Maxadilan, TFA salt, Agonist of PAC 1 receptor;Agonist of VPAC 2 receptor, CAS No.135374-80-0 (free base), Agonist of PAC 1 receptor;Agonist of VPAC 2 receptor

CAS: 135374-80-0 (free base) Cat. No.: rp174513 Summenformel: C₂₉₁H₄₆₅N₈₅O₉₅S₆•xC₂HF₃O₂

GRADE & PURITY BioReagent, Sterile, ≥95%(HPLC)

Accession #

6M1H_B

Specifications

Product Name

Maxadilan, TFA salt, Agonist of PAC 1 receptor;Agonist of VPAC 2 receptor, CAS No.135374-80-0 (free base)

Note

BioReagent, Sterile

Spezifikationen & Reinheit

BioReagent, sterile, ≥95%(HPLC)

Aminosäuren

1-61 aa

Sequenz

H-Cys(1)-Asp-Ala-Thr-Cys(1)-Gln-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ala-Ile-Asp-Asp-Cys(2)-Gln-Lys-Gln-Ala-His-His-Ser-Asn-Val-Leu-Gln-Thr-Ser-Val-Gln-Thr-Thr-Ala-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Met-Asp-Thr-Ser-Gln-Leu-Pro-Gly-Asn-Ser-Val-Phe-Lys-Glu-Cys(2)-Met-Lys-Gln-Lys-Lys-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Ala-OH

Beitritt #

6M1H_B

Voraussichtliches Molekulargewicht

6866.85 (free base)

Aktionsart

AGONIST

Mechanismus der Wirkung

Agonist of PAC 1 receptor;Agonist of VPAC 2 receptor

CAS

135374-80-0 (free base)

Molekültyp

Peptide

Lagerung und Versand

Storage

Store at -20°C,Avoid repeated freezing and thawing

Verschickt in

Ice chest + Ice pads

Stabilität und Lagerung

Store at -20~-80℃ (1 year). Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.

Genetische Informationen

• Referenz:
  • 1. Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfuration., The Journal of biological chemistry, Steegborn, C C and 7 more authors.
  • 2. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Strausberg, Robert L RL and 83 more authors.
  • 3. Genomic basis of cystathioninuria (MIM 219500) revealed by multiple mutations in cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH)., Human genetics, Wang, Jian J and Hegele, Robert A RA.
  • 4. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human liver cDNA encoding for cystathionine gamma-lyase., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Lu, Y Y, O'Dowd, B F BF, Orrego, H H and Israel, Y Y.
  • 5. Single nucleotide polymorphism in CTH associated with variation in plasma homocysteine concentration., Clinical genetics, Wang, J J, Huff, A M AM, Spence, J D JD and Hegele, R A RA.
  • 6. Cystathionine gamma-lyase overexpression inhibits cell proliferation via a H2S-dependent modulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p21Cip/WAK-1., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Cao, Kun K, Wu, Lingyun L and Wang, Rui R.
  • 7. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)., Genome research, Gerhard, Daniela S DS and 115 more authors.
  • 8. Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network., Nature, Rual, Jean-François JF and 37 more authors.
  • 9. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1., Nature, Gregory, S G SG and 178 more authors.
  • 10. Polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism and trans-sulfuration pathway genes and susceptibility to bladder cancer., International journal of cancer, Moore, Lee E LE and 14 more authors. more
  • 11. Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome., Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP, Barbe, Laurent L and 10 more authors.
  • 12. Kinetic properties of polymorphic variants and pathogenic mutants in human cystathionine gamma-lyase., Biochemistry, Zhu, Weidong W, Lin, Alexander A and Banerjee, Ruma R.
  • 13. Pathway-based evaluation of 380 candidate genes and lung cancer susceptibility suggests the importance of the cell cycle pathway., Carcinogenesis, Hosgood, H Dean HD and 12 more authors.
  • 14. Relationship between cystathionine gamma-lyase gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Northern Chinese Han population., Chinese medical journal, Li, Yun Y and 8 more authors.
  • 15. Active cystathionine beta-synthase can be expressed in heme-free systems in the presence of metal-substituted porphyrins or a chemical chaperone., The Journal of biological chemistry, Majtan, Tomas T, Singh, Laishram R LR, Wang, Liqun L, Kruger, Warren D WD and Kraus, Jan P JP.
  • 16. MALDI-TOF MS genotyping of polymorphisms related to 1-carbon metabolism using common and mass-modified terminators., Clinical chemistry, Meyer, Klaus K, Fredriksen, Ase A and Ueland, Per Magne PM.
  • 17. Structural basis for the inhibition mechanism of human cystathionine gamma-lyase, an enzyme responsible for the production of H(2)S., The Journal of biological chemistry, Sun, Qingxiang Q and 10 more authors.
  • 18. Oral facial clefts and gene polymorphisms in metabolism of folate/one-carbon and vitamin A: a pathway-wide association study., Genetic epidemiology, Boyles, Abee L AL and 16 more authors.
  • 19. Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes., Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Gonzales, Patricia A PA and 7 more authors.
  • 20. An association study of 45 folate-related genes in spina bifida: Involvement of cubilin (CUBN) and tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1)., Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, Franke, Barbara B and 7 more authors.
  • 21. Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China., Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, Shen, Min M and 12 more authors.
  • 22. H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia., The Journal of biological chemistry, Chiku, Taurai T and 5 more authors.
  • 23. Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility., Fertility and sterility, Altmäe, Signe S and 7 more authors.
  • 24. Bile-acid-activated farnesoid X receptor regulates hydrogen sulfide production and hepatic microcirculation., World journal of gastroenterology, Renga, Barbara B, Mencarelli, Andrea A, Migliorati, Marco M, Distrutti, Eleonora E and Fiorucci, Stefano S.
  • 25. Cystathionine gamma-lyase: Clinical, metabolic, genetic, and structural studies., Molecular genetics and metabolism, Kraus, Jan P JP and 14 more authors.
  • 26. Relative contributions of cystathionine beta-synthase and gamma-cystathionase to H2S biogenesis via alternative trans-sulfuration reactions., The Journal of biological chemistry, Singh, Sangita S, Padovani, Dominique D, Leslie, Rachel A RA, Chiku, Taurai T and Banerjee, Ruma R.
  • 27. PTEN identified as important risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease., Respiratory medicine, Hosgood, H Dean HD, Menashe, Idan I, He, Xingzhou X, Chanock, Stephen S and Lan, Qing Q.
  • 28. Genetic susceptibility to distinct bladder cancer subphenotypes., European urology, Guey, Lin T LT and 18 more authors.
  • 29. Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip., American journal of human genetics, Talmud, Philippa J PJ and 38 more authors.
  • 30. Integrative predictive model of coronary artery calcification in atherosclerosis., Circulation, McGeachie, Michael M and 13 more authors.
  • 31. Cystathionine beta-synthase 844Ins68 polymorphism is not associated with the levels of homocysteine and cysteine in an Indian population., Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, Kumar, Jitender J, Garg, Gaurav G, Karthikeyan, Ganesan G and Sengupta, Shantanu S.
  • 32. The expression and activity of cystathionine-γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in human neoplastic cell lines., Amino acids, Jurkowska, Halina H, Placha, Wojciech W, Nagahara, Noriuki N and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 33. Ancient origin of the CTH alelle carrying the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant in patients with cystathioninuria., Clinical genetics, Espinós, C C and 8 more authors.
  • 34. Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study., Diabetes care, Bailey, Swneke D SD and 11 more authors.
  • 35. Maternal genes and facial clefts in offspring: a comprehensive search for genetic associations in two population-based cleft studies from Scandinavia., PloS one, Jugessur, Astanand A and 12 more authors.
  • 36. [Expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in CVB3-induced myocarditis in mice]., Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics, Hua, Wang W and 6 more authors.
  • 37. Folate-metabolizing gene variants and pregnancy outcome of IVF., Reproductive biomedicine online, Laanpere, M M and 5 more authors.
  • 38. Specificity protein-1 as a critical regulator of human cystathionine gamma-lyase in smooth muscle cells., The Journal of biological chemistry, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Teng, Huajian H, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 39. Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium., Briefings in bioinformatics, Gaudet, Pascale P, Livstone, Michael S MS, Lewis, Suzanna E SE and Thomas, Paul D PD.
  • 40. Expression of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase in human pregnant myometrium and their roles in the control of uterine contractility., PloS one, You, Xing-Ji XJ and 8 more authors.
  • 41. MicroRNA-21 represses human cystathionine gamma-lyase expression by targeting at specificity protein-1 in smooth muscle cells., Journal of cellular physiology, Yang, Guangdong G, Pei, Yanxi Y, Cao, Qiuhui Q and Wang, Rui R.
  • 42. H2S-Induced sulfhydration of the phosphatase PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response., Science signaling, Krishnan, Navasona N, Fu, Cexiong C, Pappin, Darryl J DJ and Tonks, Nicholas K NK.
  • 43. Characterization of hydrogen sulfide and its synthases, cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, in human prostatic tissue and cells., Urology, Guo, Hui H and 5 more authors.
  • 44. Sp1 is involved in regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase gene expression and biological function by PI3K/Akt pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines., Cellular signalling, Yin, Peng P and 12 more authors.
  • 45. H₂S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase., Circulation, Kondo, Kazuhisa K and 14 more authors.
  • 46. Reduced cystathionine γ-lyase and increased miR-21 expression are associated with increased vascular resistance in growth-restricted pregnancies: hydrogen sulfide as a placental vasodilator., The American journal of pathology, Cindrova-Davies, Tereza T and 5 more authors.
  • 47. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia., Circulation, Wang, Keqing K and 14 more authors.
  • 48. Regulation of cystathionine γ-lyase in mammalian cells by hypoxia., Biochemical genetics, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 49. A genome-wide association study of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in breast cancer patients., Breast cancer research : BCR, Chung, Suyoun S and 6 more authors.
  • 50. [Cystathionine γ-lyase]., Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online), Jurkowska, Halina H, Kaczor-Kamińska, Marta M, Bronowicka-Adamska, Patrycja P and Wróbel, Maria M.
  • 51. Decreased cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) activity in livers of type 1 diabetic rats and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of type 1 diabetic patients., The Journal of biological chemistry, Manna, Prasenjit P, Gungor, Neslihan N, McVie, Robert R and Jain, Sushil K SK.
  • 52. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) pathway contributes to the proliferation of hepatoma cells., Mutation research, Pan, Yan Y and 5 more authors.
  • 53. The cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide system maintains cellular glutathione status., The Biochemical journal, Lee, Zheng-Wei ZW, Low, Yi-Lian YL, Huang, Shufen S, Wang, Tianxiao T and Deng, Lih-Wen LW.
  • 54. The binding site for the transcription factor, NF-κB, on the cystathionine γ-lyase promoter is critical for LPS-induced cystathionine γ-lyase expression., International journal of molecular medicine, Wang, Maoxian M, Guo, Zhanyun Z and Wang, Shilong S.
  • 55. Regulation of cystathionine gamma-lyase/H₂S system and its pathological implication., Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition), Zhao, Kexin K, Li, Hongzhu H, Li, Shuangshuang S and Yang, Guangdong G.
  • 56. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulphide metabolism impairs oviductal transport of embryos., Nature communications, Ning, Nannan N and 5 more authors.
  • 57. Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces the transcription of cystathionine-γ-lyase, a stimulator of tumor in colon cancer., Cellular signalling, Fan, Kun K and 7 more authors.
  • 58. miRNA-30 family inhibition protects against cardiac ischemic injury by regulating cystathionine-γ-lyase expression., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Shen, Yaqi Y and 7 more authors.
  • 59. Role of the cystathionine γ lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in human melanoma progression., Pigment cell & melanoma research, Panza, Elisabetta E and 11 more authors.
  • 60. A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network., Cell, Rolland, Thomas T and 69 more authors.
  • 61. Neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease involves loss of cystathionine γ-lyase., Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), Paul, Bindu D BD and Snyder, Solomon H SH.
  • 62. The importance of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR and CSE expression levels in Caucasian women with preeclampsia., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, Agnieszka A and 6 more authors.
  • 63. The importance of rs1021737 and rs482843 polymorphisms of cystathionine gamma-lyase in the etiology of preeclampsia in the Caucasian population., Ginekologia polska, Mrozikiewicz, Przemysław M PM and 8 more authors.
  • 64. Cystathionine γ-lyase, a H2S-generating enzyme, is a GPBAR1-regulated gene and contributes to vasodilation caused by secondary bile acids., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Renga, Barbara B and 9 more authors.
  • 65. Correlation between the cystathionine-γ-lyase (CES) and the severity of peptic ulcer disease., African health sciences, Chen, Xiong X, Wan, Ying-Chun YC, Guo, Tao T, Xu, Can-Xia CX and Wang, Fen F.
  • 66. MPST but not CSE is the primary regulator of hydrogen sulfide production and function in the coronary artery., American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, Kuo, Maggie M MM and 10 more authors.
  • 67. Transcriptional Regulation of Cystathionine-γ-Lyase in Endothelial Cells by NADPH Oxidase 4-Dependent Signaling., The Journal of biological chemistry, Mistry, Rajesh K RK and 8 more authors.
  • 68. LPS Up-Regulates Cystathionine γ -Lyase Gene Expression in Primary Human Macrophages via NF-κB/ERK Pathway., Inflammation & allergy drug targets, Badiei, Alireza A, Gieseg, Steven S, Davies, Sian S, Izani Othman, Mohd M and Bhatia, Madhav M.
  • 69. Radiation Exposure Promotes Hepatocarcinoma Cell Invasion through Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Mediated by H2S/CSE Pathway., Radiation research, Pan, Yan Y, Zhou, Cuiping C, Yuan, Dexiao D, Zhang, Jianghong J and Shao, Chunlin C.
  • 70. Cystathionine γ-lyase(CSE)/hydrogen sulfide system is regulated by miR-216a and influences cholesterol efflux in macrophages via the PI3K/AKT/ABCA1 pathway., Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Gong, Duo D and 15 more authors.
  • 71. MicroRNA-186 promotes macrophage lipid accumulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by targeting cystathionine γ-lyase in THP-1 macrophages., Atherosclerosis, Yao, Yan Y and 9 more authors.
  • 72. Cystathionine γ-lyase is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque microvessels and is involved in micro-angiogenesis., Scientific reports, van den Born, J C JC and 5 more authors.
  • 73. Dichotomous effects of isomeric secondary amines containing an aromatic nitrile and nitro group on human aortic smooth muscle cells via inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase., Biochimie, Ji, Yajing Y and 6 more authors.
  • 74. Distinctive expression pattern of cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase identifies mesenchymal stromal cells transition to mineralizing osteoblasts., Journal of cellular physiology, Gambari, Laura L and 6 more authors.
  • 75. Age-Dependent Allergic Asthma Development and Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase Deficiency., Antioxidants & redox signaling, Wang, Peipei P and 6 more authors.
  • 76. Augmented H2S production via cystathionine-beta-synthase upregulation plays a role in pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation., Biology of reproduction, Sheibani, Lili L and 7 more authors.
  • 77. Total sulfane sulfur bioavailability reflects ethnic and gender disparities in cardiovascular disease., Redox biology, Rajpal, Saurabh S and 12 more authors.
  • 78. Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides., Gene, Maruyama, K K and Sugano, S S.

Application Protocols

No item-specific, validated application protocols (e.g., recommended working concentrations, assay formats, or positive controls) are provided in the Product Data for this product.

Guidance for developing protocols (general/literature-based):

• Start with a 10–100 μM sterile stock in water, acetate buffer, or minimal DMSO; then perform serial dilutions to reach the desired nM working range in cell-based assays.
• Include vehicle controls (buffer ± DMSO), and a reference standard curve each run to monitor assay performance.
• To minimize adsorption, use low-binding plastics and include 0.1% BSA if compatible with the readout.

Please consult the CoA/Spec Sheet and your institutional SOPs, and perform pilot optimization in your specific model system.

Biological Roles

The following describes literature knowledge of Maxadilan; it is provided for research context only and does not constitute product specifications or medical claims.

• Origin and function (literature):

  • Source: Salivary gland peptide from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis.
  • Physiological role in the insect–host interface: Acts as a potent vasodilatory factor that facilitates blood feeding by increasing local blood flow (observed in animal models in the literature).

• Molecular pharmacology (literature):

  • Receptor interactions: Selective agonist activity reported at PAC1 (PACAP type I) receptors, with downstream Gs-coupled cAMP signaling. Distinct selectivity vs VPAC receptors has been used to probe PACAP receptor subtype biology.
  • Cellular pathways: Elevation of cAMP, activation of PKA, and modulation of vascular smooth muscle tone have been documented in vitro.

• Research significance:

  • Serves as a tool peptide to dissect GPCR signaling, receptor subtype selectivity, and structure–activity relationships within the PACAP/vasoactive peptide family.
  • Used as a reference agonist for benchmarking novel analogs or small-molecule modulators targeting PAC1-linked pathways.

Note: All biological roles described above are literature context for in vitro and ex vivo research only. This product is labeled for research use only.

Buffer Applications

This product is a bioactive peptide and is not itself used as a buffering agent. Accordingly, classic buffer-system design (pH ranges, capacity calculations) does not apply.

Practical guidance for use (general, not specifications):

• Choose buffers that maintain peptide solubility and biological activity: acetate (pH ~4.5–5.5) for initial dissolution if needed; then adjust to the assay buffer such as HEPES (pH 7.2–7.4) or PBS for cell-based studies.
• Include modest ionic strength (e.g., 100–150 mM NaCl) and optional carrier protein (e.g., 0.1% BSA) to reduce adsorption losses when compatible with the assay.
• Filter sterilize solutions through 0.22 μm membranes if sterility must be maintained after buffer exchange.

For recipe-level details and pH targets, follow your assay’s validated SOPs.

Green Alternatives

While green chemistry is most often discussed for solvents and bulk reagents, peptides also present opportunities to reduce environmental impact, especially concerning counterions and buffer systems.

• Counterion considerations (general/literature):

  • TFA salt (this item): TFA is persistent in the environment and can contribute acidity in assays at higher concentrations.
  • Acetate or hydrochloride salts: Often considered more benign in routine cell assays and downstream waste streams. However, TFA salts can provide superior solubility for some hydrophobic/basic sequences and are widely used in peptide purification.

• Buffer/solvent alternatives:

  • Prefer aqueous buffers over organic solvents; limit DMSO to the minimum necessary.
  • Use biodegradable buffers (e.g., acetate) when compatible with the biology instead of high concentrations of phosphate or strong acids.

• Comparison snapshot (general):

  | Aspect | TFA salt (this item) | Acetate salt | |---|---|---| | Environmental persistence | Higher (perfluorinated anion) | Lower | | Aqueous solubility (acidic pH) | Often excellent | Good to excellent | | Assay background impact | Possible pH/anion effects at high dose | Typically minimal | | Typical use case | HPLC purification, difficult-to-dissolve peptides | Routine cell assays |

• Practical tip:

  • If assay sensitivity to TFA is suspected, dissolve the peptide, then buffer-exchange (e.g., spin columns, dialysis) into an acetate- or HEPES-based buffer prior to use.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmaceutical or clinical uses are claimed or supported for this catalog item. It is supplied strictly for laboratory research use.

Context (general/literature):

• Peptide receptor agonists like Maxadilan are commonly used as research tools in discovery biology, receptor characterization, and assay development. They may serve as reference standards in preclinical screening; however, this does not imply suitability for therapeutic use.
• No pharmacopeial monograph, excipient status, or GMP grade is specified for this item. Any application in regulated environments would require independent qualification and compliance work.

Always adhere to institutional and regulatory policies restricting research-use-only materials from any diagnostic, clinical, or in vivo therapeutic applications.

Physical Properties

• Item-specific (from Product Data):

  • Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Other specs (BP/MP, density, UV cutoff, metal limits): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• General/literature characteristics of peptide TFA salts (context, not specifications):

  • Physical state: Typically supplied lyophilized or as a dry solid; readily hygroscopic depending on sequence.
  • Solubility behavior: Most bioactive peptides dissolve in water, sterile saline, or mild buffers (e.g., 10–50 mM acetate, citrate, or phosphate) with pH adjusted to optimize charge state. Small volumes of DMSO or 0.1% TFA can aid solubilization for highly hydrophobic sequences.
  • pH sensitivity: Cationic peptides are often most soluble at slightly acidic pH (pH 4–6) due to protonation of basic residues; neutral-to-alkaline pH can decrease solubility if the sequence is hydrophobic.
  • Stability: Peptides are generally stable when dry and protected from light/moisture at subzero temperatures. In solution, stability improves at lower temperatures and slightly acidic pH; avoid repeated freeze–thaw.
  • Absorbance: Most peptides lack strong chromophores; if Trp/Tyr/Phe are present, a modest UV band near 280 nm (Trp/Tyr) may be used for concentration estimation (literature guidance only).

Note: For exact, lot-specific physicochemical values and recommended solvent for this item, please consult the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality and Grades

• Item-specific grade (from Product Data):

  • BioReagent, Sterile

• What this implies:

  • BioReagent: Suitable for biochemical and cell-based research applications where purity, identity, and functional integrity of the peptide are critical. While not a pharmacopoeial grade, BioReagent material is typically manufactured and handled to minimize contaminants that could affect biological assays.
  • Sterile: Supplied sterile (e.g., by sterile filtration or aseptic processing). This facilitates direct use in cell culture or receptor assays without an additional sterilization step. Maintain sterile technique upon opening to prevent contamination.

• Not specified for this item (refer to CoA/Spec Sheet):

  • Exact purity assay (%), residual solvents, water content, TFA content, counterion balance, endotoxin/bioburden limits, sequence verification data (MS/HPLC), and peptide content.

• Practical considerations for this peptide salt:

  • Functional consistency: For pharmacology, lot-to-lot reproducibility (retention time, MS mass match, and bioassay response) is essential. Verify with internal controls on first use of a new lot.
  • Counterion awareness: The TFA counterion can influence pH and some bioassays at higher concentrations; ensure adequate dilution or buffer capacity if that could impact your readout.
  • Documentation: For audits and method validation, retain the lot CoA/Spec Sheet and any in-house qualification results (e.g., ELISA binding curves or receptor activation EC50 determination).

Reaction and Applications

This product is a bioactive peptide ligand rather than a traditional synthetic reagent. Its primary use is in biological and biochemical experiments where a defined receptor agonist is required. The following applications are based on literature for Maxadilan and related peptides; they are general guidance, not product specifications.

• Receptor pharmacology and signaling (literature):

  • Agonist studies at PACAP/PAC1 family receptors: Evaluate downstream cAMP accumulation, PKA activation, and transcriptional reporters in heterologous cells expressing the target receptor(s).
  • Binding/competition assays: Radioligand or fluorescent ligand displacement to characterize affinity and kinetics in membrane preparations.

• Vascular biology models (in vitro/ex vivo; literature):

  • Use in isolated tissue or cell models to study smooth muscle relaxation pathways and GPCR-mediated vasodilatory signaling. Avoid any in vivo or clinical use (research only).

• Structure–function studies:

  • Mutagenesis/analogs: Employ as a reference peptide when designing truncations, alanine scans, or stabilized analogs to map pharmacophores.

• Practical handling tips:

  • Prepare single-use aliquots upon first dissolution to avoid activity loss from repeated freeze–thaw.
  • Include carrier proteins (e.g., 0.1% BSA) or inert sugars (e.g., trehalose) in storage buffers if compatible with your assay to limit adsorption to plastics (general peptide practice).
  • Validate functional activity in your system with a dose–response curve and internal standards.

Reaction Conditions

This section provides literature-based, general assay conditions for using Maxadilan as a receptor agonist in vitro. These are not product specifications and should be adapted to your system.

• Cell-based cAMP assays (literature):

  • Cells: HEK293 or CHO cells expressing human PAC1 receptor isoforms.
  • Buffer: HEPES-buffered saline with 0.1% BSA to minimize adsorption; phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g., IBMX) when quantifying cAMP.
  • Concentration range: Commonly tested over 0.1–100 nM for dose–response curves; exact potency depends on receptor isoform and assay format.
  • Incubation: 10–30 min at 37°C for acute signaling readouts.
  • Readouts: cAMP ELISA/HTRF, CRE-luciferase reporters, or PKA substrate phosphorylation.

• Binding assays (membranes or intact cells; literature):

  • Competition: Displace a radiolabeled or fluorescent PACAP-family ligand; analyze Ki via Cheng–Prusoff correction.
  • Buffers: Tris or HEPES with Mg2+/Ca2+ as required; 0.1% BSA to reduce nonspecific binding.
  • Temperature: 4–25°C for equilibrium binding; 25–37°C for kinetics depending on design.

• Ex vivo tissue studies (literature):

  • Preparation: Isolated vascular rings or microvessels in physiological salt solution.
  • Endpoints: Relaxation responses; antagonist controls to confirm receptor mediation.

Always include appropriate negative/positive controls and validate linearity, specificity, and reproducibility in your laboratory setup.

Safety and Handling

• GHS/Regulatory (item-specific):

  • Signal Word / H-Statements / GHS Classification / Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
  • Intended use: For research use only (per Product Data). Not for human or veterinary use.

• General laboratory safety for peptide powders/solutions (literature and best practice; defer to SDS):

  • PPE: Lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves. Handle powders in a biosafety cabinet or fume hood to minimize aerosolization.
  • Avoid inhalation and skin contact: Peptide aerosols/dusts may cause irritation or sensitization in susceptible individuals.
  • Good microbiological practice: Product is labeled Sterile; maintain sterility during reconstitution and aliquoting. Use sterile tips/tubes and aseptic technique.
  • Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers can degrade peptides; avoid high pH (>9) for prolonged periods (base-catalyzed deamidation/epimerization). Metal ions can occasionally catalyze oxidation (e.g., of Met/Cys if present); consider chelators if compatible with your assay.
  • Spill/cleanup: Gently wet powders to suppress dust, wipe with damp disposable towels, and dispose according to institutional peptide/chemical waste procedures.
  • First aid (overview; consult SDS): Rinse eyes/skin with water for several minutes if contacted. If inhaled, move to fresh air. Seek medical advice if symptoms persist.

Always consult the product-specific SDS for authoritative hazard information and emergency measures.

Solvent Selection

Maxadilan, as a peptide TFA salt, is typically handled in aqueous media. Exact solubility for this lot is not specified; the following are general, literature-based practices for peptide dissolution.

• Primary solvents/buffers (general guidance):

  • Water (sterile), PBS, or isotonic saline: Often sufficient for TFA salts, especially if the sequence is cationic.
  • Mild acidic buffers: 10–50 mM acetate (pH 4.5–5.5) or citrate can enhance solubility for hydrophobic/basic peptides.
  • Co-solvent aids: Add minimal DMSO (e.g., 1–10% v/v final) to pre-wet highly hydrophobic materials, then dilute with buffer. Alternatively, a small volume of 0.1% TFA in water can initiate dissolution before buffer adjustment.

• Polarity/miscibility (general):

  • Highly polar, protic media are preferred; peptides are generally insoluble in nonpolar organic solvents and only sparingly soluble in neat aprotic solvents.

• Practical decision points:

  • If rapid dissolution is required and the peptide resists wetting, briefly sonicate in a sealed tube on ice; avoid heat.
  • For cell assays, limit DMSO to ≤0.1–0.5% v/v unless your system tolerates more.
  • Adjust pH last; dissolve first under mildly acidic conditions, then titrate to your working pH to minimize aggregation/gelation.

• Comparison (general):

  • TFA salt vs acetate salt: TFA salts tend to dissolve readily in slightly acidic water but can contribute acidity/fluoride-containing anion; acetate salts may be preferable for sensitive cells due to lower assay background from the counterion.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Item-specific storage and shipping (from Product Data):

  • Storage Conditions: Store at −20°C. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.
  • Shipped In: Ice chest + ice pads.
  • Research Use Note: For research use only.

• Reconstitution (general guidance; not product specifications):

  • Use sterile water or suitable sterile buffer (e.g., acetate, PBS, HEPES) to prepare a concentrated stock. If initial dissolution is difficult, pre-wet with a small volume of DMSO or 0.1% TFA, then dilute with aqueous buffer.
  • Gently vortex or pipette to dissolve; avoid foaming. Brief sonication in a sealed tube on ice can help with stubborn solids.
  • Filter sterilize through 0.22 μm if sterility must be ensured after manipulation.

• Aliquoting and storage (general best practice):

  • Prepare single-use aliquots to prevent freeze–thaw cycling.
  • Store aliquots at −20°C (as specified) in low-binding, airtight tubes; protect from moisture and light. For long-term storage of solutions, many labs prefer −80°C (general practice) if compatible with your workflow.
  • Include stabilizers (e.g., 0.1% BSA or 5–10% trehalose/glycerol) only if they do not interfere with your assays.

For exact reconstitution solvent, concentration, and shelf-life for this lot, consult the product’s CoA/Spec Sheet and SDS.

Structure and Identity

Brief overview: Maxadilan is a bioactive peptide originally isolated from sand fly saliva. This catalog item is supplied as the trifluoroacetate (TFA) salt, suitable for research use in receptor pharmacology and cell-signaling assays.

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data):

  • Product Name: Maxadilan, TFA salt
  • SKU: rp174513
  • CAS: 135374-80-0 (free base)
  • Grade: BioReagent, Sterile
  • Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES / InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Structural features (general/literature description of the free peptide):

  • Chemical class: Linear polypeptide (peptidic ligand).
  • Backbone: Repeating amide (peptide) bonds with L-amino acid residues; no disulfide bonds reported in the native sequence (literature).
  • Counterion: Trifluoroacetate (TFA−) for the salt form supplied; improves aqueous handling and stability in acidic media.
  • Functional groups: Multiple backbone amide linkages; side-chain functionalities typical of proteinogenic residues (e.g., basic residues such as Lys/Arg; acidic residues Glu/Asp; polar residues Ser/Thr/Asn/Gln; and hydrophobic residues).
  • Stereochemistry: Peptidic L-configuration at α-carbons (literature; typical for natural peptides).

• 2D structure in words (literature):

  • A single, linear amino-acid chain with alternating alpha-carbon stereocenters connected by planar amide bonds; side chains project alternately from the backbone. The TFA salt exists as protonated basic side chains balanced by TFA anions.

Synthetic Utility

As a bioactive peptide, Maxadilan is not typically used as a reagent in chemical synthesis. Its primary utility is as a reference ligand and template in chemical biology and peptide medicinal chemistry. Literature-based applications include:

• Structure–activity relationship (SAR) mapping: Employ Maxadilan as the parent sequence for alanine scanning, truncation, or backbone modification (e.g., N-methylation) to identify pharmacophoric residues required for PAC1 activation.
• Peptidomimetic design: Use the activity profile to guide design of constrained analogs (e.g., lactam bridges, stapling) or non-peptidic mimetics that retain key binding interactions while improving stability/PK in preclinical research.
• Assay standard: Serve as a positive control in receptor activation assays, enabling calibration of EC50/efficacy in cell lines expressing the target GPCR.
• Conjugation studies: The presence of nucleophilic side chains (e.g., Lys, possibly N-terminus) allows exploratory bioconjugation to fluorophores or affinity tags for imaging or pull-down assays, provided activity is retained (site-selective strategies recommended).

Note: Any chemical modification should be validated by analytical HPLC/MS and, importantly, by a functional bioassay to confirm that receptor agonism is preserved.

Target Specificity

Item-specific, experimentally verified target details are not provided in the Product Data for this catalog entry. Refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet for any available characterization.

General literature context (for background only; not product claims):

• Maxadilan has been reported as a selective agonist for the PAC1 receptor within the PACAP/vasoactive peptide receptor family, with distinct activity relative to VPAC receptors. Actual potency and selectivity can vary with species, receptor isoform, and assay format.

No antibody clone, isotype, antigen, or species reactivity information applies to this peptide product.