Copper(II) acetate monohydrate - Suitable for Analysis, ACS, Premium pure , CAS No.6046-93-1

CAS: 6046-93-1 Cat. No.: C433064 Formule: C₄H₆CuO₄·H₂O Poids moléculaire: 199.65 Beilstein Registry Number: 3730548 Numéro CE: 611-978-9

GRADE & PURITY Suitable for Analysis, ACS, Premium pure

Synonyms

CUPRIC ACETATE MONOHYDRATE [MI] | FT-0624043 | J-520115 | copper (II) acetate mono hydrate | Copper (II) Acetate Monohydrate | 39J9V52S86 | copper acetate-monohydrate | AKOS015907686 | Copper(2+) acetate, monohydrate | Cupric acetate monohydrate | COPPER

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Specifications

Synonymes

CUPRIC ACETATE MONOHYDRATE [MI] | FT-0624043 | J-520115 | copper (II) acetate mono hydrate | Copper (II) Acetate Monohydrate | 39J9V52S86 | copper acetate-monohydrate | AKOS015907686 | Copper(2+) acetate, monohydrate | Cupric acetate monohydrate | COPPER

Spécifications et pureté

Suitable for Analysis, ACS, Premium pure

Conditions de stockage de stockage

Room temperature

Expédié en

Normal

Grade

ACS, Premium pure, Suitable for Analysis

Noms et identifiants

Sourires canoniques

CC(=O)[O-].CC(=O)[O-].O.[Cu+2]

IUPAC Name

copper;diacetate;hydrate

InChIKey

NWFNSTOSIVLCJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L

INCHI

1S/2C2H4O2.Cu.H2O/c2*1-2(3)4;;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);;1H2/q;;+2;/p-2

Isomères SMILES

CC(=O)[O-].CC(=O)[O-].O.[Cu+2]

WGK Allemagne

3

RTECS

AG3500000

Numéro ONU

3077

Groupe d'emballage

II

Poids moléculaire

199.65

Beilstein

3730548

Reaxy-Rn

3730548

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=3730548&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organic acids and derivatives
    • Classe Carboxylic acids and derivatives
      • Subclass Carboxylic acid derivatives
        • Level5 Carboxylic acid salts
          • Level6 Acetate salts

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organic acids and derivatives
• Classe: Carboxylic acids and derivatives
• Subclass: Carboxylic acid derivatives
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Carboxylic acid salts
• Direct Parent: Acetate salts
• Alternative Parents: Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids Organic oxides Organic copper salts Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds
• Molecular Framework: Not available
• Substituents: Acetate salt - Organic transition metal salt - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Carboxylic acid - Organic oxygen compound - Organic oxide - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic copper salt - Organic salt - Organooxygen compound - Carbonyl group - Aliphatic acyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acetate salts. These are organic compounds containing acetic acid as its acid component.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Propriétés chimiques et physiques

• Solubilité: 72g/L
• Point de fusion (°C): 240 °C
• Poids moléculaire: 199.650 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Exact Mass: 198.967 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 198.967 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 81.300 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 10
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 25.500
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 4

XLogP3

Application Protocols

No application protocols are specified for this catalog item. As a general-purpose copper(II) reagent, protocols are reaction- and field-specific.

General preparation examples (literature, for guidance only—optimize as needed):

• Stock solution in methanol (for Chan–Lam): dissolve Cu(OAc)2·H2O at 0.1–0.5 M in MeOH; filter if needed. Combine with substrate, nucleophile, and base under air; stir at rt–40 °C.
• Aqueous copper solution (materials prep): dissolve to desired molarity in deionized water; adjust pH with acetic acid or dilute base as required; use immediately to avoid hydrolysis/carbonate uptake.
• Pd/Cu co-oxidant mixture (acetoxylation): prepare solutions of Pd(OAc)2 in AcOH/Ac2O and Cu(OAc)2·H2O in AcOH; charge reactor under O2; heat to 100 °C with stirring.

Please consult peer-reviewed procedures and your institutional SOPs. For product- and lot-specific instructions (if any), refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet and SDS.

Biological Roles

Context for researchers (literature/general biology; not specific to this product lot):

• Copper as an essential element: Cu is a trace metal cofactor in enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), dopamine β-hydroxylase, and tyrosinase. Cellular copper cycles between Cu(I)/Cu(II) oxidation states enabling redox catalysis.
• Transport and homeostasis: uptake via CTR1 and distribution by chaperones (ATOX1, CCS) to cuproenzymes; excess copper is sequestered or exported by ATP7A/B. Disruption of homeostasis can generate oxidative stress.
• Acetate and metabolism: the acetate counterion is a common metabolite entering central metabolism as acetyl-CoA after activation, though in biological systems acetate from copper(II) acetate will dissociate and be metabolized separately from copper.
• Laboratory/cell culture considerations: Free copper(II) salts can be cytotoxic via Fenton-like chemistry, generating ROS and damaging membranes/proteins/DNA. Chelation (EDTA, histidine, peptides) dramatically alters bioavailability and toxicity.
• Biochemical applications: Researchers use Cu(II) salts to probe metal–protein interactions, to load apo-enzymes with copper, to generate oxidative stress models, or to create copper-based catalysts/biomaterials.

Important note: This product is for research use only (per Product Data). It is not intended for clinical/therapeutic use, diagnostics, or consumption. Handle solutions for biological experiments under appropriate biosafety and chemical safety protocols, and verify concentrations to avoid unintended toxicity.

Buffer Applications

Copper(II) acetate monohydrate itself is not a buffering agent and is not typically used to prepare biological buffers. However, acetate as a conjugate base of acetic acid is part of the acetic acid/acetate buffer system.

• If an acetate buffer is needed, prepare it from glacial acetic acid and sodium/potassium acetate to set the desired pH (typically pH ~3.6–5.6; pKa of acetic acid ~4.76, literature). Using copper(II) acetate to prepare buffers is not recommended because free Cu2+ will complex with biomolecules and can catalyze oxidative processes.
• Trace copper(II) can profoundly affect enzymatic assays and redox chemistry; avoid introducing Cu2+ into buffer systems unless specifically studying metal effects.

Practical guidance:

• For experiments requiring copper in buffered media, first prepare the buffer (e.g., acetate, phosphate, HEPES), adjust pH, then spike in copper(II) salt at controlled micromolar–millimolar levels as appropriate for the study, considering complexation and precipitation (e.g., with phosphate at higher pH).
• To maintain free Cu2+, avoid strong chelators (EDTA, citrate) in the buffer; use simple ionic strength adjusters (NaCl) and monitor pH and speciation.

Conclusion: Not a typical buffer component; prefer standard buffer recipes and introduce copper independently if required.

Green Alternatives

Selecting greener copper sources or conditions can reduce environmental and safety burdens while maintaining performance.

Options and tradeoffs (literature):

• Replace solvent before reagent: many Cu(OAc)2-mediated reactions perform well in greener solvents (EtOH, water/EtOH, Me-THF) under air. Solvent substitution often yields the largest sustainability gain.
• Use catalytic copper with O2 as the terminal oxidant: operate with catalytic Cu(OAc)2 or Cu(I) salts and oxygen/air, minimizing stoichiometric copper waste.
• Alternative copper salts: Cu(OTf)2 or Cu(OH)2 can sometimes reduce required loadings, but triflate generation and toxicity may offset benefits. CuCl2 is inexpensive but more corrosive and may introduce chloride into waste streams.
• Heterogeneous/recyclable systems: supported copper catalysts or MOF-bound copper reduce metal leaching and facilitate recycling.

Comparison snapshot (qualitative, literature):

• Cu(OAc)2·H2O: acetate is relatively benign; good solubility in green alcohols; moderate aquatic toxicity—manage effluent.
• CuCl2: cheaper, but chloride waste and potential corrosion; often higher solubility in water only.
• Cu(OTf)2: highly active; expensive; non-green counterion; PFAS concerns with fluorinated anions in some jurisdictions.
• Catalytic Cu + O2: lowest copper consumption; demands careful control of O2 for safety and selectivity.

Green practice tips:

• Run at ambient temperature/pressure under air when feasible (e.g., Chan–Lam in EtOH).
• Employ ligand-enabled systems to lower copper loading.
• Implement aqueous workups that capture copper for disposal/recycling; avoid discharge to drains.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This product is supplied strictly for research use only. The following points describe non-clinical, formulation/manufacturing-relevant contexts from the literature and general practice; they are not uses of this specific catalog item unless supported by the CoA/specs.

• Excipient status: Copper(II) acetate is not a common pharmaceutical excipient. Trace copper is sometimes controlled as an impurity in excipients and APIs rather than intentionally added.
• Process chemistry: Cu(OAc)2·H2O is frequently used in API intermediate synthesis as a catalyst or co-oxidant (e.g., Chan–Lam couplings, oxidative C–H functionalizations). Post-reaction, copper residues are removed via chelation, crystallization, or scavengers to meet ICH Q3D elemental impurity guidelines.
• Antimicrobial materials: Copper salts can be used to prepare copper-containing coatings or composites with antimicrobial surfaces for device prototypes; any such applications for human contact require separate regulatory evaluation not covered by this research reagent.
• Analytical uses: serves as a copper source for preparation of standards or reagents in certain analytical methods (e.g., complexometric titrations after conversion), though other copper salts are more common for standardization.

Regulatory note:

• When used in process R&D, document grade/trace-metal specifications from the CoA/Spec Sheet. Ensure waste and residual copper are controlled per environmental and quality guidelines. No therapeutic or clinical claims are made or implied for this product.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specifications (this lot/product):

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular Weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Typical properties for copper(II) acetate monohydrate (literature/general guidance):

• Physical state/color: blue-green crystalline solid (literature)
• Molecular weight (monohydrate): ~199.65 g/mol (literature)
• Thermal behavior: loses water on heating; decomposes before boiling. Reported decomposition occurs upon prolonged heating >200 °C; dehydration can occur near 100–120 °C (literature). Exact MP/DP values vary with conditions.
• Density: reported around 1.88 g/cm3 at 20 °C (literature)
• Solubility profile (qualitative, literature):
  • Water: soluble; aqueous solutions are acidic due to acetate/copper hydrolysis.
  • Alcohols: soluble in methanol; moderately soluble in ethanol; poorly soluble in isopropanol.
  • Polar aprotics: soluble in DMF, DMSO; limited in acetonitrile.
  • Nonpolar solvents (e.g., hexane, toluene): insoluble.
• Hygroscopicity: modest; can exchange water with atmosphere; keep container well closed to maintain defined hydration state (literature).
• Partition/logP, pKa, refractive index: not typically defined for inorganic coordination salts.

Always consult the product’s CoA for lot-specific attributes (particle size, trace metal content, water content) if these are critical to your application.

Quality and Grades

This listing indicates multiple high-purity research grades for copper(II) acetate monohydrate. Understanding each helps in method selection and compliance.

• Item grades (from Product Data):
  • Suitable for Analysis
  • ACS
  • Premium pure

What these grades generally imply (literature/industry practice; verify with this product’s CoA/Spec Sheet for exact limits):

• Suitable for Analysis: intended for routine analytical and general lab use, typically with low levels of common inorganic and organic impurities; not necessarily trace-metal certified.
• ACS grade: intended to conform to American Chemical Society Reagent specifications where applicable. For inorganic salts, this usually sets minimum assay and maximum limits for key impurities (chloride, sulfate, heavy metals, etc.). For this specific item, exact impurity limits are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Premium pure: a higher-purity selection designed to minimize residual contaminants and batch-to-batch variability. Particularly useful where trace metals or anions impact catalysis or spectroscopy. Concrete numeric limits are Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Stabilizers/additives:

• None indicated in the Product Data. If stabilizers or anti-caking agents are relevant to your application, check the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Selection tips:

• Choose ACS grade when regulatory conformity to ACS reagent specs is needed.
• Prefer Premium pure for sensitive catalysis (e.g., C–H activation, Chan–Lam couplings) or materials synthesis (MOFs) where trace impurities can alter performance.
• For routine stoichiometric use or salt metathesis, Suitable for Analysis is often sufficient.

Reaction and Applications

Copper(II) acetate monohydrate is a versatile oxidant, acetate source, and copper catalyst precursor. Representative uses (literature) include:

• Chan–Lam coupling: serves as both copper source and terminal oxidant for coupling of aryl/alkenyl/alkynyl boron species with N/O nucleophiles to form C–N and C–O bonds under air or O2. Often run in MeOH, EtOH, toluene, or DCM with amines/phenols and a base (e.g., Et3N, pyridine).
• Oxidative C–H functionalization: acts as co-oxidant with Pd(OAc)2 for C–H acetoxylation/arylation under O2. The acetate counterion can deliver acetoxy groups in Pd-catalyzed transformations.
• Glaser–Hay/oxidative alkyne coupling: Cu(OAc)2 can oxidize Cu(I) acetylides back to Cu(II), sustaining catalytic cycles; useful in coupling of terminal alkynes (often with amines or diamine ligands and O2/air).
• Ullmann-type transformations: a convenient soluble Cu(II) source that can be reduced in situ to catalytically active Cu(I) for C–N/C–O coupling with suitable ligands.
• Salt metathesis/precursor chemistry: preparation of other copper(II) salts or complexes; synthesis of MOF nodes where acetate acts as a leaving anion or structure-directing ligand.
• Oxidations: mild oxidant for alcohols or sulfides under certain ligand/solvent conditions.

Practical notes:

• Ensure adequate dissolution (MeOH, DMF, DMSO, or aqueous media). Mild bases (pyridine, amines) enhance Chan–Lam rates; air/O2 typically sufficient.
• Control water content; hydration can influence solubility and catalytic behavior. Use freshly opened material for reproducibility in sensitive catalysis.
• Avoid strong reducing agents unless intentional reduction to Cu(I) is part of the mechanism.

Reaction Conditions

General literature guidance for common transformations using Cu(OAc)2·H2O. Optimize per substrate.

• Chan–Lam coupling (C–N/C–O formation):

  • Typical conditions: aryl/alkenyl boronic acid (1.0 equiv), amine or phenol (1.1–2.0 equiv), Cu(OAc)2·H2O (5–50 mol%), base (Et3N, pyridine, or K2CO3), solvent (MeOH, EtOH, DCM, toluene, or acetonitrile), atmosphere: air or O2.
  • Temperature: rt to 60 °C; time: 4–24 h; often ligand-free or with diamines to accelerate. Yields vary widely (40–90%+) depending on electronics and sterics.

• Pd/Cu co-catalyzed C–H acetoxylation:

  • Typical conditions: arene substrate, Pd(OAc)2 (5–10 mol%), Cu(OAc)2 (1–3 equiv as reoxidant/acetate source), solvent: AcOH or AcOH/Ac2O, O2 or air atmosphere.
  • Temperature: 80–120 °C; time: 6–24 h. Directing groups enhance selectivity. Workup neutralizes acetate and removes metals by chelation.

• Glaser-type oxidative alkyne coupling:

  • Conditions: terminal alkyne (2 equiv), base (amine such as TMEDA, piperidine, or inorganic base), Cu source: CuI or Cu(OAc)2 (catalytic to stoichiometric), solvent: pyridine, DMF, DMSO, or alcoholic media; atmosphere: O2/air beneficial.
  • Temperature: rt to 60 °C; time: 2–18 h. Excess base and oxygen promote coupling; ligands (diamine) improve rate.

• Complex/salt preparation (metathesis):

  • Dissolve Cu(OAc)2·H2O in water/MeOH; add ligand or alternate anion source; adjust pH to drive exchange; isolate by crystallization or precipitation.

Notes:

• Hydration water can affect solvent composition; dry or azeotrope if water-sensitive steps are planned.
• Control of oxygen is often important: Chan–Lam benefits from air; some radical pathways are inhibited by excess O2.

Safety and Handling

Item-specific hazard information provided: Not specified for this item; refer to the product SDS for authoritative GHS classification, pictograms, signal word, and H/P statements.

Common hazards for copper(II) salts (literature; for general awareness only—verify with SDS for this item):

• May cause skin and eye irritation; harmful if swallowed or inhaled.
• Environmental hazard: toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.
• Copper(II) compounds are oxidizing toward some organics only under specific conditions; not classed as strong oxidizers in general.

PPE and handling (standard laboratory practice):

• Wear lab coat, safety glasses or face shield, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use a dust mask/respirator if dust formation cannot be controlled (per SDS guidance).
• Work in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of dust or aerosols. Avoid generating dust; do not eat/drink/smoke in work area.

Storage and incompatibilities:

• Storage (from Product Data): room temperature; ship normal. Keep tightly closed in a dry place to preserve hydration state.
• Incompatibilities (literature): strong bases (form copper hydroxides), strong reducing agents (can reduce Cu2+ to Cu+ or Cu0), cyanides/ammonia (complexation), sulfides (formation of CuS), and reactive metals.

First-aid overview (refer to SDS):

• Inhalation: move to fresh air; seek medical advice if symptoms persist.
• Skin/eyes: rinse with water for several minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical attention if irritation continues.
• Ingestion: rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical advice.

Solvent Selection

This product is a solid copper(II) carboxylate; solvent selection pertains to dissolving it for reactions or preparations rather than using it as a solvent.

• Polarity/character: ionic coordination compound; dissolves best in polar protic or strongly coordinating polar aprotic media (literature).
• Miscibility and dissolution (qualitative, literature):
  • Water: good solubility; forms blue-green solutions. Useful for aqueous-phase oxidations or as a precursor to other copper salts.
  • Alcohols: dissolves in MeOH; moderate in EtOH; poor in i-PrOH.
  • Coordinating aprotics: DMF and DMSO provide good dissolution and stabilize Cu(II) via coordination.
  • Weakly polar/aprotic (MeCN, acetone): limited solubility; may require warming/ultrasonication.
  • Nonpolar hydrocarbons: essentially insoluble.

When to choose each medium (practical tips):

• Water or aqueous acetic acid: salt metathesis, preparation of copper complexes, or impregnation of supports.
• Methanol/ethanol: homogeneous catalytic oxidations or Chan–Lam couplings in alcoholic media; ethanol preferred for greener profile if solubility allows.
• DMF/DMSO: for substrate sets requiring high polarity/coordination; effective in C–H activation co-oxidant roles (with Pd) and for Glaser-type oxidative couplings.
• Acetic acid or AcOH/Ac2O blends: drives acetoxylation chemistry and maintains acetate activity.

Small comparison (literature):

• Water: green, inexpensive; may hydrolyze sensitive substrates.
• MeOH/EtOH: good balance of solubility and reactivity; flammable; EtOH greener.
• DMF/DMSO: excellent solvating power; higher boiling; DMF has regulatory considerations.

Always verify solvent compatibility with your substrates and downstream purification.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (from Product Data): store at room temperature. Shipments are made under normal conditions.
• Container management: keep tightly closed in a dry place to preserve the monohydrate state and prevent moisture exchange or caking. Protect from prolonged exposure to air with high humidity or strong sunlight/heat.

Reconstitution and solution handling (general guidance):

• Solubility: readily dissolves in water and methanol; moderate in ethanol; insoluble in nonpolar solvents (literature).
• Preparing solutions: weigh quickly to minimize atmospheric moisture exchange. Dissolve in chosen solvent with stirring; slight warming or ultrasonication can assist. For aqueous work, adjust pH as needed (acetic acid or mild base). Filter to remove particulates if required for catalysis or materials synthesis.
• Storage of solutions: copper(II) solutions may slowly hydrolyze or absorb CO2 forming basic salts; prepare fresh when possible. If storage is necessary, keep in amber glass at 2–8 °C, air-tight, and label with preparation date; inspect for precipitation before use.
• Compatibility: avoid contact with strong bases or sulfide sources in storage vessels; these can precipitate copper salts.

Disposal: collect copper-containing waste in labeled containers for hazardous waste disposal or metal recovery per institutional and regulatory requirements.

For any lot-specific stability, water content, or impurity guidance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structure and Identity

Copper(II) acetate monohydrate is a blue-green crystalline copper carboxylate complex where a central Cu2+ ion is chelated by two acetate anions and associated with one water of crystallization.

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data):
  • SKU: C433064
  • CAS: 6046-93-1
  • PubChem CID: 165397
  • InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Composition (literature):
  • Molecular formula (monohydrate): Cu(C2H3O2)2·H2O
  • Molecular weight (monohydrate): ~199.65 g/mol (literature)
• Structural features (general description):
  • Contains a Cu(II) center coordinated by two bidentate acetate ligands; the hydration water completes the coordination sphere via hydrogen bonding and/or weak coordination depending on solid-state form.
  • Functional groups: carboxylate (acetate) ligands; transition metal center in +2 oxidation state.
  • 2D depiction (verbal): central Cu2+ linked to two OAc− groups (–O2CCH3) forming a four-membered Cu–O–C–O chelate ring for each acetate; one lattice water (·H2O). No stereocenters.
• Synonyms (general/literature): cupric acetate monohydrate; copper diacetate monohydrate; copper(II) ethanoate monohydrate.

Note: Structural identifiers and exact stoichiometry for this catalog item should be verified against the product’s CoA/Spec Sheet if required for regulated work.

Synthetic Utility

Functional profile (literature):

• Metal center: Cu(II) readily undergoes Cu(II)/Cu(I) cycling, enabling redox catalysis and oxidative couplings.
• Counterion: acetate (OAc−) is a weakly coordinating, nucleophilic anion that can act as a base or an acetoxy donor under certain catalytic manifolds.

Key transformations facilitated by Cu(OAc)2·H2O:

• C–N and C–O bond formation via Chan–Lam coupling of aryl/alkenyl boron reagents with amines, amides, and phenols under air/O2.
• Oxidative C–H acetoxylation/arylation in concert with Pd catalysts (Pd(OAc)2/Cu(OAc)2 systems) using O2 or air as the terminal oxidant; acetate can serve as both base and acetoxy source.
• Oxidative dimerization of terminal alkynes (Glaser-type) where Cu(OAc)2 reoxidizes Cu(I) species and/or provides soluble copper for acetylide generation in basic media.
• Ligand exchange/metathesis to generate copper(II) complexes (e.g., with β-diketonates, carboxylates) or to prepare MOF nodes where acetate is displaced by linker carboxylates.
• Oxidation of thiols/sulfides and alcohols under specific ligand/solvent conditions.

Practical advantages:

• Good solubility in alcohols and coordinating solvents; acetate is relatively benign and easy to remove (aqueous washes, acid/base extractions).
• Often enables aerobic conditions, reducing need for stoichiometric hazardous oxidants.

Considerations:

• Hydration state influences mass balance and coordination; account for water when calculating equivalents.
• Competes with other anions/ligands; in coupling chemistry, appropriate base/ligand selection is crucial for rate and selectivity.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is an inorganic salt, not a biological macromolecule or affinity reagent. It does not have antigen/epitope specificity, clone, isotype, or species reactivity. For biochemical targeting or chelation studies with copper, refer to the literature on copper-binding proteins and ligands.