CAIX/CAXII-IN-2 , CAS No.C1438658

CAS: C1438658 Cat. No.: C1438658 Summenformel: C₁₆H₁₄N₄O₂S Molekulargewicht: 326.37

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Übersicht

CAIX/CAXII-IN-2 (compound 23) is a CAIX/CAXII inhibitor, with K i values ​​of 8.9 nM and 5.3 nM for CAIX/CAXII, respectively. CAIX/CAXII-IN-2 can be used in cancer research.

Spezifikationen

Storage

Store at -20°C

Verschickt in

Ice chest + Ice pads

Dieses Produkt erfordert Kühlkettenversand. Grundversand und andere Economy-Optionen sind nicht verfügbar.

Aktionsart

INHIBITOR

Namen und Kennungen

Molekulargewicht

326.37

Application Protocols

No item-specific, vendor-validated protocols are provided. The following are general examples for research use only (literature-inspired) and must be optimized per lab setup.

1. Enzyme inhibition (stopped-flow CO2 hydration):

• Prepare CA enzyme solution (e.g., CA IX catalytic domain) in HEPES buffer pH ~7.4.
• Pre-incubate inhibitor dilutions (from DMSO stocks) with enzyme for 5–15 min at 25°C.
• Initiate reaction by rapid mixing with CO2-saturated water; monitor initial rates.
• Analyze rate constants to obtain IC50/Ki, ensuring matched DMSO across all samples and including a reference inhibitor.

2. Esterase surrogate assay (p-NPA hydrolysis):

• Use Tris buffer pH 7.4, 25°C.
• Add inhibitor to enzyme, equilibrate, then start reaction with p-NPA substrate; follow A405 nm increase.
• Fit progress curves to extract initial velocities and inhibition parameters.

3. Cell-based extracellular acidification readout:

• Culture cells expressing CA IX/XII under hypoxia-mimicking conditions.
• Treat with inhibitor dilutions (maintain constant DMSO).
• Measure extracellular pH or proton efflux rate with appropriate sensors or analyzers.
• Include cytotoxicity controls and genetic knockdown as orthogonal confirmation.

These protocols are examples only; adapt to your instrumentation and quality standards.

Biological Roles

Context (literature; not item-specific): Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonate, central to pH homeostasis and CO2 transport. Among the 15 human CA isozymes, CA IX and CA XII are transmembrane, extracellular-facing enzymes implicated in microenvironmental acidification under hypoxic conditions.

• CA IX: Often upregulated in hypoxia via HIF-1 signaling. The catalytic domain faces the extracellular milieu, where it contributes to proton extrusion and acid–base regulation.
• CA XII: Shares extracellular orientation and complementary tissue distribution; also contributes to pH regulation.
• Selective inhibition of CA IX/XII is used in basic research to probe tumor-associated acidosis, cell migration/invasion phenotypes, and metabolic coupling between glycolysis and extracellular pH.
• Inhibitor classes: zinc-binding sulfonamides, coumarins (that act as suicide substrates forming carbamates in the active site), and other chemotypes with diverse binding modes (literature).

Research utility of inhibitors:

• Dissect isoform-specific roles by comparing activity profiles against ubiquitous CA II to gauge selectivity margins.
• Combine pharmacological inhibition with genetic perturbations (siRNA/CRISPR) to validate on-target effects.
• Employ extracellular pH sensors, Seahorse-based acidification rate assays, or bicarbonate flux measurements to link enzyme inhibition to functional outcomes.

Note: All uses are for laboratory research only. No clinical or diagnostic claims are made.

Buffer Applications

This item is a small-molecule inhibitor and not a buffering reagent. It does not serve as a pH buffer component.

Practical guidance for assay buffers (general, literature; not item-specific):

• Carbonic anhydrase assays are sensitive to buffer composition, CO2/bicarbonate equilibria, and ionic strength. Use well-defined buffers (e.g., HEPES, Tris, or phosphate) with controlled bicarbonate where required.
• Maintain constant co-solvent content (e.g., 0.1–1% DMSO) across all wells or samples.
• For esterase surrogate assays, avoid buffers that absorb strongly at the assay wavelength or that react with substrate.
• Include Zn2+ compatibility: avoid strong chelators (e.g., EDTA) that could perturb the CA active-site metal.
• Filter and degas buffers to reduce microbubbles that can interfere with rapid-mixing kinetics (stopped-flow).

Example buffer frameworks (general):

• HEPES 10–50 mM, pH 7.4–7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween-20 if needed for wetting; match DMSO across controls and treatments.
• CO2/bicarbonate systems: use controlled gas equilibration or defined NaHCO3 additions with tight temperature control to stabilize pH.

Always validate buffer composition for your specific assay format and analytical readout.

Green Alternatives

When planning biological or screening studies with small-molecule inhibitors, solvent and process choices largely determine environmental footprint. While item-specific solvent needs are not provided, the following options can reduce environmental impact without compromising data quality (general literature guidance).

Greener solvent considerations:

• Prefer ethanol or water/ethanol mixtures for working solutions when solubility allows; minimize DMSO percentage where feasible.
• Consider propylene glycol or PEG400 as co-solvents for poorly soluble compounds in non-cellular assays; confirm assay compatibility.
• Avoid DMF and NMP in routine bioassays due to toxicity and challenging waste profiles.

Comparison (general, not item-specific):

• DMSO: excellent solvency and assay ubiquity, but high COD load in waste; keep volumes minimal and segregate waste streams.
• Ethanol: renewable origin options, readily biodegradable; evaporative losses require closed handling.
• Aqueous buffers: lowest environmental load; feasible only when compound solubility permits.

Operational practices:

• Use microplate formats to minimize solvent use; adopt sealed plates to curb evaporation.
• Implement just-in-time preparation of working solutions to reduce waste from expired stocks.
• Consolidate analytical runs (LC–MS/HPLC) to limit solvent consumption and adopt aqueous-rich gradients when possible.

Trade-offs:

• Greener vehicles may reduce solubility or alter assay windows; pilot tests are essential to balance sustainability with data integrity.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This listing is for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary applications.

Non-clinical formulation and pre-formulation contexts (general, not item-specific):

• Solubility screening: Evaluate kinetic and equilibrium solubility across pH 2–8 and biorelevant media to inform assay vehicles and storage of working solutions.
• Stability studies: Assess hydrolytic and oxidative stability in common vehicles (DMSO, ethanol, buffered saline) and under light exposure to define handling limits.
• Excipient compatibility (discovery stage): For in vivo exploratory research in non-clinical settings, investigators sometimes examine co-solvents or solubilizers (e.g., PEG400, Captisol) for tolerability—outside the scope of this listing and subject to institutional approvals.

Regulatory status:

• No pharmacopeial status is claimed or implied for this product.
• No GMP or clinical grade is provided; consult CoA/Spec Sheet for analytical purity only.

Important: Aladdin Scientific supplies this compound strictly for laboratory research. No therapeutic, diagnostic, or clinical use is supported or authorized.

Physical Properties

Item-specific physicochemical parameters are not provided in the current listing.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Boiling point: Not applicable/rarely reported for such solids; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• LogP/logD: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Refractive index: Not applicable for solids; Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General literature guidance (not item-specific):

• Many small-molecule CA inhibitors are crystalline solids with moderate lipophilicity; they are commonly dissolved in DMSO to prepare assay stocks, with working dilutions made into aqueous buffers containing a low percentage of DMSO.
• Sulfonamide-based inhibitors, when present, can show acidic NH pKa values that influence ionization and permeability; actual values depend strongly on substitution pattern.
• Solubility can be enhanced by co-solvents (DMSO, DMF, ethanol) or vehicles (PEG400, Captisol, or minimal surfactant), but confirm compatibility with biological assays.

Always consult the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet for definitive, lot-specific physical data.

Quality and Grades

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Research Use Note: For research use only.

Interpretation and guidance:

• In the absence of an explicit grade (e.g., ≥98%, HPLC grade, screening grade), review the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet for purity method (HPLC/UPLC, NMR) and acceptance criteria.
• For bioassay use (e.g., enzyme inhibition, cell-based target engagement), assess: chemical purity, identity confirmation (LC–MS/NMR), residual solvents, water content (Karl Fischer), and counter-ion content where applicable.
• If UV transparency or low background is required (e.g., spectrophotometric assays), verify low-UV impurity profile on the CoA or request a UV cut-off trace; do not assume HPLC-grade UV behavior absent documentation.
• Stabilizers: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. If the compound class is prone to hydrolysis or oxidation, suppliers may include stabilizers or recommend storage under inert gas; confirm on documentation before removal.

Best practices:

• Upon receipt, record lot number, CoA, and any spectral data.
• For critical screening, perform incoming QC (quick LC–MS purity check and reference spectrum verification).
• If you must reprepare solid aliquots, minimize ambient humidity exposure and use pre-dried vessels.

Reaction and Applications

This product is positioned as a small-molecule inhibitor for research screening rather than a synthetic reagent. As such, it is not typically used as a substrate, catalyst, or reagent in organic transformations.

Research applications (general, literature; not item-specific):

• Enzyme inhibition assays: Profiling against carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms, specifically CA IX and CA XII, using stopped-flow CO2 hydration assays or esterase surrogate assays (e.g., p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolysis).
• Cell-based studies: Evaluating target engagement and phenotypic effects in hypoxia-mimetic settings where CA IX/XII expression is induced; measuring extracellular acidification and pH regulation metrics.
• Mechanistic biochemistry: Characterizing Zn2+-centered binding via structure–activity relationships (SAR), kinetics (Ki, mode: competitive/uncompetitive), and selectivity across CA isozymes (I, II, IX, XII).
• Biophysical methods: Thermal shift assays (DSF), SPR, ITC, and native MS to quantify binding affinity and thermodynamics.

Practical tips:

• Maintain consistent DMSO content across assay wells (commonly 0.1–1% v/v) to avoid solvent-related artifacts.
• Include a pan-CA control inhibitor (e.g., acetazolamide, literature standard) and an off-target control to anchor assay windows.
• For cell assays, confirm compound stability in culture medium over the exposure period and assess adsorption to plastics; use low-bind vessels if necessary.

Reaction Conditions

Not applicable to classical organic reactions, as this item is provided for biochemical screening rather than use as a reagent.

Biochemical assay conditions (general, literature; not item-specific):

• Enzyme kinetics: Perform CA inhibition assays at controlled temperature (typically 20–25°C for stopped-flow CO2 hydration or 25–37°C for surrogate esterase assays). Maintain consistent ionic strength and pH (commonly near physiological, pH 7.2–7.5).
• Solvent: Use matched DMSO across all samples (e.g., 0.1–1% v/v). Pre-dilute inhibitor from a concentrated DMSO stock into assay buffer to minimize precipitation.
• Controls: Include vehicle controls, a known CA inhibitor (reference standard), and, when assessing selectivity, parallel runs on CA II alongside CA IX/XII.
• Data analysis: Determine IC50 via nonlinear regression; when feasible, derive Ki and mode of inhibition using appropriate models (competitive/mixed).
• Cell-based experiments: Dose–response over multiple concentrations with adequate replicates; monitor cytotoxicity independently to deconvolute on-target effects.

These conditions are general guidelines and must be optimized for the specific assay format, enzyme source, and detection method.

Safety and Handling

Safety data for this specific item are not provided in the listing; defer to the product SDS for authoritative information.

• GHS Classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Signal Word / Pictograms / H-Statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory precautions (good practice for small-molecule research chemicals):

• Use in a certified chemical fume hood; avoid inhalation of dusts or aerosols.
• PPE: lab coat, safety glasses or splash goggles, and suitable chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile).
• Avoid skin/eye contact; wash thoroughly after handling.
• Storage incompatibilities: keep separate from strong oxidizers, strong acids/bases until compatibility is known (general guidance).
• In case of spill: absorb with inert material, collect for disposal, ventilate area; avoid generating dust.
• First aid overview: if inhaled, move to fresh air; for skin/eye contact, rinse with copious water; if ingested, rinse mouth and seek medical attention.
• Waste: dispose of in accordance with institutional and local regulations; do not discharge to drains.

Special risks (class-level, literature):

• Many CA inhibitors are stable, neutral or weakly acidic solids; hygroscopicity and photolability vary by structure. Store tightly closed, desiccated, protected from light unless otherwise specified.

Research use only. Not for human or veterinary use.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific solubility data are not provided; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet. The following guidance is general for small-molecule CA inhibitor chemotypes (literature), not item-specific.

• Primary stock solvent: DMSO is commonly used for 10–50 mM screening stocks due to broad solvating power and assay compatibility at ≤0.5–1% v/v final.
• Alternative organic solvents: DMF (strong solvator but less preferred in biology), ethanol (biocompatible; lower solvating power), acetonitrile (miscible with water; monitor assay tolerance), and 1,2-propylene carbonate (high polarity; sometimes useful for poorly soluble compounds).
• Aqueous vehicles: PBS or assay buffer with co-solvent (0.1–1% DMSO or ethanol). Solubilizing aids (e.g., 0.01–0.05% non-ionic surfactant) may help but validate for assay interference.

Typical miscibility/polarity comparison (general):

• DMSO: very polar aprotic, fully miscible with water; excellent for hydrophobic solids; widely accepted in enzyme and cell assays at low %.
• Ethanol: polar protic, water-miscible; better biocompatibility but weaker solvency; watch evaporative losses.
• DMF: polar aprotic; strong solvent, may pose cytotoxicity and is less desirable for cell assays.
• Aqueous buffer only: acceptable if inherent solubility is adequate; otherwise risk of precipitation.

Recommendations:

• Begin with dried solid, prepare a concentrated DMSO stock, vortex/sonicate as needed, then perform serial dilution into assay buffer, monitoring for precipitation.
• Filter sterilization (0.22 µm) of working solutions may be used if compatible with compound stability.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific instructions provided:

• Storage Conditions: Store at -20°C.
• Shipped In: Ice chest + Ice pads.

General best practices (not item-specific):

• Protect from moisture and light; store in the original tightly closed container with desiccant. Allow vial to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator before opening to minimize condensation.
• For reconstitution, prepare a concentrated stock solution in an appropriate solvent (commonly DMSO for small-molecule inhibitors). Typical screening stocks are 10 mM in DMSO; filter if needed and aliquot into low-bind tubes to avoid adsorption.
• Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles: dispense single-use aliquots and keep working solutions at 2–8°C during the experiment; discard after the session unless stability is established.
• Aqueous working solutions should be freshly prepared; verify stability over the intended assay duration.
• Long-term solid stability is generally best at -20°C in the dark; confirm any special requirements (e.g., inert atmosphere) on the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet:

• Appearance, exact solvent recommendations, concentration limits, and solution stability window.

Research use only. Follow institutional chemical hygiene practices when handling and storing this product.

Structure and Identity

Brief overview: CAIX/CAXII-IN-2 is listed as a small-molecule inhibitor targeting carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII (nomenclature suggests dual-isoform activity). Item-specific identifiers are limited in the current listing.

• SKU: C1438658
• Product Name: CAIX/CAXII-IN-2
• Category: Small molecules and compound libraries (per catalog path)
• CAS: C1438658 (catalog placeholder; not a standard CAS RN)
• Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general, literature context – not item-specific):

• Many CA IX/XII inhibitors are zinc-binding ligands, classically aromatic sulfonamides (Ar–SO2NH2), ureido-benzenesulfonamides, coumarins, or dithiocarbamates that coordinate the active-site Zn2+ (literature).
• Dual CAIX/CAXII selectivity is often tuned by hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and substituent sterics that exploit the unique “lectin-like” regions of tumor-associated isozymes (literature).

2D structural description (generic for the class):

• Typical scaffolds include a polar zinc-binding headgroup (e.g., sulfonamide NH–) linked to an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, optionally bearing ureido, amido, or alkyl/fluoro substituents to modulate isoform selectivity (literature). No specific atom connectivity is provided for this item.

Synthetic Utility

This compound is supplied as a screening/assay small molecule and is not intended as a synthetic building block or reagent.

General commentary (literature; not item-specific):

• CA inhibitor chemotypes often contain pharmacophoric motifs (e.g., sulfonamide NH) that coordinate Zn2+ in the active site. While these functionalities are synthetically accessible (sulfonylation, urea coupling, heteroaryl substitutions), the final inhibitors are generally endpoints rather than versatile intermediates.
• If analog generation is desired for SAR, typical transformations include: acyl/ureido diversification on an aniline core, ring substitutions (electrophilic aromatic substitution or cross-coupling), and heteroaryl scaffold swaps via Suzuki–Miyaura or Buchwald–Hartwig couplings (general).
• Protecting-group strategies may be required to preserve a sulfonamide NH during late-stage functionalization.

For this catalog item, no preparative or derivatization guidance is provided. Users seeking synthetic elaboration should consult primary literature for the specific scaffold once structural information (SMILES/InChI) is available.

Target Specificity

Item-specific target data are not provided in the listing.

General considerations for CA IX/XII selectivity (literature; not item-specific):

• Isoform paneling: Assess activity against CA I, II (abundant off-targets), and membrane-associated CA IV to quantify selectivity indices relative to CA IX/XII.
• Binding mode: Classical sulfonamides bind the Zn2+ center displacing the catalytic water/hydroxide; coumarins act through in situ hydrolysis forming carbamates at the active-site entrance, often conferring distinct isoform selectivity profiles.
• Extracellular orientation: CA IX/XII catalytic domains face the extracellular space, so surface-targeted assays and live-cell extracellular pH measurements are informative for specificity.
• Mutational analysis: Active-site residue differences (e.g., hydrophobic pocket variations) enable structure-guided rationalization of selectivity.

For definitive specificity and potency of CAIX/CAXII-IN-2, consult the vendor’s CoA/Spec Sheet or primary literature associated with the exact chemical structure.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

How should this product be stored?

Store at ?20 °C. Freezer storage is required to maintain the specified shelf life.

How is this product shipped?

This product ships in an insulated container with ice pads. Unpack on arrival and transfer it to the storage condition stated above.

What are the CAS number, molecular formula and molecular weight?

The CAS Number is C1438658, the molecular formula is C16H14N4O2S, and the molecular weight is 326.37 g/mol.

What documentation is provided?

Available product documentation, including Certificates of Analysis (COA), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and specification sheets, is shown in the product document area. Document availability and access follow the current site policy.