RG33 Peptide , CAS No.R1445750

CAS: R1445750 Cat. No.: R1445750 Summenformel: C₁₇₅H₂₈₂N₄₂O₅₁ Molekulargewicht: 3790.36

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Übersicht

RG33 Peptide is a diabetes inhibitor that significantly improves glucose clearance in insulin-resistant mice. RG33 Peptide effectively solubilizes lipid vesicles and promotes cholesterol efflux in cultured macrophages. RG33 Peptide is used in research into type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Specifications

Storage

Store at -20°C

Verschickt in

Ice chest + Ice pads

Dieses Produkt erfordert Kühlkettenversand. Grundversand und andere Economy-Optionen sind nicht verfügbar.

Namen und Kennungen

Molekulargewicht

3790.36

Application Protocols

No tested or validated application protocols are provided for RG33 Peptide in the current listing.

General starting points (literature/general)

• Stock preparation: Dissolve to 1–10 mM in water, buffer, or DMSO depending on solubility; filter sterilize if required.
• Working concentrations: Typically 0.1–100 µM for binding/functional assays; adjust based on potency and assay sensitivity.
• Controls: Include vehicle controls (buffer or DMSO), scrambled peptide, or known active analogs where applicable.
• Storage of working stocks: Keep on ice during use; discard after a working day unless stability is documented.

Please tailor protocols to your assay and confirm integrity by LC–MS where performance is critical.

Biological Roles

Item-specific biological function

• Not specified for this item; sequence, target, and physiological role are not provided in the listing. Refer to the CoA or product documentation if available.

General roles of research peptides (literature/general)

• Molecular recognition: Short sequences can mimic receptor ligands, enzyme substrates/inhibitors, or protein interaction domains, enabling mechanistic studies.
• Structural probes: Peptides stabilize or disrupt specific secondary structures (α-helix, β-turns) to interrogate folding and binding.
• Post-translational modifications: Incorporation of phospho, methyl, acetyl, glyco, or ubiquitin-like marks allows study of signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation.
• Cell penetration and targeting: CPPs (e.g., TAT) and targeting motifs direct cargos to compartments or tissues in model systems.
• Immunology research: Defined epitopes support T-cell/B-cell assays, tolerance/activation studies, and antibody characterization in vitro.

Caveat: All uses are for research only; no clinical or diagnostic claims are made for this product. For target-specific guidance, the exact sequence and modifications are required.

Buffer Applications

Since peptides are commonly used in buffered aqueous solutions, buffer choice is central to performance. No item-specific buffer guidance is provided for RG33 Peptide; the following are general best practices.

• Common buffers and pH ranges (literature/general)

  • PBS (pH 7.2–7.6): Physiological ionic strength; suitable for many binding assays; may promote aggregation of hydrophobic peptides.
  • HEPES (pH 6.8–8.2): Low temperature/pCO2 sensitivity; good for live-cell compatibility.
  • Tris (pH 7.0–9.0): Useful for basic peptides; can interfere with some coupling chemistries.
  • Acetate or citrate (pH 4–6): Stabilizes basic peptides and mitigates oxidation.

• Practical tips

  • Adjust pH to favor ionization (acidic peptides in slightly basic buffers; basic peptides in slightly acidic buffers) to enhance solubility.
  • Include 0.1–1 mM DTT/TCEP if cysteine-containing and reduced form is required; avoid if disulfide integrity is desired.
  • For adsorption-sensitive peptides, add carrier proteins (e.g., 0.1% BSA) or polysorbates (0.01–0.05%) if compatible with downstream assays.
  • Filter sterilize (0.22 µm) after dissolution for cell-based studies; avoid heat sterilization.

• Concentration and storage

  • Prepare concentrated stocks, then dilute into assay buffer immediately before use.
  • Aliquot and store frozen to minimize freeze–thaw cycles; see Storage & Reconstitution for item-specific storage.

Green Alternatives

Although peptides themselves are not volatile solvents, sustainability considerations arise during handling and dissolution.

Greener handling choices (general guidance)

• Prefer aqueous buffers as primary vehicles. Use the minimal amount of organic co-solvent needed to achieve solubility.
• When co-solvents are required, consider ethanol or acetonitrile over DMF/DMSO where assay-compatible; balance against solubility demands.
• Avoid HFIP and halogenated solvents unless strictly necessary for highly hydrophobic sequences.
• Use small-scale aliquots to reduce waste from repeated thawing and disposal.
• Opt for room-temperature shipping only if stability data support it; for this item, shipment is on ice packs as specified.

Comparison of common options (literature/general)

• Water/Buffer: Highest safety and lowest environmental impact; may require pH adjustment for solubility.
• Ethanol: Biobased option; limited solubilizing power for strongly hydrophobic peptides.
• Acetonitrile: Widely used in LC; relatively favorable environmental profile vs DMF; fully water-miscible.
• DMSO: Powerful solubilizer; persistent in the environment and may affect biological assays—use sparingly and dilute promptly.

Item-specific note: No formulation constraints are provided for RG33 Peptide. Start with water/buffer and escalate to co-solvents only as needed.

Pharmaceutical Uses

Not typically applicable to this catalog item. RG33 Peptide is designated for research use only and is not supplied under GMP, compendial monographs, or for clinical applications.

General informational context (literature/general)

• In pharmaceutical R&D settings, research-grade peptides may be used in pre-formulation screening, target validation, and analytical method development, but are not suitable for human or veterinary use.
• Excipient interactions: Peptides can interact with buffers, tonicity agents (NaCl, mannitol), stabilizers (trehalose), and surfactants (polysorbates). These considerations are relevant to lab-scale formulation research only.

No pharmacopeial status, dosage form guidance, or therapeutic claims are provided or implied for this product.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specifications

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Other physicochemical specs (pKa, logP, optical rotation, water content): Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General peptide properties (literature/general; sequence-dependent)

• State: Typically provided as lyophilized solid or powder; hygroscopicity varies with composition.
• Solubility behavior: Hydrophilic/basic peptides often dissolve in water or dilute acetic acid; acidic peptides may prefer basic buffers; hydrophobic peptides may require DMSO, DMF, or aqueous buffers with co-solvent. Final working stocks are usually aqueous.
• pKa profile: Determined by ionizable side chains (Asp/Glu ~4, His ~6, Lys ~10.5, Arg ~12.5; literature values) and termini; net charge is strongly pH-dependent.
• Stability: Peptides are generally stable as lyophilized solids at ≤ −20°C, protected from moisture and light. In solution, stability depends on sequence, pH, and temperature; minimize repeated freeze–thaw cycles.
• Optical properties: Aromatic residues (Trp/Tyr/Phe) contribute to UV absorbance (e.g., A280 for Trp/Tyr; literature guidance). Exact extinction coefficient requires the sequence.

Important: For rigorous method development (e.g., LC–MS, HPLC), consult the lot-specific CoA for exact salt form, net peptide content, and analytical data.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific quality details

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

How to interpret peptide quality (general guidance)

• Purity terminology (literature/general): Reported as HPLC area %. Common offerings include crude, >70–85%, >90%, and >95–98% for demanding assays. Note that HPLC purity does not include residual solvents, water, salts, or counterions.
• Net peptide content: Accounts for residual TFA, water, and inorganic salts; CoA often lists net peptide content (%) from elemental/thermogravimetric analysis. Use this to correct molar concentrations.
• Counterion/salt form: Many peptides ship as TFA salts; alternative counterions (acetate, chloride) may be available on request. Counterion identity influences solubility and pH of solutions.
• Identity testing: Typically confirmed by LC–MS (monoisotopic/average mass match) and sometimes HRMS and analytical HPLC trace. Optional NMR is less common for peptides.
• Sequence verification: May include MS/MS mapping or amino acid analysis when specified.
• Endotoxin/bioburden: For cell-based work, low endotoxin options may be requested; unless stated, assume research-use only without GMP controls.

Recommendation: For quantitative or regulated work, obtain the lot-specific CoA and consider requesting targeted specs (purity threshold, counterion, residual solvent limits) before ordering.

Reaction and Applications

This product is a ready-to-use research peptide; it is typically not employed as a reagent solvent or a general organic substrate. However, peptides serve numerous roles in chemical biology and analytical workflows.

General research applications (literature/general)

• Biochemical assays: As enzyme substrates, inhibitory/agonistic fragments, or binding motifs in receptor–ligand studies.
• Protein interaction probes: Mapping protein–protein interaction interfaces; epitope mapping for antibody studies.
• Analytical standards: Retention time and system suitability markers in LC–MS proteomics, or calibration of peptide mapping methods.
• Conjugation: Attachment to carriers (e.g., KLH, BSA) for immunization research, or labeling with fluorophores, biotin, or PEG for detection/PK studies.

Methodological tips (general)

• For concentration determination, use A280 if Trp/Tyr present; otherwise consider ninhydrin, OPA, or quantitative amino acid analysis. Extinction coefficients require sequence knowledge.
• To minimize adsorption losses, pre-rinse plastics with buffer containing 0.1% BSA or use low-bind tubes.
• Confirm integrity by LC–MS before critical experiments; monitor for oxidation (Met), deamidation (Asn/Gln), and disulfide status (Cys).

Item-specific note: No manufacturer application notes were provided for RG33 Peptide beyond “research use only.” Tailor use to your assay, and consult the CoA for any sequence-specific recommendations.

Reaction Conditions

No specific reaction conditions are prescribed for RG33 Peptide as it is a ready-to-use biomolecule rather than a reagent for synthetic transformations.

General guidance for common peptide manipulations (literature/general)

• Labeling via primary amines (Lys/N-terminus): pH 7.5–8.5 in bicarbonate or HEPES buffer; react with NHS esters for 30–60 min at room temperature; avoid excess competing amines (e.g., Tris) during coupling.
• Thiol conjugation (Cys): pH 6.5–7.2 with maleimide or haloacetyl reagents; include 1–5 mM TCEP freshly to maintain reduced thiols; typical times 30–120 min at RT.
• Click chemistry (Azide/Alkyne tags): CuAAC in aqueous/tert-butanol or DMSO cosolvent at RT with Cu(I) and TBTA; or SPAAC copper-free at RT; reaction time 0.5–2 h.
• Disulfide management: Oxidize with mild air/O2 or iodine; reduce with DTT/TCEP as needed.

These conditions are general starting points and must be adapted to the specific sequence and assay. Always verify by LC–MS/HPLC.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific hazard data

• GHS Classification, Signal Word, H/P Statements, Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory guidance for peptides (literature/general)

• Expected hazards: Most synthetic research peptides are of low acute toxicity but should be handled as laboratory chemicals. Avoid inhalation of powders and contact with eyes/skin.
• PPE: Wear lab coat, nitrile gloves, and safety glasses. Use a dust mask/respirator if handling fine powders in bulk or if aerosolization is possible.
• Engineering controls: Handle powders in a fume hood or enclosure to limit airborne particulate. Use antistatic measures for fluffy lyophilizates.
• First aid (overview):
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
  • Skin/eye contact: Rinse with water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical advice if irritation persists.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers and strong acids/bases may degrade peptides; avoid prolonged exposure to moisture and heat.
• Spill/cleanup: Avoid dust generation; gently sweep or HEPA vacuum; dispose per local regulations.
• Waste: Collect peptide solutions/solids in a suitable container; dispose as organic laboratory waste according to institutional policy.

Always consult the product’s SDS for authoritative safety information before use.

Solvent Selection

Solubility strategy for peptides (general guidance; sequence-dependent)

• Decision workflow

  1. Start with ultrapure water or buffer (e.g., PBS, 10–50 mM HEPES) at pH near the peptide’s expected net charge favorability (acidic peptides in basic pH; basic peptides in acidic pH).
  2. If insoluble, add small amounts (5–20% v/v) of co-solvent such as acetonitrile or ethanol; for strongly hydrophobic sequences, use DMSO to make a concentrated stock, then dilute into aqueous buffer with vigorous mixing.
  3. For aggregation-prone peptides, use 0.1%–1% TFA or acetic acid (for basic peptides) or a small amount of NH4OH (for acidic peptides) to adjust ionization and improve dissolution.
  4. Gently warm (≤37°C) and sonicate briefly to aid dissolution; avoid prolonged heating.

• Polarity/miscibility (general)

  • Peptides are generally polar and ultimately used in aqueous media; organic co-solvents are fully miscible with water in the working ranges above.

• Practical notes

  • Filter sterilize through 0.22 µm if sterility is required.
  • Prepare aliquots to avoid freeze–thaw; store at −20°C or below as appropriate.
  • Avoid high ionic strength for poorly soluble hydrophobic peptides; consider adding 0.01–0.1% nonionic detergent (e.g., Tween-20) only if compatible with downstream assays.

Item-specific note: No sequence or solubility data are provided for RG33 Peptide; verify solubility empirically and consult the lot CoA for any recommended solvent.

Storage and Reconstitution

Item-specific conditions

• Storage: Store at −20°C (per Product Data). Protect from moisture and light.
• Shipping: Ice chest + ice pads (per Product Data).

Reconstitution guidance (general; sequence-dependent)

• Initial solvent: Start with ultrapure water. If insoluble, adjust pH (add minimal acetic acid for basic peptides or NH4OH for acidic peptides) or use a small fraction of DMSO/acetonitrile to aid dissolution.
• Concentration: Prepare a concentrated stock (e.g., 1–10 mM) based on expected usage; exact limit depends on solubility.
• Filtration: For sterile applications, pass through 0.22 µm PVDF/nylon filters.
• Aliquoting: Dispense into single-use aliquots to avoid freeze–thaw cycles.

Solution storage (general)

• Short term: 2–8°C for hours to a few days, depending on sequence stability.
• Long term: −20°C or below. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw; thaw on ice and mix gently.
• Additives: If oxidation is a concern (Met/Cys), consider degassed buffers and inert atmosphere; add antioxidants (e.g., 0.1–1 mM DTT/TCEP) only if compatible with downstream use.

Important: Because sequence and modifications are not provided, verify stability and solubility empirically and consult the lot-specific CoA for any reconstitution notes, salt form, and net peptide content.

Structure and Identity

Brief overview: RG33 Peptide is supplied as an unlabeled research peptide. Sequence, modifications, and exact composition are not provided in the current listing.

• Item-specific identifiers

  • Product Name: RG33 Peptide (SKU: R1445750)
  • CAS: R1445750 (catalog placeholder; not a registry CAS)
  • InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular Formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Structural features (general peptide chemistry; literature/general)

  • Peptides comprise a polypeptide backbone of repeating –NH–CH(R)–CO– units linked by amide (peptide) bonds.
  • Side chains (R groups) determine charge, hydrophobicity, and solubility; termini may be free (–NH2/–COOH) or capped (e.g., Ac-, –NH2) depending on synthesis.
  • Common optional features: disulfide bridges (Cys), post-synthetic modifications (phospho, biotin, fluorescent dyes), salt forms (often TFA salt), and counterions.

• 2D structure description (general)

  • A linear sequence of α-amino acids connected head-to-tail via planar amide bonds; side chains project alternately about the backbone. If cyclized or modified, ring closure or pendant groups alter topology; not specified for this item.

Note: Definitive identity details (sequence, length, modifications, exact MW) are required for analytical confirmation and are typically provided on the CoA for a specific lot.

Synthetic Utility

As a finished peptide, RG33 Peptide is primarily used as a bio-reagent rather than a synthetic building block. Without sequence or functional group annotations, item-specific synthetic roles cannot be assigned.

General peptide-related synthetic utility (literature/general)

• Conjugation chemistries: If present, side chains enable NHS-ester amide coupling (Lys), maleimide–thiol conjugation (Cys), click reactions (Azido/Alkyne-modified residues), oxime/hydrazone ligation (aldehyde/ketone handles), and enzymatic ligation (Sortase A tags).
• Immobilization: Terminal amines/acids allow coupling to activated resins or surfaces (e.g., EDC/NHS on carboxylate-bearing substrates) for affinity matrices.
• Isotopic labeling: 13C/15N-labeled residues enable quantitative proteomics standards and NMR studies.
• Cyclization/stapling: Disulfide formation or hydrocarbon staples can enforce secondary structure; applicable only if sequence supports it.

Recommendation: Consult the CoA for sequence and modification details before planning any conjugation or immobilization strategy.

Target Specificity

Item-specific target information is not provided for RG33 Peptide.

• Antigen/epitope: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Species reactivity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Isotype/clone (if antibody): Not applicable.

If this peptide is intended as an epitope or receptor ligand in your workflow, consult sequence-specific literature or the lot CoA for validated targets and affinities.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

How should this product be stored?

Store at ?20 °C. Freezer storage is required to maintain the specified shelf life.

How is this product shipped?

This product ships in an insulated container with ice pads. Unpack on arrival and transfer it to the storage condition stated above.

What are the CAS number, molecular formula and molecular weight?

The CAS Number is R1445750, the molecular formula is C175H282N42O51, and the molecular weight is 3790.36 g/mol.

What documentation is provided?

Available product documentation, including Certificates of Analysis (COA), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and specification sheets, is shown in the product document area. Document availability and access follow the current site policy.