Nalidixic Acid Sodium Salt Solution (1%) - BioReagent

Cat. No.: N1528871

GRADE & PURITY BioReagent

Storage

Store at 2-8°C

Shipped In

Wet ice

Übersicht

Nalidixic acid sodium salt is a quinolone antibiotic that exerts its antibacterial activity by reversibly inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, thereby blocking DNA replication in susceptible bacteria. It exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, acting as a bacteriostatic agent at lower concentrations and as a bactericidal agent at higher concentrations. This product is supplied as a 1% ready-to-use solution and is commonly used as a selective medium additive in microbiology to suppress the growth of non-target bacterial populations. It is widely applicable in bacteriological research and microbiological detection applications.

Specifications

Spezifikationen & Reinheit

BioReagent

Storage

Store at 2-8°C

Verschickt in

Wet ice

Dieses Produkt erfordert Kühlkettenversand. Grundversand und andere Economy-Optionen sind nicht verfügbar.

Note

BioReagent

Product Line

biological_products

Application Protocols

Below are example, research-use-only protocols leveraging a 1% (10 mg/mL nominal) nalidixic acid sodium solution. Adjust to your system and consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for item-specific details.

1. Supplementing liquid medium (e.g., LB broth)

• Goal: 20 µg/mL final concentration.
• Steps:
  • Warm medium to room temperature after sterilization.
  • Add 2 mL of the 1% solution per 1 L of medium (calculation: 20 mg/L ÷ 10 mg/mL = 2 mL).
  • Mix gently. If sterility is critical post-addition, filter through 0.22 µm.
  • Protect from light and use promptly or store at 2–8°C as permitted by medium stability (validate shelf life empirically).

2. Preparing selective agar plates

• Goal: 30 µg/mL final concentration.
• Steps:
  • Autoclave agar medium; cool to ~50–55°C.
  • Add 3 mL of the 1% solution per 1 L of molten agar (or 300 µL per 100 mL).
  • Swirl to mix without introducing bubbles; pour plates. Allow to solidify in the dark or low light.
  • Store plates wrapped/covered at 2–8°C and use within a validated timeframe.

3. Short-term contamination control in cell culture (exploratory)

• Start at 10–20 µg/mL; monitor cell health and contamination load daily. Limit exposure duration and discontinue once contamination is cleared. Always confirm compatibility with your cell line.

Notes

• Do not autoclave the active component.
• Manage divalent cations to avoid chelation effects.
• Exact potency depends on organism, medium, and conditions.

Biological Roles

Literature context for the active component (nalidixic acid sodium):

• Mechanism of action: A first-generation quinolone that targets bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and, in some species, topoisomerase IV. Inhibition prevents DNA supercoiling control, leading to replication/transcription defects and bactericidal effects in susceptible organisms.

• Spectrum (research context): Historically most active against Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Enterobacterales), with limited activity against many Gram-positive organisms. Activity is strongly influenced by permeability, efflux, and target mutations.

• Resistance mechanisms: Target mutations (gyrA/gyrB/parC), efflux pump upregulation, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants (e.g., qnr proteins) are documented in the literature and can markedly change susceptibility profiles.

• Physicochemical/biochemical notes: The carboxylate/4-oxo quinolone motif can chelate divalent cations, which can reduce apparent activity in metal-rich environments. Protein binding and medium composition can influence effective concentration in biological systems.

• Research uses stemming from biology: Employed as a selective pressure in microbiology workflows, recovery of particular mutants, and contamination control studies. Also used in basic research to probe DNA topology-dependent processes in bacteria.

All information above is provided for research and educational context only. This product is for research use only and not for human or veterinary use.

Buffer Applications

This reagent is commonly used as a media/buffer supplement in microbiology and cell culture (research use). While it does not form a classical pH buffer, it is typically added to aqueous buffers/media to achieve a desired active concentration.

• Common working concentrations (literature): 5–50 µg/mL nalidixic acid equivalent in liquid media or agar. Exact concentration depends on organism, medium, and objective (selection vs. suppression).

• Dilution guidance using a 1% solution (10 mg/mL nominal):

  • To make 100 mL of medium at 20 µg/mL: add 0.2 mL of the 1% solution to 99.8 mL of sterile medium (mix gently). Calculation: 20 µg/mL × 100 mL = 2 mg total; 2 mg ÷ 10 mg/mL = 0.2 mL.
  • To make 1 L at 40 µg/mL: add 4 mL of the 1% solution. Calculation: 40 µg/mL × 1000 mL = 40 mg; 40 mg ÷ 10 mg/mL = 4 mL.

• Practical tips:

  • Add to cooled, sterile media (e.g., agar at ~50–55°C) to avoid thermal degradation; mix thoroughly but gently to minimize bubbles.
  • If sterility is critical post-dilution, filter sterilize the final solution through 0.22 µm PES/RC membrane.
  • Minimize divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) where possible to avoid chelation effects that can reduce apparent activity.

Item-specific parameters such as exact stock concentration assay, pH, and excipients: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. Optimize conditions empirically for your system.

Green Alternatives

This product is an aqueous, ready-to-use solution, which is generally favorable from a green chemistry perspective compared with preparing stocks using volatile organic solvents.

Considerations (literature/general):

• Benefits of this format:

  • Eliminates organic solvents during preparation, reducing VOC emissions and solvent waste.
  • Ready-to-use minimizes repeated weighings/dissolutions, reducing exposure and potential spills.
  • Lower energy footprint versus autoclaving-in (not recommended) because the solution is typically added post-sterilization and optionally filter-sterilized at ambient temperature.

• Trade-offs:

  • Aqueous solutions may have shorter shelf life than dry solids. If usage is infrequent, aliquoting can reduce waste.
  • Cold-chain shipment (wet ice) incurs some environmental cost; plan consolidated orders and right-size pack sizes to minimize transport impacts.

• Alternatives and their implications:

  • Preparing stocks from the solid sodium salt or acid form in-lab allows customization of concentration but introduces solvent/base handling and potential organic co-solvents.
  • Using other selective agents may change hazard/sustainability profiles but also changes biological selectivity; selection should be driven by experimental needs first.

Summary comparison

• Current product: Aqueous 1% solution; minimal solvent waste; cold storage required.
• Alternative (solid): No cold-chain for storage; adds solvent/base handling and more waste during preparation.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This product is supplied as a BioReagent-grade, research-use-only aqueous solution and is not intended for pharmaceutical manufacturing or clinical use.

General/literature context (non-clinical, informational):

• Nalidixic acid has historical use as an antibacterial active ingredient; pharmacopeial monographs may exist for the solid forms. However, such information is provided strictly for background and does not apply to this research-use solution.

Relevant notes for formulators working in research settings:

• If exploring formulation prototypes in a non-clinical laboratory setting, verify the exact composition, pH, and assay of this 1% solution via the CoA/Spec Sheet before use.
• Assess compatibility with excipients and container materials (e.g., borosilicate glass vs. certain plastics) in small-scale tests; quinolone salts are generally water-based and compatible with common lab plastics, but adsorption/light sensitivity should be evaluated.

Compliance reminder:

• Labeled use: For research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, not for diagnostic procedures, and not for ex vivo or in vivo administration.

Physical Properties

This product is supplied as a 1% aqueous solution; bulk physical constants (bp, mp) of the solid are not directly applicable to the solution.

Item-specific properties (this lot/product):

• Concentration: 1% solution (nominal). Exact assay, pH, and solvent details: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density, refractive index, UV cutoff, and residual metals/impurities: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature information (for context on the active component, nalidixic acid sodium):

• Solubility: Sodium salts of quinolone carboxylic acids are typically highly water-soluble; insoluble or sparingly soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.
• Acid-base character: The parent acid is a weak carboxylic acid; conversion to the sodium carboxylate shifts to anionic form at neutral pH, enhancing aqueous solubility. Typical quinolone scaffolds can chelate divalent cations (e.g., Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+).
• Light sensitivity: Quinolones may exhibit photodegradation; protecting solutions from strong light is prudent (literature practice).

Note: When precise numerical values (e.g., pH of the 1% solution, exact solubility) are required for your application, consult the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet and SDS.

Quality and Grades

• Grade: BioReagent

  • Meaning in practice: BioReagent-grade materials are intended for biological and biochemical research, including cell culture media supplementation, microbiology, molecular biology, and enzymology workflows. Emphasis is typically on low bioburden/endotoxin and consistent performance in biological systems rather than on chromatographic purity metrics.

• What this means for this item:

  • The 1% solution is designed as a ready-to-use laboratory reagent for research applications (e.g., media supplementation), minimizing variability from in-lab dissolution steps.
  • UV absorbance profile, particulate level, pH range, and preservative status: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Stabilizers/Preservatives:

  • Any stabilizer, buffer components, or antimicrobial preservatives present in this specific solution: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. If a preservative is absent, observe aseptic technique to maintain sterility.

• Documentation and lot traceability:

  • For critical applications, request the CoA/Spec Sheet for your lot to confirm assay, identity, and performance characteristics. Retain lot numbers for reproducibility.

• Research use statement: For research use only. Not intended for human or veterinary use, clinical diagnostics, or as a drug substance/product.

Reaction and Applications

Synthetic reaction use is not the primary focus for this reagent. Instead, nalidixic acid sodium salt solution is commonly used as a life science laboratory supplement. Below are research applications and practical considerations (literature/good practice):

• Microbiology/media supplementation:

  • Used to select or enrich for organisms based on quinolone susceptibility, or to suppress background flora in mixed cultures. Often combined with other agents in selective media.
  • Typical working ranges reported in literature: 5–50 µg/mL active nalidixic acid equivalent, depending on organism and medium.

• Cell culture/contamination control (research use):

  • Added transiently to cultures to reduce Gram-negative bacterial contamination. Continuous use is not recommended due to resistance concerns; always validate impact on eukaryotic cells of interest.

• Molecular biology:

  • May be incorporated in agar/agarose-containing plates after cooling to ~50–55°C to avoid heat stress to the active component (literature practice). Do not autoclave with media.

• Practical tips:

  • Work under aseptic conditions. Filter-sterilize after dilution if sterility is required.
  • Manage divalent cations to prevent chelation and precipitation. Store aliquots at 2–8°C and protect from light.

Note: Application parameters (dose, exposure time) should be empirically optimized for your organism or system. No clinical/therapeutic use is intended or implied.

Reaction Conditions

This item is not generally employed as a reagent in chemical transformations; thus, standardized “reaction conditions” are not applicable.

For laboratory use as a biological reagent (literature/practice):

• Temperature: Add to media or buffers at ambient temperature; for agar, incorporate after cooling to ~50–55°C.
• Atmosphere: No special inert atmosphere required; avoid strong light exposure to reduce photodegradation.
• Time: Exposure times in biological systems vary widely (minutes to days) depending on experimental design; determine empirically.
• Compatibility: Avoid high levels of divalent/trivalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Al3+) that can chelate quinolones; verify compatibility with supplements (e.g., serum proteins) that may bind the compound.

If your objective is a chemistry transformation involving the quinolone scaffold, consult primary literature for the solid compound rather than this aqueous solution, and validate all conditions experimentally.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific hazard classification for this catalog entry:

• GHS Classification, Signal Word, H-Statements, and Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to the SDS for authoritative safety information.

General laboratory safety guidance (literature/practice for quinolone sodium salt solutions):

• PPE: Use lab coat, safety glasses, and disposable nitrile gloves. Work in a chemical fume hood when handling large volumes, aerosols, or powders (if concentrating/drying).
• Avoid: Contact with skin/eyes and ingestion. Prevent aerosol generation. Wash thoroughly after handling.
• Incompatibilities: Avoid strong oxidizers. Quinolones can chelate metal ions; avoid mixing with high concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, which may cause precipitation or reduced activity in biological assays.
• Light/temperature: Store as directed (2–8°C). Protect from prolonged light exposure to minimize photodegradation (literature precaution).
• First aid (overview; consult SDS): If on skin/eyes, rinse with water for at least 15 minutes and remove contaminated clothing. If inhaled (mists), move to fresh air. If swallowed, rinse mouth and seek medical attention. Provide the SDS to medical personnel.
• Spills: Absorb small spills with inert material, collect in appropriate waste. Decontaminate surfaces with water/detergent. Dispose according to institutional and local regulations.

Always defer to the product-specific SDS and your institution’s EHS procedures.

Solvent Selection

This product is already supplied as a 1% aqueous solution, eliminating the need for additional solvent selection for routine use.

• Polarity/miscibility (literature context):

  • The sodium salt of nalidixic acid is highly water-miscible and compatible with most physiological buffers (e.g., PBS, Tris, MOPS) at typical working concentrations.
  • Avoid excessive divalent/trivalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Al3+), which may induce chelation or precipitation of quinolone carboxylates.

• When dilution is needed:

  • Prefer sterile, particle-free water or buffer at the desired ionic strength and pH for biological applications.
  • If sterile conditions are required, use sterile filtration (0.22 µm) post-dilution. Do not autoclave the active component, as heat can promote degradation (literature precaution for quinolones).

• Alternatives/adjuncts:

  • For concentrated stocks of the solid, mixed aqueous/organic systems (e.g., water with minimal NaOH to solubilize the acid form) are sometimes used, but this is not needed for this ready-to-use solution.

Summary: Use as-supplied in aqueous systems; dilute with sterile water/buffer while managing metal ion content to preserve activity and solubility.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (item-specific): Store at 2–8°C.
• Shipping condition: Shipped on wet ice.
• Format: Ready-to-use 1% aqueous solution. No reconstitution required.

Handling and preservation (good practice/literature):

• Protect from strong light to minimize photodegradation; store in amber or foil-wrapped containers if possible.
• If sterility is required, maintain aseptic technique when opening/aliquoting. Consider preparing single-use aliquots to reduce contamination risk and freeze–thaw cycling (if freezing is contemplated, validate stability first; freezing guidance for this specific item is not provided).
• If any crystallization or precipitation is observed after cold storage, allow the solution to warm to room temperature and mix gently to re-dissolve; if insoluble material persists, discard or filter (0.22 µm) and verify performance.

Item-specific details not provided for this product:

• Exact concentration assay, pH, excipients/preservatives, shelf life, and freeze–thaw stability: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Research use only: Not for human or veterinary use. Follow your institution’s SDS and EHS guidelines for storage and disposal.

Structure and Identity

Nalidixic Acid Sodium Salt Solution (1%) is a ready-to-use aqueous formulation of the sodium salt of nalidixic acid, a first-generation quinolone. The active component is the deprotonated carboxylate of nalidixic acid paired with Na+, provided here at 1% (typically ~10 mg/mL) in water (literature/conventional interpretation for “1% solution”).

• Product form: Aqueous solution, 1% (w/v) nominal. Exact composition for this item: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Core scaffold (literature): 1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate quinolone with a 4-oxo group; sodium counterion increases water solubility.
• Functional groups (literature): Carboxylate (as sodium salt), 4-oxo-quinolone (naphthyridone), heteroaromatic ring nitrogens; capable of metal chelation.

Item-specific identifiers (for this catalog entry):

• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

2D structure in words (literature): A bicyclic, planar 1,8-naphthyridine ring bearing a C-3 carboxylate (as sodium salt) and a C-4 keto group, with additional small alkyl substituents on the ring nitrogen/carbon positions typical of nalidixic acid. No stereocenters present.

Synthetic Utility

Nalidixic acid sodium salt is not typically used as a synthetic building block in organic synthesis. Nevertheless, understanding its functional groups can be useful for analytical derivatizations or material compatibility studies (literature/general):

• Functional handles:

  • Carboxylate (as sodium salt): acid-base interconversion with the free acid; potential for forming other salts/ion pairs for analytical studies.
  • 4-oxo-quinolone (naphthyridone) core: heteroaromatic system with keto-enol tautomerism under certain conditions; capable of metal chelation via the 4-oxo and ring nitrogen atoms.

• Derivatization/analytical relevance:

  • Formation of alternative counterions (e.g., tetrabutylammonium) may improve extraction into organic phases for chromatographic analysis (method development context).
  • Complexation with metals can be used to probe binding stoichiometry by spectroscopic techniques.

• Retrosynthetic value:

  • Limited, as the scaffold is already a fully elaborated quinolone; synthesis typically proceeds from specialized heteroaromatic precursors rather than from nalidixic acid itself.

For routine organic synthesis or coupling chemistry, consider more conventional carboxylic acids, esters, or activated derivatives. For this catalog item, the primary value lies in its biological applications, not in synthetic transformation utility.

Target Specificity

Not applicable to this product type. This is not an antibody, enzyme inhibitor panel with a defined biological target profile for therapeutic use, or a probe with item-specific binding constants provided.

General literature context: The active component (nalidixic acid) is known to inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV in susceptible organisms, but no item-specific potency metrics (e.g., MIC values vs. defined strains) are provided for this product. For application-specific performance, conduct in-house susceptibility or activity assays under your experimental conditions.