Mitochondrial functional disturbance can activate a series of stress signals to restore energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, and redox balance. Decreased membrane potential, impaired respiratory chain function, defective protein import, or abnormal mitochondrial proteostasis can induce ...
Cell permeabilization is performed after cell fixation to open membrane structures, allowing antibodies, dyes, or probes to enter the cytoplasm, nucleus, or organelles and recognize target antigens. This step directly affects localization accuracy in immunofluorescence and also influences ...
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles formed by a phospholipid monolayer surrounding a neutral lipid core. Their core components mainly include triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters. Lipid droplets are not only lipid storage structures, but also participate in energy metabolism, ...
Bacterial cell wall degradation is a key technique that disrupts peptidoglycan and its outer structures through enzymatic, chemical, or physically assisted methods, allowing cellular contents to be released or enabling the formation of protoplasts/spheroplasts. This technology is commonly used ...
Pancreatitis animal models are used to simulate acute acinar cell injury, abnormal pancreatic enzyme activation, inflammatory cascade responses, microcirculatory disturbance, and chronic fibrotic progression. Model selection should be based on the research focus, such as acute pancreatitis (AP), ...
Neurons have highly polarized structures, with axons and dendrites extending far from the soma. Synaptic activity, action potential conduction, Ca²⁺ buffering, and local protein homeostasis all depend on continuous mitochondrial energy supply. Directed mitochondrial transport, local docking, ...
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) participates in local immune regulation through sensory nerves, autonomic nerves, Schwann cells, and satellite glial cells. Immune cells and the cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators they release can also reciprocally affect neuronal excitability, ...
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a pathological process characterized by excessive deposition and abnormal remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) after chronic liver injury. Repeated hepatocyte injury, inflammatory infiltration, cholestasis, lipotoxicity, or immune responses can activate hepatic ...
Nuclear factor κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB) is one of the most important transcriptional regulatory systems by which cells respond to infection, inflammation, and stress stimuli. Its core role is to convert extracellular or intracellular danger ...
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