Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death regulated by genes and protein networks. It mainly functions to eliminate senescent, damaged, abnormally proliferating, or functionally imbalanced cells. Typical apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, ...
Root tip squash preparations are mainly used for mitosis observation, chromosome counting, and preliminary karyotype screening. Pollen mother cells are mainly used for meiosis observation, including bivalents, chromosome bridges, lagging chromosomes, and micronuclei. The staining system should ...
The core of carbon-nitrogen metabolic crosstalk lies in the dynamic conversion between carbon skeletons and nitrogen flow. Glutamate and α-ketoglutarate form key hubs connecting the TCA cycle, transamination reactions, glutamine metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. Their changes reflect not ...
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) transfer the γ-phosphate group of ATP to tyrosine residues on protein substrates and participate in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, and survival. PTKs mainly include receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and nonreceptor ...
When plants are exposed to drought, salt stress, low temperature, high temperature, heavy metals, or oxidative stress, GABA, proline, soluble sugars, and the antioxidant system jointly participate in osmotic regulation, carbon-nitrogen allocation, ROS scavenging, and cellular homeostasis ...
Neuronal signaling is the fundamental process by which the central nervous system senses, transmits, integrates, and adaptively regulates information. Through synaptic release, receptor activation, ion channel opening, second messenger generation, and gene expression regulation, neurons convert ...
The inflammatory response is a protective reaction initiated by the body in response to infection, tissue injury, cellular stress, or disruption of internal homeostasis. Its fundamental purpose is not simply to “produce inflammatory factors,” but to complete three sequential processes: ...
The CD161-LLT1 axis connects NK cells, T cells, and the tumor microenvironment, and is one of the important pathways for evaluating tumor immune regulation and immune escape. Research on this axis should not remain limited to detecting CD161 or LLT1 expression levels alone. It should also ...
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