IRF3

ENPP1 is a membrane-associated enzyme in the extracellular nucleotide-metabolism network that can degrade tumor-derived 2′,3′-cGAMP and promote adenosine production through the AMP–CD73 pathway. Targeting ENPP1 protects extracellular cGAMP and restores its ability to activate the STING ...

In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, abnormally accumulated TDP-43 can damage mitochondria and promote the release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm. After recognizing this abnormal DNA, cGAS generates 2′,3′-cGAMP and activates STING, subsequently initiating TBK1–IRF3 and NF-κB ...