight: 58.44 g/mol (literature)
• Structural features (general):
  • Ionic, non-volatile solute; highly polar medium dominated by water.
  • No stereochemistry; no ring systems; purely inorganic ions in aqueous phase.

Synthetic Utility

While not a reagent that forms covalent bonds, saturated NaCl solution is highly useful in synthetic workflows, particularly during workup and purification.

Key utilities (literature):

• Brine wash: Drives neutral organics into the organic phase and collapses emulsions after aqueous washes (acid/base/bicarbonate), improving yields and reducing drying time.
• Pre-drying: A final brine wash reduces water carryover in the organic phase prior to solid desiccants (e.g., MgSO4, Na2SO4), minimizing consumption of drying agents.
• Phase manipulation: In biphasic reactions (e.g., phase-transfer catalysis), adding brine can shift equilibria and improve rates/selectivity by altering solvation of ions and substrates.
• Precipitation control: High ionic strength can salt out certain polymers, peptides, or small molecules from aqueous mixtures to facilitate isolation.

Practical considerations (literature):

• Chloride sensitivity: Avoid brine with chloride-labile intermediates (e.g., acid chlorides in contact with aqueous phase, Ag+ salts, or catalysts poisoned by halides).
• Density advantage: Saturated brine is denser than water, which can aid phase inversion and visual separation in some solvent systems.
• Temperature and saturation: Keep solution at consistent temperature; mix before use to ensure homogeneity. If crystals are present, keep them in the stock bottle to maintain saturation, but dispense clear supernatant for reproducibility.

Target Specificity

Not applicable to this product type.

• This is a general-purpose inorganic electrolyte solution and not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody, probe, enzyme). There is no antigen/epitope or species specificity associated with this item.