EK-1, CAS No.rp173953

CAS: rp173953 Cat. No.: rp173953

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™

Specifications

Product Name

EK-1, CAS No.rp173953

Note

Moligand™

Spezifikationen & Reinheit

Moligand™

CAS

rp173953

Molekültyp

Peptide

Lagerung und Versand

Storage

Room temperature

Genetische Informationen

• Referenz:
  • 1. Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfuration., The Journal of biological chemistry, Steegborn, C C and 7 more authors.
  • 2. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Strausberg, Robert L RL and 83 more authors.
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  • 4. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human liver cDNA encoding for cystathionine gamma-lyase., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Lu, Y Y, O'Dowd, B F BF, Orrego, H H and Israel, Y Y.
  • 5. Single nucleotide polymorphism in CTH associated with variation in plasma homocysteine concentration., Clinical genetics, Wang, J J, Huff, A M AM, Spence, J D JD and Hegele, R A RA.
  • 6. Cystathionine gamma-lyase overexpression inhibits cell proliferation via a H2S-dependent modulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p21Cip/WAK-1., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Cao, Kun K, Wu, Lingyun L and Wang, Rui R.
  • 7. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)., Genome research, Gerhard, Daniela S DS and 115 more authors.
  • 8. Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network., Nature, Rual, Jean-François JF and 37 more authors.
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  • 13. Pathway-based evaluation of 380 candidate genes and lung cancer susceptibility suggests the importance of the cell cycle pathway., Carcinogenesis, Hosgood, H Dean HD and 12 more authors.
  • 14. Relationship between cystathionine gamma-lyase gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Northern Chinese Han population., Chinese medical journal, Li, Yun Y and 8 more authors.
  • 15. Active cystathionine beta-synthase can be expressed in heme-free systems in the presence of metal-substituted porphyrins or a chemical chaperone., The Journal of biological chemistry, Majtan, Tomas T, Singh, Laishram R LR, Wang, Liqun L, Kruger, Warren D WD and Kraus, Jan P JP.
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  • 17. Structural basis for the inhibition mechanism of human cystathionine gamma-lyase, an enzyme responsible for the production of H(2)S., The Journal of biological chemistry, Sun, Qingxiang Q and 10 more authors.
  • 18. Oral facial clefts and gene polymorphisms in metabolism of folate/one-carbon and vitamin A: a pathway-wide association study., Genetic epidemiology, Boyles, Abee L AL and 16 more authors.
  • 19. Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes., Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Gonzales, Patricia A PA and 7 more authors.
  • 20. An association study of 45 folate-related genes in spina bifida: Involvement of cubilin (CUBN) and tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1)., Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, Franke, Barbara B and 7 more authors.
  • 21. Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China., Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, Shen, Min M and 12 more authors.
  • 22. H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia., The Journal of biological chemistry, Chiku, Taurai T and 5 more authors.
  • 23. Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility., Fertility and sterility, Altmäe, Signe S and 7 more authors.
  • 24. Bile-acid-activated farnesoid X receptor regulates hydrogen sulfide production and hepatic microcirculation., World journal of gastroenterology, Renga, Barbara B, Mencarelli, Andrea A, Migliorati, Marco M, Distrutti, Eleonora E and Fiorucci, Stefano S.
  • 25. Cystathionine gamma-lyase: Clinical, metabolic, genetic, and structural studies., Molecular genetics and metabolism, Kraus, Jan P JP and 14 more authors.
  • 26. Relative contributions of cystathionine beta-synthase and gamma-cystathionase to H2S biogenesis via alternative trans-sulfuration reactions., The Journal of biological chemistry, Singh, Sangita S, Padovani, Dominique D, Leslie, Rachel A RA, Chiku, Taurai T and Banerjee, Ruma R.
  • 27. PTEN identified as important risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease., Respiratory medicine, Hosgood, H Dean HD, Menashe, Idan I, He, Xingzhou X, Chanock, Stephen S and Lan, Qing Q.
  • 28. Genetic susceptibility to distinct bladder cancer subphenotypes., European urology, Guey, Lin T LT and 18 more authors.
  • 29. Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip., American journal of human genetics, Talmud, Philippa J PJ and 38 more authors.
  • 30. Integrative predictive model of coronary artery calcification in atherosclerosis., Circulation, McGeachie, Michael M and 13 more authors.
  • 31. Cystathionine beta-synthase 844Ins68 polymorphism is not associated with the levels of homocysteine and cysteine in an Indian population., Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, Kumar, Jitender J, Garg, Gaurav G, Karthikeyan, Ganesan G and Sengupta, Shantanu S.
  • 32. The expression and activity of cystathionine-γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in human neoplastic cell lines., Amino acids, Jurkowska, Halina H, Placha, Wojciech W, Nagahara, Noriuki N and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 33. Ancient origin of the CTH alelle carrying the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant in patients with cystathioninuria., Clinical genetics, Espinós, C C and 8 more authors.
  • 34. Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study., Diabetes care, Bailey, Swneke D SD and 11 more authors.
  • 35. Maternal genes and facial clefts in offspring: a comprehensive search for genetic associations in two population-based cleft studies from Scandinavia., PloS one, Jugessur, Astanand A and 12 more authors.
  • 36. [Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in CVB3-induced myocarditis in mice]., Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, Hua, Wang W and 6 more authors.
  • 37. Folate-metabolizing gene variants and pregnancy outcome of IVF., Reproductive biomedicine online, Laanpere, M M and 5 more authors.
  • 38. Specificity protein-1 as a critical regulator of human cystathionine gamma-lyase in smooth muscle cells., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Teng, Huajian H, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 39. Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium., Briefings in bioinformatics, Gaudet, Pascale P, Livstone, Michael S MS, Lewis, Suzanna E SE and Thomas, Paul D PD.
  • 40. Expression of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase in human pregnant myometrium and their roles in the control of uterine contractility., PloS one, You, Xing-Ji XJ and 8 more authors.
  • 41. MicroRNA-21 represses human cystathionine gamma-lyase expression by targeting at specificity protein-1 in smooth muscle cells., Journal of cellular physiology, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 42. H2S-Induced sulfhydration of the phosphatase PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response., Science signaling, Krishnan, Navasona N, Fu, Cexiong C, Pappin, Darryl J DJ and Tonks, Nicholas K NK.
  • 43. Characterization of hydrogen sulfide and its synthases, cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, in human prostatic tissue and cells., Urology, Guo, Hui H and 5 more authors.
  • 44. Sp1 is involved in regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase gene expression and biological function by PI3K/Akt pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines., Cellular signalling, Yin, Peng P and 12 more authors.
  • 45. H₂S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase., Circulation, Kondo, Kazuhisa K and 14 more authors.
  • 46. Reduced cystathionine γ-lyase and increased miR-21 expression are associated with increased vascular resistance in growth-restricted pregnancies: hydrogen sulfide as a placental vasodilator., The American journal of pathology, Cindrova-Davies, Tereza T and 5 more authors.
  • 47. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia., Circulation, Wang, Keqing K and 14 more authors.
  • 48. Regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase in mammalian cells by hypoxia., Biochemical genetics, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 49. A genome-wide association study of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in breast cancer patients., Breast cancer research : BCR, Chung, Suyoun S and 6 more authors.
  • 50. [Cystathionine γ-lyase]., Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online), Jurkowska, Halina H, Kaczor-Kamińska, Marta M, Bronowicka-Adamska, Patrycja P and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 51. Decreased cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) activity in livers of type 1 diabetic rats and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of type 1 diabetic patients., The Journal of biological chemistry, Manna, Prasenjit P, Gungor, Neslihan N, McVie, Robert R and Jain, Sushil K SK.
  • 52. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) pathway contributes to the proliferation of hepatoma cells., Mutation research, Pan, Yan Y and 5 more authors.
  • 53. The cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide system maintains cellular glutathione status., The Biochemical journal, Lee, Zheng-Wei ZW, Low, Yi-Lian YL, Huang, Shufen S, Wang, Tianxiao T and Deng, Lih-Wen LW.
  • 54. The binding site for the transcription factor, NF-κB, on the cystathionine γ-lyase promoter is critical for LPS-induced cystathionine γ-lyase expression., International journal of molecular medicine, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 55. Regulation of cystathionine gamma-lyase/H₂S system and its pathological implication., Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition), Zhao, Kexin K, Li, Hongzhu H, Li, Shuangshuang S and Yang, Guangdong G.
  • 56. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulphide metabolism impairs oviductal transport of embryos., Nature communications, Ning, Nannan N and 5 more authors.
  • 57. Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces the transcription of cystathionine-γ-lyase, a stimulator of tumor in colon cancer., Cellular signalling, Fan, Kun K and 7 more authors.
  • 58. miRNA-30 family inhibition protects against cardiac ischemic injury by regulating cystathionine-γ-lyase expression., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Shen, Yaqi Y and 7 more authors.
  • 59. Role of the cystathionine γ lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in human melanoma progression., Pigment cell & melanoma research, Panza, Elisabetta E and 11 more authors.
  • 60. A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network., Cell, Rolland, Thomas T and 69 more authors.
  • 61. Neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease involves loss of cystathionine γ-lyase., Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), Paul, Bindu D BD and Snyder, Solomon H SH.
  • 62. The importance of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR and CSE expression levels in Caucasian women with preeclampsia., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, Agnieszka A and 6 more authors.
  • 63. The importance of rs1021737 and rs482843 polymorphisms of cystathionine gamma-lyase in the etiology of preeclampsia in the Caucasian population., Ginekologia polska, Mrozikiewicz, Przemysław M PM and 8 more authors.
  • 64. Cystathionine γ-lyase, a H2S-generating enzyme, is a GPBAR1-regulated gene and contributes to vasodilation caused by secondary bile acids., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Renga, Barbara B and 9 more authors.
  • 65. Correlation between the cystathionine-γ-lyase (CES) and the severity of peptic ulcer disease., African health sciences, Chen, Xiong X, Wan, Ying-Chun YC, Guo, Tao T, Xu, Can-Xia CX and Wang, Fen F.
  • 66. MPST but not CSE is the primary regulator of hydrogen sulfide production and function in the coronary artery., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Kuo, Maggie M MM and 10 more authors.
  • 67. Transcriptional Regulation of Cystathionine-γ-Lyase in Endothelial Cells by NADPH Oxidase 4-Dependent Signaling., The Journal of biological chemistry, Mistry, Rajesh K RK and 8 more authors.
  • 68. LPS Up-Regulates Cystathionine γ -Lyase Gene Expression in Primary Human Macrophages via NF-κB/ERK Pathway., Inflammation & allergy drug targets, Badiei, Alireza A, Gieseg, Steven S, Davies, Sian S, Izani Othman, Mohd M and Bhatia, Madhav M.
  • 69. Radiation Exposure Promotes Hepatocarcinoma Cell Invasion through Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Mediated by H2S/CSE Pathway., Radiation research, Pan, Yan Y, Zhou, Cuiping C, Yuan, Dexiao D, Zhang, Jianghong J and Shao, Chunlin C.
  • 70. Cystathionine γ-lyase(CSE)/hydrogen sulfide system is regulated by miR-216a and influences cholesterol efflux in macrophages via the PI3K/AKT/ABCA1 pathway., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Gong, Duo D and 15 more authors.
  • 71. MicroRNA-186 promotes macrophage lipid accumulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by targeting cystathionine γ-lyase in THP-1 macrophages., Atherosclerosis, Yao, Yan Y and 9 more authors.
  • 72. Cystathionine γ-lyase is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque microvessels and is involved in micro-angiogenesis., Scientific reports, van den Born, J C JC and 5 more authors.
  • 73. Dichotomous effects of isomeric secondary amines containing an aromatic nitrile and nitro group on human aortic smooth muscle cells via inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase., Biochimie, Ji, Yajing Y and 6 more authors.
  • 74. Distinctive expression pattern of cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase identifies mesenchymal stromal cells transition to mineralizing osteoblasts., Journal of cellular physiology, Gambari, Laura L and 6 more authors.
  • 75. Age-Dependent Allergic Asthma Development and Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Deficiency., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Wang, Peipei P and 6 more authors.
  • 76. Augmented H2S production via cystathionine-beta-synthase upregulation plays a role in pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation., Biology of reproduction, Sheibani, Lili L and 7 more authors.
  • 77. Total sulfane sulfur bioavailability reflects ethnic and gender disparities in cardiovascular disease., Redox biology, Rajpal, Saurabh S and 12 more authors.
  • 78. Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides., Gene, Maruyama, K K and Sugano, S S.

Application Protocols

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• No validated application protocols are provided for EK-1.

General protocols for small-molecule screening stocks (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• Stock preparation: Dissolve to 10–50 mM in anhydrous DMSO. Vortex and, if needed, sonicate briefly. Filter through 0.2 µm PTFE if particulate is present.
• Aliquoting: Dispense into low-bind microtubes or 96/384-well plates to minimize freeze–thaw cycling. Record concentration and lot.
• Dilution into assays: Prepare serial dilutions in DMSO, then back-dilute into buffer/media to achieve the desired final concentration with ≤1% DMSO.
• Controls: Include vehicle control (DMSO only) and, if available, a positive control compound to benchmark assay performance (Z′-factor).

Because no structure- or assay-specific information is provided for EK-1, users should adapt these general steps to their platform and consult the SDS/CoA for any additional handling notes.

Biological Roles

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• No biological function/role is specified for EK-1. Research Use Note: For research use only.

General guidance (literature/general; not item-specific):

• Small-molecule ligands may act as binders, modulators, or chemical probes in biochemical assays. Their biological roles depend entirely on structure, target class, and context (enzyme, receptor, ion channel, nucleic acid, etc.).
• Before assigning function, verify target engagement with orthogonal methods (e.g., thermal shift, SPR) and confirm selectivity across related protein families.
• Consider physicochemical liabilities that can masquerade as activity (aggregation, redox cycling, metal chelation). Deploy counterscreens and detergents to deconvolute artifacts.

No specific targets, pathways, or mechanisms are provided for EK-1. Avoid inferring biological activities without supporting data.

Buffer Applications

This section is not typically applicable without a disclosed structure or acid/base characteristics. No buffering capacity, pKa values, or recommended buffer systems are specified for EK-1.

General guidance (literature/general; not item-specific):

• When preparing assay solutions, dissolve compound stocks in DMSO and dilute into a biologically relevant buffer (e.g., HEPES, PBS, Tris) while monitoring final cosolvent content.
• If the compound is ionizable, buffer pH near one unit from its pKa may alter solubility and apparent potency; determine pKa experimentally or from computation once structure is available.

Item-specific buffer recipes or pH ranges: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Green Alternatives

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• No solvent/process information is specified for EK-1; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General greener-practice guidance for small-molecule handling (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• Stock preparation: Use minimal DMSO volumes and prepare concentrated master stocks to reduce waste. Where feasible, consider bio-based solvents like Cyrene or propylene carbonate for non-biological workflows, recognizing assay compatibility may differ.
• Workup/extraction: Replace dichloromethane with EtOAc or 2-MeTHF when solubility allows. For crystallization/recrystallization, favor ethanol/isopropanol over toluene/benzene.
• Chromatography: Employ heptane/EtOAc in place of hexane/EtOAc; reuse silica and optimize gradients to reduce solvent usage.

Illustrative comparison (general; not item-specific):

• 2-MeTHF vs THF: 2-MeTHF is partially bio-derived, has lower peroxide propensity, and offers phase separations in extractions; water miscibility is reduced vs THF, impacting certain reactions.
• EtOAc vs DCM: EtOAc is less toxic and biodegradable but has higher boiling point; evaporation may take longer.

Always validate that greener choices are compatible with the specific compound’s solubility and your assay/analytical platform. No compound-specific green substitutions are provided for EK-1.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmaceutical or excipient uses are specified for EK-1. This product is supplied for research use only and is not intended for human or veterinary use, diagnostics, or clinical applications.

General formulation context (literature/general; not item-specific):

• In preclinical research, small molecules may be formulated for in vitro or ex vivo studies using cosolvent systems (e.g., PEG400/saline, Captisol, Tween-80) following institutional IACUC/GLP guidelines where applicable. Such practices are beyond the scope of this catalog entry and require structure-specific safety data.
• For analytical/pharmaceutical method development (e.g., reference standards), compendial status, assay limits, and impurity profiles must be established per compound; none are provided for EK-1.

Any claims of therapeutic activity or clinical use are outside the scope of this listing and are not made here.

Physical Properties

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Physical constants (BP/MP, density, solubility, logP, pKa, refractive index): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance for small-molecule library members (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• Solubility: Many discovery ligands are formulated or stored as DMSO stocks (10–50 mM). A co-solvent system (e.g., DMSO:water or DMSO:buffer) is often used for assay preparation to minimize precipitation.
• Solid vs. oil: Compounds may be delivered as crystalline solids, amorphous solids, foams, or viscous oils. Hygroscopicity and polymorphism can affect measured MP.
• pKa/logP: Ionizable scaffolds (amines, acids) influence aqueous solubility and permeability; weak bases may be supplied as HCl salts, weak acids as sodium/potassium salts.
• Stability: Sensitive motifs (anhydrides, acyl halides, some aldehydes) may require inert-atmosphere handling or desiccation. Photosensitive chromophores benefit from amber vials and light protection.

Computed or literature values: None available for this specific item. When structure is disclosed, predicted properties (cLogP/cLogS, pKa) may be computed to guide solvent selection and assay design, but such values are not provided here.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• Grade/Purity: Moligand™
• Additional analytical specifications (purity %, water, residual solvents, metals, stabilizers, UV cutoff): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

What Moligand™ typically signifies (general description; not item-specific):

• Moligand™ denotes a small-molecule ligand grade intended for research screening and discovery workflows. These products are generally suited for biochemical/biophysical assays, phenotypic screens, and method development. Actual purity, characterization techniques, and salt form are defined per item on its CoA.

Analytical considerations (general guidance):

• Identity/purity confirmation commonly involves HPLC or UPLC with UV/ELSD, LC–MS, and 1H NMR. For sensitive assays (SPR, ITC), low non-volatile residue and predictable UV absorbance are desirable; verify via CoA.
• Trace specifications (water content, residual metals, peroxide, stabilizers) are assay- and structure-dependent; these are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Practical implications:

• If your application requires specific constraints (e.g., >98% HPLC purity, metal content <10 ppm, or absence of particular counterions), request the current batch CoA and, if needed, a custom QC panel.

Reaction and Applications

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• Manufacturer Applications: Not specified for this item.

General applications for Moligand-class small molecules (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• Screening and tool compound workflows: Use in primary HTS, secondary assays, dose–response curves, orthogonal biophysical methods (SPR, DSF, ITC), and chemoproteomic pulldowns when appropriately derivatized.
• Analytical method development: Serve as reference analytes for LC–MS method validation (retention mapping, ionization benchmarking) and detector linearity checks, provided extinction coefficients are known.
• Chemical biology: When functional handles exist (amines, azides, alkynes), ligation to probes or resins enables target engagement studies; ensure structure disclosure and compatibility first.

Practical tips (general):

• Solubilization: Prepare concentrated DMSO stocks; verify clarity upon dilution into assay buffers.
• Interference control: Assess compound fluorescence/absorbance in the assay window to avoid optical artifacts; include detergent (0.01–0.05% Tween-20/NP-40) to mitigate aggregation-based inhibition (PAINS risk mitigation).
• Redox/photostability: Minimize light/air exposure for conjugated/aromatic systems; consider inert gas blanket and amberware.

Note: No reaction chemistry or named synthetic applications can be assigned to EK-1 without a disclosed structure. For synthetic use-cases, obtain the structure and CoA first.

Reaction Conditions

Item-specific reaction conditions: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance (literature/general; not item-specific):

• If using a small molecule as a reagent or substrate, standard conditions are dictated by its functional groups (e.g., Suzuki–Miyaura for aryl boronates, Buchwald–Hartwig for aryl amination, CuAAC for azide–alkyne cycloaddition). Solvent, base, and catalyst loads are scaffold-dependent.
• Stability checks: Run small-scale tests to assess tolerance to water, oxygen, light, and heat. Aliquot and use inert atmosphere for air- or moisture-sensitive compounds.
• Workup: Quench carefully, especially if strong bases/nucleophiles are used. Employ buffered aqueous washes to maintain compound integrity.

Expected yields, temperatures, and times are not provided here because the structure and functional groups of EK-1 are undisclosed.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• GHS classification, pictograms, signal word, H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Storage conditions: Room temperature (per Product Data).

General laboratory safety (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• Personal protective equipment: Use lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemical-resistant gloves. Handle powders in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of dust/aerosols.
• Incompatibilities: Without a disclosed structure, avoid strong oxidizers and strong acids/bases until compatibility is known. Keep away from ignition sources if volatility is suspected.
• First aid overview: If skin contact occurs, wash with soap and water. If eye exposure occurs, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. If inhaled, move to fresh air. If ingested, rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention. Always follow your institutional SOPs.
• Spill response: For small quantities, absorb with inert material (e.g., vermiculite), collect in a chemical waste container, and ventilate area. Prevent environmental release.
• Waste: Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations. Segregate halogenated/non-halogenated organic waste streams when applicable.

Authoritative source: Always consult the product-specific SDS and CoA/Spec Sheet for definitive hazard statements, exposure limits, and handling instructions.

Solvent Selection

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• Solubility and preferred solvents: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General solvent strategy for discovery ligands (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• Primary stock: Prepare in anhydrous DMSO (10–50 mM) due to broad solubilizing power and assay compatibility. Filter if particulates remain.
• Aqueous work: For assay additions, keep final DMSO ≤0.5–1.0% v/v to minimize biological interference. Use cosolvents (e.g., DMSO:water, DMSO:buffer) and mild heating/sonication as needed.
• Alternative solvents: If DMSO is unsuitable, consider DMF, ethanol, methanol, or acetone. Water-miscible choices ease dilution; immiscible solvents (EtOAc, MTBE, toluene) are more appropriate for extractions.
• Acid/base modulation: Convert to salt forms in situ (e.g., add HCl to free bases, NaHCO3 to acids) to improve aqueous solubility for certain workflows.

Comparison (general considerations):

• DMSO vs DMF: DMSO is less volatile and often more benign for enzymes; DMF can solubilize highly polar/ionic species but may affect protein stability more strongly.
• Ethanol/methanol: Useful for spectroscopic work; volatility enables rapid removal, but cytotoxicity thresholds in cell assays can be lower than for DMSO.

Always confirm solvent compatibility with the specific compound and assay components. For EK-1, compound-specific recommendations are not provided here.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• Storage conditions: Room temperature.
• Shipped in: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Reconstitution solvent and concentration: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General guidance for small-molecule library compounds (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• Storage: Keep in a tightly closed container in a dry place. For photosensitive compounds, store in amber vials. Desiccation and inert headspace (argon/nitrogen) are beneficial for air/moisture-sensitive scaffolds.
• Reconstitution: Prepare concentrated DMSO stocks (e.g., 10–50 mM). If insoluble, consider gentle warming (≤40 °C) and short sonication. Avoid prolonged heating.
• Aliquoting and stability: Minimize freeze–thaw cycles by aliquoting single-use volumes. Track time at ambient conditions and cumulative thaw cycles. For long-term storage of DMSO stocks, 4 °C or −20 °C is often used; verify that this does not induce precipitation.

All item-specific parameters (final recommended concentration, solvent choice, stability window, retest date) are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structure and Identity

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• Product name: EK-1 (SKU: rp173953)
• Grade/Purity: Moligand™
• CAS: rp173953 (catalog placeholder)
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General notes for identity (literature/general guidance):

• For small-molecule screening compounds, identity is typically established by ≥1 of the following orthogonal methods: 1H NMR, LC–MS (ESI), HRMS, and HPLC purity profiling. Where stereochemistry is relevant, chiroptical data or chiral HPLC may be used (general practice; not item-specific).
• Structural features commonly documented include functional groups (e.g., heteroaromatics, amides, sulfonamides), ring systems (fused, spiro, or bridged), and whether tautomers or salts are provided.

2D/structural description: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. If structure is disclosed, Aladdin will report ring systems, heteroatoms, charge state (free base/acid vs. salt), and any defined stereocenters.

Synthetic Utility

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• Synthetic role, functional groups, and reactivity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General considerations for potential synthetic use (literature/general guidance; not item-specific):

• If EK-1 is intended as a building block, utility depends on the presence of handles such as halides/triflates (for cross-coupling), boronates/boronic acids (Suzuki), alkynes/azides (CuAAC), or amines/acids (amide coupling). Without structure disclosure, no specific transformations can be recommended.
• Protecting-group strategy, chemoselectivity, and compatibility with catalytic systems (Pd, Ni, Cu) are highly scaffold-dependent. Verify stability to base/acid and redox conditions before planning multi-step sequences.
• Purification: Consider normal-phase silica for neutral species, reverse-phase chromatography for polar/ionic scaffolds, and crystallization where feasible. Monitor with LC–MS to identify co-eluting impurities.

Conclusion: No defined synthetic applications can be assigned to EK-1 as listed.

Target Specificity

Item-specific facts (from Product Data):

• No target, selectivity profile, or binding data are specified for EK-1.

General guidance (literature/general; not item-specific):

• Target specificity for small-molecule ligands should be established using a combination of biochemical potency assays, counterscreens against related targets, cellular assays, and, where feasible, biophysical binding measurements (e.g., SPR, MST), followed by off-target panels.
• Structure–activity relationship (SAR) and selectivity indices are essential for profiling; none are available for this item.

Conclusion: Target and selectivity details are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet or associated data packages if available.