The Role, Selection, Cracking Risk Analysis, and Dosage Control of Bentonite in Neutral Putty

1 Introduction

Bentonite is commonly added to neutral putty formulations to improve the application properties of the slurry. An appropriate amount of bentonite can enhance the thixotropy, suspension stability, and water retention of the putty, making the slurry less prone to separation during standing, less likely to sag after application to the wall, and more stable during troweling. However, the role of bentonite is clearly two-sided. Through water absorption, swelling, and its layered structure, it can improve wet-state application performance, but it can also increase the water demand of the system and raise the risk of drying shrinkage. When the dosage exceeds the tolerance of the formulation system, the dried putty is more likely to develop fine cracks, shrinkage cracks, map cracking, or even show brittleness and hollowing.

Therefore, the use of bentonite in neutral putty cannot be judged only by a fixed dosage. The same bentonite dosage may produce completely different results in different formulation systems. This article analyzes the role, classification and selection, dosage control, and cracking risk of bentonite in neutral putty formulations, focusing on three key questions: why bentonite can improve application performance, why excessive addition may lead to cracking, and what bentonite dosage per ton of putty is relatively reasonable in different formulation systems.

The neutral putty discussed in this article mainly refers to interior wall leveling putty that does not use cement, lime calcium powder, or other strongly alkaline inorganic binders as the main binder, and whose slurry system is usually close to neutral or weakly alkaline after mixing.

2 Main Functions of Bentonite in Neutral Putty

2.1 Improving Thixotropy and Enhancing Anti-Sagging Performance

Bentonite is mainly composed of montmorillonite. Montmorillonite has a layered structure and, after dispersion in water, can form a certain three-dimensional weak network structure, giving the putty slurry thixotropic properties.

Thixotropy is reflected as follows: when the slurry is left standing, it has structural support and is less prone to sedimentation, separation, and sagging; during troweling, the structure is broken down under the shear force of the trowel, allowing the slurry to spread. After bentonite is added at a reasonable level, the putty usually shows the following characteristics:

Wet-State Performance	Effect on Application
No obvious bleeding after standing	Improves slurry stability
Less sagging after application to the wall	Improves anti-sagging performance
Moderate resistance during troweling	Improves application feel
More uniform putty layer thickness	Helps reduce local shrinkage differences

2.2 Improving Water Retention While Also Increasing Shrinkage Risk

Bentonite has the ability to absorb and retain water. When added in an appropriate amount, it can slow down rapid water absorption by the substrate, extend the open time of the putty, and improve the moist feel during troweling.

However, the water-retention effect of bentonite has a dual influence. It can delay water loss, but it can also increase the water demand of the system. To reach the same application consistency, a higher bentonite dosage often requires more water during slurry preparation. When the amount of mixing water increases, the amount of water evaporating during drying also increases, leading to greater volumetric shrinkage of the putty layer. This is one of the main reasons why excessive bentonite addition can easily lead to cracking.

2.3 Improving Powder Suspension Stability

Neutral putty usually contains mineral fillers such as ground calcium carbonate and talc. Different powders vary in particle size, density, oil absorption, and water absorption. As a result, the slurry may be prone to separation, local hardening, sedimentation, or uneven troweling.

The layered structure formed by bentonite can improve the suspension stability of the system and help distribute powders more evenly in the slurry. For formulations that are prone to bleeding, sedimentation, or unstable application properties, an appropriate amount of bentonite can provide a certain regulating effect. However, if the formulation already contains a high proportion of fine powders, or if the powders themselves have high water absorption, further increasing the bentonite dosage will further increase the total water demand of the system and also raise the risk of drying shrinkage.

2.4 Improving Application Properties, but Not Replacing Binder Materials

Bentonite can improve the wet-state application properties of putty, but it cannot replace the water-retention thickening system or the polymer binder system in the formulation. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) mainly provide water retention, thickening, improved open time, and internal cohesion; polymer materials such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and redispersible polymer powder (RDP) have a greater influence on adhesion, film-forming continuity, flexibility, and crack resistance after drying.

3 Classification and Selection of Bentonite

3.1 Common Types of Bentonite

According to the main exchangeable cations between the montmorillonite layers and the modification method, common types of bentonite include sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite, sodium-activated bentonite, and organobentonite.

Type	Main Characteristics	Applicability in Neutral Putty
Sodium bentonite	Strong hydration and swelling ability; good suspension and thixotropic properties	Usually selected first for screening
Calcium bentonite	Weaker swelling ability and lower thixotropic efficiency	Can be tested, but high dosages are not recommended
Sodium-activated bentonite	Obtained by sodium activation of calcium bentonite; performance is strongly affected by the degree of activation	Can be used, but stability must be verified
Organobentonite	Organically modified; commonly used in oil-based or solvent-based systems	Generally not used in water-based neutral putty

3.2 Why Sodium Bentonite Is Recommended

Sodium bentonite has stronger hydration and swelling ability and can more easily form a thixotropic structure after dispersion. Compared with calcium bentonite, sodium bentonite can usually improve slurry stability, anti-sagging performance, and troweling behavior at a lower dosage.

This has practical significance for neutral putty formulations:

① It can provide thixotropic and suspension effects at a relatively low dosage;

② It is not necessary to compensate for insufficient thixotropy by using a high dosage;

③ It can reduce the increase in water demand caused by high bentonite addition;

④ It helps reduce drying shrinkage and cracking risk;

⑤ Batch-to-batch stability is easier to control.

3.3 Use Risks of Calcium Bentonite and Sodium-Activated Bentonite

Calcium bentonite is not necessarily unsuitable for neutral putty. However, because its hydration and swelling ability and thixotropic efficiency are relatively low, a higher dosage is usually required to achieve application improvements similar to those provided by sodium bentonite. Once the dosage increases, water demand and drying shrinkage also increase, and the risk of cracking rises accordingly.

The performance of sodium-activated bentonite depends on the quality of the raw ore, the degree of sodium activation, residual salts, and processing stability. If sodium activation is insufficient, thixotropic efficiency will be inadequate; if residual salts or batch fluctuations are significant, the stability of the putty system may be affected. Therefore, when sodium-activated bentonite is used in neutral putty, its dispersibility, application properties, and crack resistance after drying should be confirmed through formulation testing.

4 Why Excessive Bentonite Addition Can Lead to Cracking

4.1 The Essence of Cracking Is That Shrinkage Stress Exceeds the Tolerance of the Putty Layer

During the drying process of putty, water evaporation causes volumetric shrinkage. Under normal conditions, if the putty layer has sufficient adhesion strength, cohesive strength, and deformation-release capacity, shrinkage stress can be dispersed and no obvious cracks will form. When shrinkage stress exceeds the tolerance of the putty layer, cracking occurs.

Excessive bentonite addition can increase the cracking risk in three ways:

Influence Pathway	Result
Increased water demand	Greater water loss during drying and increased volumetric shrinkage
Obvious wet swelling and dry shrinkage	Greater internal volume change within the putty layer
Overly dense layered structure	The dried layer may become harder and more brittle, reducing its ability to release stress

4.2 Increased Water Demand Is the Main Source of Risk

Bentonite has strong water absorption capacity. The higher the dosage, the more water is usually required for the putty to reach the same application consistency. When the amount of mixing water increases, more water is expelled during drying, and the shrinkage of the putty layer becomes greater. This risk is more obvious under the following conditions:

Condition	Risk Manifestation
Excessive thickness in a single troweling pass	Different drying rates between the surface and interior, easily causing shrinkage cracks
High substrate water absorption	The putty loses water too quickly, and the surface shrinks prematurely
High temperature and low humidity	Surface drying is too fast, and internal water migration becomes uneven
Strong ventilation during application	Rapid surface water loss increases cracking risk
High powder water absorption	Total water demand increases, and drying shrinkage becomes greater

4.3 Wet Swelling and Dry Shrinkage Amplify Volume Change

Bentonite swells after absorbing water and shrinks after drying. At low dosages, this hydration swelling helps form a thixotropic structure; at excessive dosages, wet swelling and dry shrinkage become an important source of volume change in the putty layer. When the bentonite dosage is too high, more obvious shrinkage differences occur during drying. The surface dries first while the interior dries later. Because surface shrinkage is restrained by the still-wet internal region, fine cracks or map cracking can easily occur.

4.4 A Harder and More Brittle Dried Layer Reduces Crack Resistance

The crack resistance of putty depends not only on strength, but also on whether deformation can be released during shrinkage. When bentonite is added excessively, the proportion of fine powder and colloidal structure in the system increases, and the water required to reach application consistency may also increase. If the formulation lacks sufficient polymer film formation and flexibility, the dried putty may show reduced deformation-release capacity, making drying shrinkage stress more likely to concentrate.

5 Recommended Bentonite Dosage in Different Formulation Systems

The following dosages are calculated based on one ton of dry neutral or near-neutral putty powder. The dosages in the table are reference ranges under conventional thin-layer application conditions. The actual dosage should be determined based on bentonite grade, powder water absorption, water addition, application thickness, substrate water absorption, and crack resistance after drying. For thick-layer application, highly absorbent substrates, high temperature and low humidity, or strong ventilation, the dosage should be appropriately reduced.

Formulation System	Experimental Screening Range	Control Recommendation	Risk Assessment
CMC + pregelatinized starch	3–8 kg/t	Generally not recommended to exceed 10 kg/t; risk increases significantly above 15 kg/t	Relatively high cracking risk
CMC + HPMC + pregelatinized starch	8–15 kg/t	Recommended to keep within 20 kg/t	More stable than a pure CMC system, but still requires control
HPMC + pregelatinized starch	8–18 kg/t	Recommended to keep within 20 kg/t	Better tolerance, but high addition is not recommended
HPMC + PVA + RDP	10–20 kg/t	Generally recommended to keep within 20 kg/t	Better crack-resistance margin, but 30–40 kg/t still presents obvious risk

5.1 CMC + Pregelatinized Starch System

In a pure CMC + pregelatinized starch system, CMC mainly provides thickening, water retention, and internal cohesion, while pregelatinized starch mainly improves application feel and slurry properties. This system is characterized by relatively high internal cohesion, but insufficient film-forming ability and flexibility. After drying, it can easily become hard and brittle.

In this system, excessive bentonite addition may create a combination of high water absorption, high cohesion, high shrinkage, and low flexibility. Wet-state application properties may be improved, but shrinkage cracks are likely to occur during drying. In a pure CMC + pregelatinized starch system, bentonite should preferably be controlled at 3–8 kg/t; it is generally not recommended to exceed 10 kg/t; and above 15 kg/t, the cracking risk increases significantly. In this system, bentonite should be used as a minor adjustment material for application properties and should not be used as the main thickener.

5.2 CMC + HPMC + Pregelatinized Starch System

In a CMC + HPMC + pregelatinized starch system, HPMC can improve water retention, open time, and the uniformity of water migration. Compared with a pure CMC system, this system has relatively better tolerance for bentonite. However, CMC still increases the internal cohesion of the system, and pregelatinized starch may also increase brittleness after drying. If the bentonite dosage is too high, water demand and drying shrinkage will still increase.

In this system, the recommended bentonite dosage is 8–15 kg/t, and it is generally controlled within 20 kg/t. If the dosage is increased to above 30 kg/t, even if wet-state application properties are good, drying shrinkage and cracking risk will increase significantly.

5.3 HPMC + Pregelatinized Starch System

In an HPMC + pregelatinized starch system, HPMC mainly improves water retention and application stability, while pregelatinized starch improves troweling feel. Compared with a pure CMC system, this system usually has lower brittleness after drying and relatively better tolerance for bentonite. However, if the system does not contain PVA or RDP, the film-forming ability and flexibility of the dried layer are still limited. When bentonite is added at an excessively high level, increased water demand and drying shrinkage remain the main cracking factors.

In this system, the recommended bentonite dosage is 8–18 kg/t, and it is generally controlled within 20 kg/t. For thick-layer leveling or highly absorbent substrates, the dosage should be designed toward the lower end of the range.

5.4 HPMC + PVA + RDP System

In an HPMC + PVA + RDP system, HPMC improves water retention and application stability, PVA improves adhesion and cohesive strength, and RDP improves adhesion, flexibility, and crack resistance through film formation. This system generally has higher tolerance for bentonite than a CMC + pregelatinized starch system.

Under normal thin-layer application conditions, controlling bentonite at 10–20 kg/t can generally balance application properties and crack resistance. However, PVA and RDP only increase the crack-resistance margin and cannot fully offset the water absorption, swelling, and shrinkage caused by excessive bentonite. When the bentonite dosage reaches 30 kg/t or 40 kg/t, the water demand and drying shrinkage of the system increase significantly. Even if the formulation contains HPMC, PVA, and RDP, fine cracks, map cracking, or drying shrinkage cracks may still occur.

5.5 Factors for Determining Bentonite Dosage

Determining Factor	Specific Manifestation	Control Logic for Bentonite Dosage
Binder and film-forming system	When the formulation contains HPMC, PVA, and RDP, water retention, adhesion, and dried-film flexibility are better; a pure CMC + pregelatinized starch system can easily become hard and brittle after drying	The weaker the binder and film-forming capacity, the more conservative the bentonite dosage should be; a pure CMC + pregelatinized starch system is usually not recommended to exceed 10 kg/t
Water retention and water migration capacity	Materials such as HPMC can improve water retention and the uniformity of water release; insufficient water retention may cause the substrate to draw water too quickly, intensifying surface shrinkage	The more uneven the water migration, the more the bentonite dosage should be reduced to avoid overly rapid surface drying and shrinkage cracks
Powder water absorption and grading	When the fine powder content is high, water absorption is high, or the powder grading is unreasonable, more water is needed to reach the same application consistency	The more water-demanding the powder system, the less suitable it is for high bentonite addition; otherwise, total water demand and drying shrinkage will increase
Application thickness	In thin-layer application, the water release path is short; in thick-layer application, the surface and interior dry at different rates	Bentonite dosage should be reduced for thick-layer application and should not be designed according to the upper limit for thin-layer formulations
Substrate water absorption and application environment	Highly absorbent substrates, high temperature, low humidity, and strong ventilation accelerate water loss	The faster the water loss, the more conservative the bentonite dosage should be, with emphasis on controlling water addition and drying shrinkage

6 Formulation Verification Method for Bentonite Dosage

6.1 Bentonite Dosage Should Be Determined Through Comparative Testing in the Same Formulation

It is recommended to set different addition gradients in the same base formulation and observe wet-state application performance and crack resistance after drying.

Bentonite Dosage	Testing Purpose
0 kg/t	Determine the application properties and cracking level of the base formulation itself
5 kg/t	Observe the improvement in application feel and stability at a low dosage
10 kg/t	Evaluate the conventional safe dosage
15 kg/t	Determine whether a CMC system has entered the cracking-risk zone
20 kg/t	Evaluate the control upper limit for HPMC or PVA/RDP systems
30 kg/t	Observe the drying shrinkage risk at a high dosage
40 kg/t	Verify the risk of excessive addition; not recommended as a routine formulation direction

6.2 Key Items to Observe During Testing

Test Item	Key Evaluation Points
Dispersion state	Whether there are agglomerates, residual particles, or insufficient wetting after mixing
Initial application consistency	Whether the target application consistency is reached, and whether false thickening occurs, where the apparent viscosity is high but troweling and spreading are poor
Standing stability	Whether bleeding, sedimentation, separation, or obvious consistency change occurs after standing
Troweling feel	Whether troweling is smooth, and whether drag, roughening, material buildup on the trowel, or uneven spreading occurs
Anti-sagging performance	Whether sagging, sliding, or local buildup occurs after application to the wall
Water addition required to meet the target state	Whether the water addition needed to reach the same application state increases significantly with higher bentonite dosage
Surface drying state	Whether the surface dries too quickly, and whether surface shrinkage, peeling, or fine cracks appear
Cracking after drying	Observe at 24 h, 48 h, and 7 d to determine whether early cracks, shrinkage cracks, map cracking, or delayed cracking appear
Surface quality after drying	Whether powdering, hollowing, insufficient strength, or loose surface texture occurs after drying
Thick-layer adaptability	Whether shrinkage cracks, map cracking, or hollowing occur more easily under thick-layer conditions than under thin-layer conditions

6.3 Control Principles in Formulation Design

The use of bentonite in neutral putty should follow the principles below:

Control Principle	Specific Requirement
Use a low dosage to improve application properties	Bentonite is mainly used to adjust thixotropy, suspension, and troweling behavior
Do not replace binder materials	Bentonite should not be used to compensate for insufficient CMC, HPMC, PVA, or RDP
Control water addition	If water addition increases significantly after bentonite is added, the dosage should be reduced
Consider application thickness	Bentonite dosage should be reduced for thick-layer application
Consider substrate conditions	Bentonite dosage should be reduced on highly absorbent substrates and in dry application environments
Determine dosage based on dried results	The final dosage should be determined based on cracking test results

7 Classification Table of Representative Chemicals for Bentonite Formulation Research and Performance Testing in Neutral Putty

Table 1 Bentonite, Clay Minerals, and Mineral Fillers

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Hydrophilic bentonite thixotropic material	1302-78-9	N431707	Nanoclay, hydrophilic bentonite	—	Used for research on the thixotropy, suspension stability, water retention, and anti-sagging performance of neutral putty; applicable to testing the relationship among bentonite dosage, water addition, and drying cracks.
Montmorillonite layered-structure research material	1318-93-0	M758183	Montmorillonite K-10	Powder	Used for fundamental research on montmorillonite layered structure, adsorption behavior of acid-activated clay, or catalytic properties.
Fine calcium carbonate main filler	471-34-1	C111986	Calcium carbonate	≥99.5% metals basis, ≤30 μm	Used for research on the main filler system of neutral putty; applicable to testing powder grading, water addition, troweling feel, drying shrinkage, and surface strength.
Calcined kaolin fine-powder filler	1332-58-7	K100132	Ultra-fine kaolin	3000 mesh (5 μm), calcined	Used to improve the fineness, hiding power, and powder structure of putty; applicable to research on the influence of calcined clay fillers on application properties, surface compactness, and drying shrinkage.
Smooth layered silicate filler	14807-96-6	T109493	Talc powder	Pharmaceutical grade, PharmPure™, ≥325 mesh	Used to improve troweling smoothness, surface fineness, and application feel of putty; applicable to research on the effect of talc powder and bentonite combinations on scraping and coating behavior.
High-whiteness titanium-based hiding pigment	13463-67-7	T431947	Titanium dioxide (IV)	Premium grade, ≥99%	Used to improve the whiteness, hiding power, and apparent decorative effect of putty; applicable to testing powder dispersion, hiding performance, and surface color stability.
Spherical siliceous functional filler	7631-86-9	S278801	Silica powder	≥99.7% metals basis, spherical, 20 μm	Used to adjust powder packing, surface compactness, and wear resistance; applicable to research on the influence of siliceous fillers on putty strength, shrinkage, and surface condition.
Gypsum-based inorganic filler	10101-41-4	C101878	Calcium sulfate dihydrate	AR, ≥99%	Used for comparative research on gypsum-based or composite leveling systems; applicable to testing the influence of inorganic fillers on hardening behavior, surface strength, and drying shrinkage.

Table 2 Cellulose Ethers, Starch-Based Rheology Materials, and Water-Retention Thickening Additives

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
CMC-type water-retention, cohesive thickener	9004-32-4	C104986	Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)	Viscosity: 1000–1400 mPa·s, USP grade	Used for water retention, thickening, and cohesion adjustment in neutral putty; applicable to research on bentonite dosage, dried-film brittleness, and cracking risk in pure CMC systems.
HPMC-type water-retention and open-time modifier	9004-65-3	H434481	Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)	average Mn ~90,000	Used to improve water retention, application open time, and uniformity of water migration in neutral putty; applicable to testing bentonite dosage control and drying shrinkage in HPMC systems.
High-viscosity hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose ether	9032-42-2	M498720	Methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose	Viscosity 70,000–80,000 mPa·s, 2% in H₂O (20 °C)	Used for water retention, thickening, anti-sagging, and slurry stability adjustment in putty; applicable to research on the rheological properties of high-viscosity cellulose ether and bentonite combinations.
HEC-type aqueous thickening and stabilizing agent	9004-62-0	H434475	2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)	average Mw ~380,000	Used for thickening, dispersion stabilization, and application viscosity adjustment in water-based putty; applicable to research on the influence of aqueous thickeners on bentonite dispersion state and troweling performance.
Low-viscosity methyl cellulose water-retention agent	9004-67-5	M759806	Methyl cellulose (MC)	8–18 mPa·s	Used for water retention, basic thickening, and application consistency adjustment in putty; applicable to research on the influence of low-viscosity cellulose ethers on open time, troweling behavior, and surface drying rate.
Starch ether anti-sagging application additive	9049-76-7	H304935	Hydroxypropyl starch ether	Viscosity (5% aqueous solution, 20 °C): 500–20,000 mPa·s	Used to improve anti-sagging performance, troweling feel, and slurry thixotropic behavior of putty; applicable to research on synergistic rheology adjustment using starch ether and bentonite.
Starch-based thickening reference material	9005-25-8	S116030	Corn starch	Reagent grade	Can be used as a natural starch reference material to compare the influence of starch-based materials on slurry consistency, dried-film brittleness, shrinkage, and cracking risk.

Table 3 Film-Forming Binder Materials, Dispersion-Regulating Additives, and Inorganic Reactive Components

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
PVA-type water-soluble film-forming binder	9002-89-5	P119362	Mowiol® PVA-124 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	Viscosity: 54–66 mPa·s	Used to improve adhesion, cohesive strength, and dried-film toughness of putty; applicable to research on the influence of PVA on shrinkage and cracking in bentonite-containing systems.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate film-forming resin	24937-78-8	P101486	Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (PEVA)	Vinyl acetate 40 wt.%, melt index 52 g/10 min (190 °C/2.16 kg)	Used for research on polymer film formation, adhesion, and flexibility; applicable to testing the influence of ethylene-vinyl acetate materials on dried-film properties and crack resistance of putty.
Polyvinyl acetate film-forming binder material	9003-20-7	P304881	Polyvinyl acetate (PVAC)	approx. M.W. 500,000	Used for research on adhesive film formation, dried-film strength, and polymer modification; applicable to testing putty adhesion, film-forming continuity, and drying shrinkage behavior.
Sodium activation agent for bentonite	497-19-8	S111733	Sodium carbonate, anhydrous	GR, ≥99.8%	Used for sodium activation research of calcium bentonite; applicable to experiments on adjusting bentonite swelling ability, dispersibility, thixotropic efficiency, and slurry stability.
Polyphosphate dispersing and stabilizing agent	10124-56-8	S108858	Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP)	AR	Used for dispersion, suspension stabilization, and slurry flowability adjustment of inorganic powders; applicable to dispersion experiments in bentonite, calcium carbonate, and clay mineral composite systems.
Condensed phosphate powder dispersant	7758-29-4	S433949	Sodium tripolyphosphate	Industrial grade, ≥85%	Used for powder dispersion, complexation, and slurry stability adjustment; applicable to testing the dispersion performance of mineral fillers in neutral putty and changes in application viscosity.
Pyrophosphate dispersion-regulating additive	7722-88-5	S108847	Sodium pyrophosphate	AR, ≥99%	Used for inorganic powder dispersion and suspension stability research; applicable to testing the dispersion state, viscosity change, thixotropy, and troweling performance of bentonite systems.
High-purity calcium hydroxide alkaline adjustment material	1305-62-0	C294906	Calcium hydroxide	≥99.995% metals basis	Used for research on lime-calcium-based or alkaline comparative systems; applicable to testing the influence of alkaline components on putty pH, hardening behavior, adhesion performance, and cracking risk.
Nano calcium oxide reactive calcium source	1305-78-8	C100071	Nano calcium oxide	≥98%, <160 nm particle size (BET)	Used for research on reactive calcium sources, alkaline inorganic reactive components, or lime-calcium-based reference systems; applicable to comparing differences in particle size, reactivity, moisture absorption behavior, and hardening behavior.

Note: The above products are representative Aladdin products related to scientific research and formulation studies. Some products are mainly used for mechanism research, reference experiments, or material screening, and are not equivalent to direct substitute raw materials in industrial putty formulations. Specific specifications, grades, COA, and SDS information can be searched on the Aladdin website by “product name/CAS/catalog number.”

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