Metabolic Reprogramming

The core of carbon-nitrogen metabolic crosstalk lies in the dynamic conversion between carbon skeletons and nitrogen flow. Glutamate and α-ketoglutarate form key hubs connecting the TCA cycle, transamination reactions, glutamine metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. Their changes reflect not ...

Glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes determine the key nodes from glucose uptake and flux commitment to pyruvate formation. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase respectively control early substrate trapping, irreversible mid-pathway flux commitment, and terminal ATP generation in ...

Glycerol is an important intermediate of lipid catabolism and also a representative non-sugar carbon source in fermentation engineering and metabolic engineering. Unlike classical substrates such as glucose, glycerol must undergo specific transport, phosphorylation, or dehydrogenation steps ...

Nucleoside metabolism is not a subsidiary step of nucleic acid synthesis, but rather an important metabolic hub that links nucleic acid precursor supply, energy status, replication stress, drug activation, and immune regulation. Through controlling nucleoside uptake, phosphorylation-dependent ...

Intracellular electron transfer is not confined to the mitochondrial respiratory chain, but rather spans a continuous network involving glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative metabolism in ...

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the key rate-limiting enzyme of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). It catalyzes the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone while reducing NADP⁺ to NADPH. NADPH is pivotal for antioxidant ...