Nrf2

Oxidative stress research has shifted from the concept of “ROS excess causing damage” toward “precise regulation of redox signaling.” ROS can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA, but they can also participate in cell fate regulation, metabolic reprogramming, immune escape, and disease ...

Flavonoid natural products are not merely general free-radical-scavenging constituents, but important regulatory molecules capable of acting simultaneously on reactive oxygen species generation, redox buffering, inflammatory sensing, signal transduction, and inflammatory execution.

The skin is chronically exposed to multiple oxidative environments, including ultraviolet radiation, air pollution, ozone, visible light, and endogenous metabolic stress. The key to maintaining cutaneous homeostasis does not lie in a single antioxidant ingredient, but in a continuous defense ...

One-carbon metabolism is not merely a matter of folate nutrition, but rather a metabolism-signaling integrated system jointly constituted by the folate cycle, the methionine cycle, and the transsulfuration pathway. On the one hand, this system sustains nucleic acid synthesis and methylation ...