Reactive oxygen species

The superoxide anion radical (O₂•⁻) participates in redox signaling and also serves as an important precursor of hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and other reactive species. Because it is short-lived and highly reactive, detection results depend strongly on probe specificity, the reaction ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical treatment technology jointly driven by photosensitizers, light of a specific wavelength, and molecular oxygen. After photosensitizers accumulate in target cells or diseased tissues, they are activated by light irradiation to generate singlet oxygen, ...

The antioxidant enzyme defense system is an important barrier by which cells resist reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px/GPx) form a continuous reaction chain that removes superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and ...

Flavonoid natural products are not merely general free-radical-scavenging constituents, but important regulatory molecules capable of acting simultaneously on reactive oxygen species generation, redox buffering, inflammatory sensing, signal transduction, and inflammatory execution.

Intracellular electron transfer is not confined to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, but rather spans a continuous network involving glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative metabolism in ...

Physiological and biochemical activities are fundamental processes that maintain biological structure and function, spanning material metabolism, energy conversion, redox homeostasis, and growth and development. In animals, plants, and microorganisms/cultured cells, environmental changes or ...