≥98% for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.
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Storage & shipping
Store at 2-8°C Ships Wet ice Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.
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Quality documents
SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.
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Literature proof
Cited in 0 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.
Vue d’ensemble
Information
Sodium Picosulfate inhibits absorption of water and electrolytes, and increases their secretion.
In vitro
Sodium Picosulfate displays cytotoxic effects on cultured liver cells. 800 and 1600 mg/mL induces dose-dependently vacuolic and fatty change as well as necrosis combined with a lowered mitotic activity and a slight increase in LDH values of the rapidly growing cultured liver cells of rabbit. Comparable but less severe effects are observed in 4-day old liver cell cultures of rat, while liver cells cultured for 6 to 11 days tolerate 1600 mg/mL Sodium Picosulfate. In human liver cultures the number of cells is slightly lowered at 800 and 1600 mg/mL and the number of nuclei in division is decreased dependent on dose.
In vivo
Sodium Picosulphate treatment for long-term has no effects on neuropeptide content of the rat colon. Over a 6-month period, daily doses (10 mg/kg/day) or twice-weekly doses (7.5 mg/kg/day) of Sodium Picosulphate do not affect the level of Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, and substance P in mucosa, submucosa, or muscularis externa. Sodium Picosulphate has no major influence on ileal and colonic epithelial cell proliferation. In a 12 weeks study, 10 mg/kg Sodium Picosulphate continuously treatment does not influence the labeling index of Brdu (LI) in the ileum and induces no statistically significant increase of the LI when the treated groups are compared with the control group. The proliferative pattern along the crypts remains unchanged with sodium picosulphate treatment throughout the study. Sodium Picosulphate does not induce chronic changes in colonic motility in rats under long-term treatment. 10mg/kg/day Sodium Picosulphate pretreated for 23 weeks does not induce any significant change in the duration of long spike bursts (LSB) which are associated with phasic contractions, or in LSB frequency in the fasted state or after a 3-gram meal.
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. These are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
External Descriptors
pyridines - aryl sulfate
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.
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Application Protocols
No item-specific tested application protocols are provided for this product. For research use, typical procedure outlines include (general guidance only):
Preparation of aqueous stock: Weigh appropriate amount quickly to minimize moisture uptake; dissolve in ultrapure water to the desired concentration; filter through 0.22 µm if needed for sterile work.
Enzymatic hydrolysis assay: Incubate a known concentration in suitable buffer with a sulfatase source at 25–37°C; take timed aliquots; quench and analyze by LC–UV/MS for appearance of the phenolic aglycone and disappearance of the parent salt.
Stability study: Expose aliquots to acidic, basic, oxidative, and thermal conditions; neutralize/standardize; quantify degradation by a validated, stability-indicating chromatographic method.
These are illustrative, literature-style procedures. Adjust to your laboratory’s SOPs and consult the SDS/CoA for constraints. This product is for research use only.
Biological Roles
General biochemical context (literature/general; no medical claims):
Sodium picosulfate is a doubly sulfated aryl ether pro-moiety. In biological systems, aryl sulfate monoesters are often stable in the upper GI tract and can undergo hydrolytic activation by bacterial sulfatases present in the lower intestine, releasing the corresponding phenolic aglycone. The resulting aglycone in this scaffold is a bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methane derivative, which can interact with epithelial transport and secretion pathways in cellular models.
As a tool compound, sodium picosulfate and related aryl sulfate esters are used to probe sulfatase activity, sulfate transport, and phase II metabolism mimicry (sulfation/desulfation cycles) in vitro.
Physicochemical determinants of biological handling (general):
High polarity and dianionic charge limit passive membrane diffusion in neutral form, favoring luminal localization in gastrointestinal models unless desulfated.
Enzymatic specificity: Steroid and aryl sulfatases recognize sulfate monoesters; kinetics depend on the electronic nature of the aryl ring and the accessibility of the sulfate group.
Assay considerations:
Enzymology: Measure release of the phenolic aglycone via LC–MS or UV detection after incubation with sulfatase preparations or microbiota-derived enzyme fractions.
Transport studies: Use Caco-2 or other epithelial monolayers to examine paracellular movement versus enzymatic conversion, recognizing limited transcellular permeability of the intact dianion.
All statements above reflect literature/general biochemical understanding and are intended strictly for research and educational contexts.
Buffer Applications
This compound is not a buffering agent and does not define a useful acid/base pair for pH control.
Practical notes (general):
Use standard biological or analytical buffers (e.g., phosphate, acetate, HEPES, MOPS) to maintain pH when studying sodium picosulfate stability or enzymatic hydrolysis.
Maintain ionic strength with inert electrolytes (e.g., NaCl) rather than relying on the analyte itself.
When evaluating hydrolysis kinetics, select buffers spanning mildly acidic to neutral pH and confirm that buffer components do not catalyze sulfate ester cleavage or interfere with detection.
If a buffer recipe is required, select it based on the assay or enzyme system; sodium picosulfate does not serve as the buffer.
Green Alternatives
As an ionic bioactive small molecule rather than a process solvent or bulk reagent, “green alternative” discussions focus on media and processing choices rather than replacing the compound itself.
Greener handling choices (general):
Favor water as the primary solvent for dissolution, analytics, and kinetic studies when chemically compatible, reducing reliance on high-boiling dipolar aprotics.
If an organic cosolvent is required for stock solutions, minimize DMSO volume and dilute promptly into aqueous buffer. Consider glycerol–water mixtures for enhanced solubility/viscosity in enzymatic assays.
Avoid halogenated solvents for workup or cleanup; aqueous phase manipulations and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods can often replace chlorinated solvent rinses.
Comparison of common media (general, qualitative):
Water/buffer: Preferred for safety and sustainability; excellent solvation of the disodium salt.
DMSO: Effective solubilizer; use sparingly due to persistence and environmental burden.
Alcohols (MeOH/EtOH): Limited solubility improvement; EtOH is greener than MeOH but typically inferior to water for this salt.
Waste minimization:
Design aqueous methods to allow direct sewer-compatible neutral salt waste streams where permitted; otherwise, collect aqueous organics separately.
Use miniaturized assay formats (microplates) to reduce solvent consumption.
Because sodium picosulfate is the study target itself, there is no practical “substitute compound” in most experiments; instead, prioritize greener solvents, smaller scales, and benign workup procedures.
Pharmaceutical Uses
Item-specific pharmacopeial status/grade: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Research/formulation context (no therapeutic claims):
Sodium picosulfate is commonly handled as an active small molecule in formulation research. Typical non-clinical activities include pre-formulation solubility profiling, pH–solubility mapping, and excipient compatibility screens to understand stability against hydrolysis.
Analytical uses include serving as a reference standard for method development and validation (e.g., HPLC/LC–MS), forced-degradation studies (acid/base, oxidative, thermal), and impurity profiling (monitoring desulfated phenolic products and inorganic sulfate).
In dosage-form development research, aqueous solutions, granules, or powder blends can be investigated for hygroscopicity, flow, and content uniformity, with attention to moisture control to preserve the sulfate esters.
Quality considerations (general):
Control residual inorganic salts, sulfate/bisulfate, and organic process impurities.
Define robust stability-indicating methods capable of separating positional isomers, desulfated species, and pyridyl oxidation products.
Evaluate packaging that limits moisture ingress (e.g., HDPE with desiccant) during stability studies.
All information above reflects general pharmaceutical science practices for research and development; it does not constitute guidance for clinical use.
Physical Properties
Item-specific properties: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Literature/general reference values and characteristics (non-spec):
Physical state: typically a white to off-white solid (literature/general descriptions of the pure substance).
Solubility: freely soluble in water; very low solubility in nonpolar organic solvents due to its dianionic sulfate esters and sodium counterions (literature).
Partitioning: expected low logP/logD in aqueous systems owing to two ionic sulfate groups (qualitative literature expectation).
Hygroscopicity: aryl sulfate sodium salts can be moderately hygroscopic; handle quickly in ambient air and cap tightly (general handling guidance; verify per batch-specific CoA/SDS).
pKa: sulfate monoesters are strong acids (pKa well below 1 for the conjugate acid); as supplied in the disodium form, the compound is fully ionized in neutral water (literature/general).
Thermal behavior: aromatic sulfate esters often decompose before a sharp melt; sodium picosulfate is reported to char/decompose upon strong heating (literature notes; obtain precise data from CoA if needed).
UV/Vis: aromatic chromophores (phenyl/pyridyl) give UV absorption in the 200–300 nm region (qualitative literature expectation). Exact UV cutoff or ε: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Note: Do not treat the above as product specifications; consult the lot-specific CoA and SDS for authoritative numerical values (mp, water content, etc.).
Quality and Grades
Item-specific grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Interpreting grades for this compound type (general guidance):
Research grade materials prioritize chemical identity and general purity; analytical or HPLC grades would further control trace impurities and UV absorbance, relevant if using UV detection or quantitative assays.
For aryl sulfate salts, typical impurity concerns may include residual inorganic salts (e.g., Na2SO4), hydrolytic byproducts (desulfated phenols), and organic synthesis residues. Appropriate acceptance criteria are usually set via HPLC/LC–MS purity, water content (e.g., KF), and identity (NMR/HRMS).
If a stabilizer is present, it should be disclosed on the CoA/Spec Sheet; none is indicated in the Product Data for this item.
Practical quality tips (general):
Confirm identity with orthogonal methods (1H/13C NMR in D2O/DMSO-d6, HRMS for [M−2Na+2H] or related ions, and IR sulfate S=O stretches ~1250–1050 cm−1; literature/general guidance).
Monitor hydrolytic stability during method development, particularly in strongly acidic/basic aqueous media or at elevated temperature.
For quantitative work, verify assay content on the lot-specific CoA and consider drying conditions if specified (e.g., vacuum over P2O5 or at ambient temperature) to constant mass.
Reaction and Applications
This compound is primarily a bioactive research chemical rather than a general-purpose synthetic reagent. Nevertheless, its functional groups and behavior inform certain application areas.
Relevant chemical behavior (literature/general):
Aryl sulfate monoesters are good leaving groups in enzymatic sulfatase-catalyzed hydrolysis and can undergo acid- or base-catalyzed cleavage to regenerate phenols.
The diarylmethyl–pyridyl scaffold provides a UV-active chromophore useful in analytical detection.
Typical research applications:
Prodrug activation studies: Model substrate for investigating sulfatase-mediated or microbiota-mediated hydrolysis pathways in vitro.
Stability profiling: Forced-degradation studies across pH and temperature to map hydrolysis kinetics and identify desulfated products (e.g., bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methane; literature context).
Analytical method development: LC–UV/LC–MS method qualification, impurity profiling, and reference standard use in formulation or release testing (non-clinical research use only).
Practical tips:
Maintain neutral to mildly acidic aqueous conditions to limit base-catalyzed sulfate ester cleavage during handling; avoid prolonged exposure to strong acids/bases if the intact sulfate is required.
For nonaqueous assays, prepare concentrated DMSO stocks and dilute rapidly into buffer to reduce precipitation.
If converting to aglycone/desulfated forms is desired, controlled hydrolysis (acidic, basic, or enzymatic) can be employed; monitor by LC–MS.
Note: This section reflects general literature uses; it does not imply suitability for therapeutic or diagnostic applications.
Reaction Conditions
Because sodium picosulfate is usually a study target rather than a reagent, “reaction conditions” below summarize general, literature-style conditions relevant to its transformation or analysis. These are not product-specific specifications.
Hydrolysis (general):
Acid- or base-catalyzed cleavage of aryl sulfate monoesters proceeds in aqueous media; rates increase with stronger acid/base and higher temperature. Maintain neutral to mildly acidic pH (e.g., pH 5–7) for improved stability during routine handling.
Enzymatic hydrolysis by aryl/steroid sulfatases can be run in buffered aqueous solutions (e.g., phosphate, Tris, or acetate) at 25–37°C. Monitor formation of the phenolic aglycone by LC–UV or LC–MS.
Stock preparation (general):
Dissolve in water or DMSO to prepare concentrated stocks (e.g., millimolar range), then dilute into buffer. Mix immediately to prevent localized high pH or precipitation upon dilution.
Forced degradation study design (general):
Acidic: 0.1–1 M HCl, ambient to 60°C, hours to days.
Basic: 0.1–1 M NaOH, ambient to 60°C, minutes to hours; expect more rapid cleavage.
Oxidative: 0.1–3% H2O2 at ambient temperature; monitor for pyridine/aryl oxidation and sulfate integrity.
Thermal: Dry heat or aqueous at 60–80°C; assess for decomposition.
Workup/analysis:
Neutralize and quench carefully; avoid salting-out losses by keeping an aqueous phase.
Use reversed-phase LC with aqueous mobile phases (acidified water/acetonitrile) for good retention and peak shape of the dianion, or consider HILIC for retention of the intact salt.
Safety and Handling
Product Data hazard fields (GHS, H-statements, pictograms): Not specified for this item; refer to the SDS for authoritative classification.
General laboratory safety guidance for aromatic sulfate salts (literature/general):
Potential hazards: May cause irritation to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Avoid dust formation and inhalation. Handle as a laboratory chemical with unknown toxicity profile.
PPE: Wear lab coat, safety glasses or splash goggles, and suitable gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use in a fume hood when weighing powdered material to minimize dust exposure.
First aid (overview; consult SDS):
Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin contact: Wash with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing.
Eye contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present and easy; seek medical attention if irritation continues.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical advice.
Incompatibilities: Strong acids/bases (may catalyze hydrolysis of sulfate esters), strong oxidizers. Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture/aqueous alkali if integrity of the aryl sulfate is required.
Thermal/chemical stability: Aryl sulfate esters can hydrolyze under strongly acidic or basic conditions and may thermally decompose at elevated temperatures; avoid heating above recommended processing temperatures.
Environmental precautions: Prevent release to the environment; collect spills with inert absorbent. Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.
Always defer to the product-specific SDS for classification, exposure limits, and detailed response measures.
Solvent Selection
Sodium picosulfate is a dianionic aromatic sulfate salt; solvent choice is driven by its strong polarity and ionic character.
Polarity and miscibility (literature/general):
Highly soluble in water and aqueous buffers across a broad pH range where sulfate groups remain ionized.
Sparingly soluble to insoluble in nonpolar and moderately polar aprotic organics (hexanes, toluene, EtOAc, MTBE, CPME) due to charge and lattice energy.
Limited solubility in some polar aprotic solvents unless water is present; DMSO can dissolve many inorganic/organic salts and is often used to prepare concentrated stock solutions for assay work; DMF may be less effective without water.
Practical choices:
Aqueous media: Preferred for sample prep, kinetics, and stability studies. Ionic strength and pH can be tuned without precipitating the salt.
DMSO or water/DMSO co-solvent: Useful for preparing high-concentration stocks for screening, then diluting into buffer.
Comparison (general):
Water vs methanol/ethanol: Alcohols are poorer at solvating dianionic sulfate salts; if an organic cosolvent is needed, use small percentages with water.
DMSO vs DMF: DMSO typically offers superior salt solvation and long-term stock stability; verify compatibility with your assay system.
When to choose alternatives: If nonaqueous synthesis or extractions are needed, convert to a neutral or protected form (e.g., desalt, counterion exchange, or protect sulfate esters) as the native disodium salt has poor organic-phase solubility.
Storage and Reconstitution
Item-specific storage and shipping (from Product Data):
Storage Conditions: Store at 2–8°C.
Shipped In: Wet ice.
Item-specific appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
General storage guidance (literature/general):
Keep container tightly closed in a dry, well-ventilated place. Protect from moisture to minimize hydrolysis of sulfate esters.
If subdividing, use clean, dry vials. Purge with inert gas if long-term storage is anticipated, and include a desiccant in secondary containment.
Reconstitution (general guidance; not product spec):
Solvent: Water is preferred; DMSO can be used to prepare concentrated stock solutions if required by the assay, followed by dilution into aqueous buffer.
Concentration: Prepare only what is needed for near-term use; verify solubility limits empirically in your chosen medium.
Filtration: For sterile applications, pass through a 0.22 µm membrane. Avoid heat sterilization that may promote hydrolysis.
Freeze–thaw: If aqueous stocks are frozen, aliquot to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Store frozen aliquots at appropriate temperatures per your SOP; confirm stability after thaw.
Always consult the lot-specific CoA and SDS for any additional storage precautions, stability information, and handling instructions.
Structure and Identity
Sodium picosulfate is an aromatic, doubly sulfated organic salt featuring a pyridine core flanked by two para-substituted phenyl rings; each phenolic oxygen is present as an aryl sulfate monoester, overall balanced by two sodium counterions.
Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data):
CAS: 10040-45-6
SKU: S413087
InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. (Product Data entry not in standard InChIKey format)
SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
Literature identity (for reference; not item specifications):
Common name: Sodium picosulfate
Molecular formula (literature): C18H13NNa2O8S2
Molecular weight (literature): ~481.4 g/mol
Structural features: one pyridin-2-ylmethylidene bridge linking two para-phenyl rings; each phenyl bears a sulfate monoester (–OSO3−) in the para position; two Na+ counterions. No stereogenic centers; fully aromatic system with conjugation across the diarylmethylene/pyridine framework.
2D description in words (general chemistry knowledge):
A central methine carbon is bonded to C2 of a pyridine ring and to the para positions of two phenyl rings (a 4,4′-diarylmethylidene scaffold). The phenyl para oxygens are converted to sulfate monoesters, giving two anionic sulfate groups that pair with Na+ ions. The molecule is therefore a dianionic, highly polar aromatic sulfate salt.
Synthetic Utility
Sodium picosulfate itself is not commonly used as a synthetic reagent. However, its functional framework provides instructive chemistry.
Functional group perspective (general literature):
Two aryl sulfate monoesters (Ar–O–SO3−) act as masked phenols and as excellent leaving groups under enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis. Conversion to the corresponding phenols enables downstream functionalization (e.g., etherification, esterification, or cross-coupling after activation).
The diarylmethyl–pyridyl core is a versatile aromatic scaffold; desulfated derivatives can participate in electrophilic aromatic substitution or be converted to aryl triflates/halides for cross-coupling.
Use as a study substrate:
Model for sulfatase-catalyzed hydrolysis kinetics, allowing structure–reactivity correlations across substituted aryl sulfate esters.
Probe for stability in formulation screens, informing protecting-group and salt-selection strategies for phenolic drug-like molecules.
Retrosynthetic insights:
Disconnection to the central diarylmethyl unit suggests condensation of 2-formylpyridine (or equivalent) with para-hydroxybenzene derivatives, followed by sulfate monoester formation and neutralization to the disodium salt (general literature logic). These steps are informative for preparing analogues with varied electronic properties.
In short, while not a go-to reagent for building other molecules, sodium picosulfate’s aryl sulfate esters make it a valuable model in studies of sulfate chemistry and phenol protection/deprotection behavior.
Target Specificity
Not applicable. This product is a small-molecule salt, not an antibody, enzyme, or affinity reagent. No antigen/epitope, clone, isotype, or species reactivity information applies.
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