Technical articles The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin dermis is composed mainly of collagen, together with various glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and other structural proteins. Once formed, the ECM does not remain unchanged over the long term; rather, it undergoes continuous turnover involving ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles Many modern decarboxylative coupling reactions employ single-electron processes to generate carbon-centered radicals, followed by subsequent bond formation. For chiral carboxylic acids, however, such pathways present a stereochemical problem: many common carbon-centered radicals are nearly ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles Breast cancer exhibits marked molecular heterogeneity. Different subtypes may develop distinct molecular features, including sustained HER2 receptor activation, enhanced PI3K-AKT signaling, uncontrolled cell-cycle progression, defects in DNA damage repair, glutamine metabolic dependence, and ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulatory mechanism in mammals, among which 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is the major form studied. 5mC is established and maintained by the DNMT family, and after sequential oxidation by the TET family, it can be removed through replication-dependent ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles Lipids are not synonymous with fats. Fats mainly refer to energy-storage lipids such as triacylglycerols, whereas lipids comprise a much broader range of structural classes, including fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterol lipids. Different lipids participate not only in ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles Targeted protein degradation is expanding from the ubiquitin-proteasome system to the autophagy-lysosome system. AUTAC, AUTOTAC, and ATTEC can all exploit autophagy to eliminate specific targets, but they differ in cargo recognition and autophagy-recruitment mechanisms. First- and ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles Calcium is an essential element for bone mineralization, neuronal excitation, muscle contraction, coagulation, and cellular signal transduction. It is also a commonly measured parameter in food, environmental, pharmaceutical, biomaterial, and cellular-function research. In different samples, ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles Loading control antibodies are used to detect stable reference proteins and provide internal references for target protein quantification, sample-to-sample comparison, evaluation of subcellular fractions, and multiplex detection. Their applicability depends on reference protein stability, sample ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed
Technical articles CAR-T is an immune-cell therapy platform, whereas molecules such as CD19, CD22, CD33, and CD123 are the actual recognition targets. Beyond CAR-T, targeted leukemia research also covers aberrant kinases, oncogenic metabolites, apoptotic dependencies, transcriptional regulatory complexes, and ...
Updated Aug 20268 min read ✓ Reviewed