Tumor microenvironment

Tumor organoids can retain some of the histological features, driver alterations, and clonal differences of a patient’s tumor, providing expandable human-derived models for studying tumor evolution, therapeutic sensitivity, and mechanisms of drug resistance.

Carbonic anhydrases maintain tissue acid-base balance and gas transport by catalyzing the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Abnormal expression of different isoenzymes can contribute to tumor acidification, glaucoma, abnormal neuronal excitability, and metabolic disorders.

ANGPT2 weakens TIE2-mediated vascular stabilization signals, making tumor vessels more responsive to VEGF and contributing to abnormal angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and tolerance to anti-angiogenic therapy.

The CD161-LLT1 axis connects NK cells, T cells, and the tumor microenvironment, and is one of the important pathways for evaluating tumor immune regulation and immune escape. Research on this axis should not remain limited to detecting CD161 or LLT1 expression levels alone. It should also ...

Bladder cancer (BC) mainly originates from the bladder urothelium. Animal models are used to study tumor initiation, invasion and metastasis, the tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic responses.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tumor microenvironment not only supports tissue structure, but also continuously regulates immune cell infiltration, migration, activation, and effector functions through matrix deposition, crosslinking, degradation, and spatial reorganization. ECM ...

Angiogenesis is a biological process in which new blood vessels arise from the pre-existing vasculature to maintain tissue perfusion and meet cellular demands for oxygen and nutrients. Its initiation and progression are finely orchestrated by multi-layer regulators, including soluble growth ...