Targeted therapy

CAR-T is an immune-cell therapy platform, whereas molecules such as CD19, CD22, CD33, and CD123 are the actual recognition targets. Beyond CAR-T, targeted leukemia research also covers aberrant kinases, oncogenic metabolites, apoptotic dependencies, transcriptional regulatory complexes, and ...

Activins and inhibins both belong to the TGF-β superfamily and are formed by different combinations of inhibin subunits, but they exert opposing effects on the regulation of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Activins promote FSH synthesis and secretion, whereas inhibins restrict ...

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation through tyrosine phosphorylation. RTK mutations, amplifications, fusions, or abnormal expression can continuously activate MAPK, PI3K/AKT, STAT, PLC, and other signaling pathways, thereby ...

Non-small cell lung cancer exhibits substantial histological and molecular heterogeneity. Alterations involving EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS, BRAF, RET, MET, HER2, and other oncogenic drivers can continuously activate tumor-cell proliferation and survival signaling and generate molecular subtypes with ...

Protein kinases and phosphatases jointly regulate the phosphorylation states of proteins, thereby affecting cellular signaling, metabolism, proliferation, and stress responses. Phosphorylation or dephosphorylation does not directly equate to protein activation or inactivation, and its effect ...

Alzheimer’s disease is jointly driven by Aβ deposition, Tau abnormalities, neuroinflammation, disrupted lipid metabolism, and synaptic injury. Defining the core targets at different pathological stages provides the basis for disease stratification, therapeutic monitoring, and the design of ...

Nanobodies have the characteristics of small molecular size, high epitope accessibility, and flexible engineering potential, and can be used in tumor molecular imaging, targeted delivery, immune regulation, and engineered cell therapy.

Carbonic anhydrases maintain tissue acid-base balance and gas transport by catalyzing the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Abnormal expression of different isoenzymes can contribute to tumor acidification, glaucoma, abnormal neuronal excitability, and metabolic disorders.

CD2-CD58 interactions stabilize contact between immune cells and target cells and participate in the organization of T-cell and NK-cell immune synapses, amplification of activation signals, and maintenance of effector functions. Loss of CD58 or insufficient CD2 signaling can weaken antitumor ...

Interleukins constitute a key group of cytokines produced by immune cells as well as multiple tissue-resident cell types. Their biological effects depend on the assembly of specific receptor complexes and the magnitude of downstream signal transduction, which in turn shapes immune-cell ...

Magnetic nanoparticles are nanomaterials composed of magnetic elements (such as iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, and gadolinium) and their compounds. Magnetic nanoparticles are superparamagnetic because of their nanoscale size, offering great potential in a wide variety of ...