Carprofen - Moligand™, ≥98%(HPLC) , Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, CAS No.53716-49-7, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor

CAS: 53716-49-7 Cat. No.: C153919 Molecular Weight: 273.72 EC Number: 258-712-4

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™, ≥98%(HPLC)

Synonyms

(S)-alpha-Methyl-6-chloro-9H-carbazole-2-acetic acid | 9H-Carbazole-2-acetic acid, 6-chloro-.alpha.-methyl- | Rimadyl Chewable Tablets | SPECTRUM1502006 | 6-Chloro-alpha-methyl-9H-carbazole-2-acetic acid | HMS2234P15 | Rimadyl Caplets | 5-22-03-00391 (Bei

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Overview

Carprofen inhibits canine COX2 with IC50 of 30 nM.

Specifications

Synonyms

(S)-alpha-Methyl-6-chloro-9H-carbazole-2-acetic acid | 9H-Carbazole-2-acetic acid, 6-chloro-.alpha.-methyl- | Rimadyl Chewable Tablets | SPECTRUM1502006 | 6-Chloro-alpha-methyl-9H-carbazole-2-acetic acid | HMS2234P15 | Rimadyl Caplets | 5-22-03-00391 (Bei

Specifications & Purity

Moligand™, ≥98%(HPLC)

Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms

Carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been found to have antimicrobial activity. Carprofen is primarily used as a veterinary analgesic and anti-inflammatory for arthritis and pain. Its anti-inflammatory activity is due to cy

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Grade

Moligand™

Action Type

INHIBITOR

Mechanism of action

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor

Note

Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20°C. Generally, these will be useable for up to one month. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour. Toxic, refer to SDS for further information. Need more advice on solubility, usage and handling? Please visit our frequently asked questions (FAQ) page for more details.

Purity

≥98%(HPLC)

Names and Identifiers

• Pubchem Sid: 504750583
• Pubchem Sid Url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/504750583
• Canonical Smiles: CC(C1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3=C(N2)C=CC(=C3)Cl)C(=O)O
• IUPAC Name: 2-(6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)propanoic acid
• InChIKey: PUXBGTOOZJQSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• INCHI: 1S/C15H12ClNO2/c1-8(15(18)19)9-2-4-11-12-7-10(16)3-5-13(12)17-14(11)6-9/h2-8,17H,1H3,(H,18,19)
• Isomeric SMILES: CC(C1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3=C(N2)C=CC(=C3)Cl)C(=O)O
• RTECS: FE3180000
• Molecular Weight: 273.72
• Reaxy-Rn: 487098
• Reaxys-RN_link_address: https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=487098&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organoheterocyclic compounds
    • Class Indoles and derivatives
      • Subclass Carbazoles

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organoheterocyclic compounds
• Class: Indoles and derivatives
• Subclass: Carbazoles
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Carbazoles
• Alternative Parents: Indoles Benzenoids Aryl chlorides Pyrroles Heteroaromatic compounds Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids Azacyclic compounds Organopnictogen compounds Organonitrogen compounds Organochlorides Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
• Substituents: Carbazole - Indole - Aryl chloride - Aryl halide - Benzenoid - Pyrrole - Heteroaromatic compound - Carboxylic acid derivative - Carboxylic acid - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Azacycle - Organochloride - Organohalogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organic oxide - Organic nitrogen compound - Carbonyl group - Organonitrogen compound - Organooxygen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organopnictogen compound - Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carbazoles. These are compounds containing a three ring system containing a pyrrole ring fused on either side to a benzene ring.
• External Descriptors: organochlorine compound - carbazoles

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Associated Targets(Human)

PTGS2 Tclin Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (4 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS2

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

C5 Tclin Complement C5 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: C5

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

ESR1 Tclin Estrogen receptor alpha (17718 Activities)

Discover Target: ESR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

NR3C1 Tclin Glucocorticoid receptor (14987 Activities)

Discover Target: NR3C1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PGR Tclin Progesterone receptor (8562 Activities)

Discover Target: PGR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB2 Tclin Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (11824 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM2 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (10671 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB1 Tclin Beta-1 adrenergic receptor (6630 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1A Tclin Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor (14969 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2A Tclin Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (9450 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AR Tclin Androgen Receptor (11781 Activities)

Discover Target: AR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

RARA Tclin Retinoic acid receptor alpha (1324 Activities)

Discover Target: RARA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM1 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (12690 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

VDR Tclin Vitamin D receptor (26531 Activities)

Discover Target: VDR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD2 Tclin Dopamine D2 receptor (23596 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GABRA1 Tclin GABA receptor alpha-1 subunit (399 Activities)

Discover Target: GABRA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAOA Tclin Monoamine oxidase A (11911 Activities)

Discover Target: MAOA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CNR1 Tclin Cannabinoid CB1 receptor (20913 Activities)

Discover Target: CNR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD1 Tclin Dopamine D1 receptor (9720 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS1 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-1 (9233 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A2 Tclin Norepinephrine transporter (10102 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH2 Tclin Histamine H2 receptor (5428 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2A Tclin Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor (14758 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2C Tclin Serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor (11471 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2C

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AVPR2 Tclin Vasopressin V2 receptor (2912 Activities)

Discover Target: AVPR2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADORA1 Tclin Adenosine A1 receptor (17603 Activities)

Discover Target: ADORA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AGTR1 Tclin Type-1 angiotensin II receptor (5176 Activities)

Discover Target: AGTR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A4 Tclin Serotonin transporter (12625 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1A Tclin Alpha-1a adrenergic receptor (8359 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS2 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-2 (13999 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH1 Tclin Histamine H1 receptor (7573 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRM1 Tclin Mu opioid receptor (19785 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD3 Tclin Dopamine D3 receptor (14368 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AVPR1A Tclin Vasopressin V1a receptor (5412 Activities)

Discover Target: AVPR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRD1 Tclin Delta opioid receptor (15096 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRK1 Tclin Kappa opioid receptor (16155 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR3A Tclin Serotonin 3a (5-HT3a) receptor (3366 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR3A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A3 Tclin Dopamine transporter (10535 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIN1 Tclin Glutamate (NMDA) receptor subunit zeta 1 (122 Activities)

Discover Target: GRIN1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PPARA Tclin Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (9197 Activities)

Discover Target: PPARA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KCNH2 Tclin HERG (29587 Activities)

Discover Target: KCNH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CACNA1C Tclin Voltage-gated L-type calcium channel alpha-1C subunit (766 Activities)

Discover Target: CACNA1C

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PDE3A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 3A (3309 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE3A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC29A1 Tclin Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (1711 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC29A1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2B Tclin Alpha-2b adrenergic receptor (4412 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA2B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2C Tclin Alpha-2c adrenergic receptor (4876 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA2C

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM3 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (7750 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2B Tclin Serotonin 2b (5-HT2b) receptor (10323 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

RARG Tclin Retinoic acid receptor gamma (1154 Activities)

Discover Target: RARG

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

TBXA2R Tclin Thromboxane A2 receptor (5717 Activities)

Discover Target: TBXA2R

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

EDNRA Tclin Endothelin receptor ET-A (5008 Activities)

Discover Target: EDNRA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADORA2A Tclin Adenosine A2a receptor (16305 Activities)

Discover Target: ADORA2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Associated Targets(non-human)

ampC Beta-lactamase AmpC (62480 Activities)

Discover Target: ampC

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mc4r Melanocortin receptor 4 (1205 Activities)

Discover Target: Mc4r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Npy1r Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 (8 Activities)

Discover Target: Npy1r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Cckar Cholecystokinin A receptor (90 Activities)

Discover Target: Cckar

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Pde4d Phosphodiesterase 4D (4 Activities)

Discover Target: Pde4d

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hdac6 Histone deacetylase 6 (222 Activities)

Discover Target: Hdac6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Faah Anandamide amidohydrolase (3907 Activities)

Discover Target: Faah

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Staphylococcus aureus (210822 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Plasmodium falciparum (966862 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GCN5 Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 (89 Activities)

Discover Target: GCN5

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Luciferin 4-monooxygenase (66902 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slc22a6 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 (141 Activities)

Discover Target: Slc22a6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mapt Microtubule-associated protein tau (6 Activities)

Discover Target: Mapt

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

NS1 Nonstructural protein 1 (33327 Activities)

Discover Target: NS1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Ptgs1 Prostaglandin G/H synthase (cyclooxygenase) (169 Activities)

Discover Target: Ptgs1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mechanisms of Action

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Solubility: Soluble in Methanol
• Melt Point(°C): 200 °C
• Molecular Weight: 273.710 g/mol
• XLogP3: 4.000
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
• Rotatable Bond Count: 2
• Exact Mass: 273.056 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 273.056 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 53.100 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 19
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 362.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

References

1. Lijuan Zang, Man He, Zhekuan Wu, Beibei Chen, Bin Hu.  (2021)  Imine-linked covalent organic frameworks coated stir bar sorptive extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from environmental water followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.  JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A,      [PMID:34731758] [10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462647]

2. Guanqiong Na, Xiaofei Hu, Yaning Sun, Guangxu Xing, Yunrui Xing, Gaiping Zhang.  (2020)  A novel gold particle-based paper sensor for sensitively detecting carprofen in bovine muscle.  FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY,      [PMID:] [10.1080/09540105.2020.1740178]

3. Xue Shu-Wen, Li Jing, Xu Li.  (2017)  Preparation of magnetic melamine-formaldehyde resin and its application to extract nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.  ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY,  409  (12): (3103-3113).  [PMID:28224244] [10.1007/s00216-017-0251-8]

4. Yunpeng Wang, Chengming Li, Yang Yang, Chaochao Ma, Xiaojiao Zhao, Jiacheng Li, Lin Wei, Yang Li.  (2025)  A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Platform Integrating Dual Signal Enhancement and Machine Learning for Rapid Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Meat Products.  ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,      [PMID:40025671] [10.1021/acsami.4c21938]

5. Gaoxiang Yu, Yijie Chen, Ningning Yang, Haojie Zhang, Xuzi Zhang, Yibo Geng, Jiayi Zhao, Zhuliu Chen, Chengji Dong, Lidan Lin, Jianjun Qi, Xuanlong Zhang, Xiaoqiong Jiang, Weiyang Gao, Yuepiao Cai, Xiangyang Wang, Jian Ding, Jian Xiao, Kailiang Zhou.  (2024)  Apoptotic Bodies Derived from Fibroblast-Like Cells in Subcutaneous Connective Tissue Inhibit Ferroptosis in Ischaemic Flaps via the miR-339-5p/KEAP1/Nrf2 Axis.  Advanced Science,      [PMID:38639443] [10.1002/advs.202307238]

6. Xianyao Tao, Xiaoyun Pan, Gang Zhao, Mingyu Xue, Yongjun Rui.  (2024)  Dihydromyricetin regulates KEAP1-Nrf2 pathways to enhance the survival of ischemic flap.  Food Science & Nutrition,      [PMID:38873488] [10.1002/fsn3.4049]

7. Siyao Zhou, Shumin Duan, Hongbin Yang.  (2024)  Protocol for fiber photometry recording from deep brain regions in head-fixed mice.  STAR Protocols,      [PMID:38875116] [10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103131]

8. Fan Xv, Li-zhen Ma, Xin Li, Jin-bao Zhao, Shu-yuan Liu, Han-ding Mao, Jun Ma, Ling Xing, Li-feng Wang, Wei-jia Zhi, Qing Song.  (2024)  Quantitative Proteomics Provided Insights into the Protective Effects of Heat Acclimation on the Rat Hypothalamus after Exertional Heatstroke.  Journal of Integrative Neuroscience,  23  (6): (116).  [PMID:38940089] [10.31083/j.jin2306116]

9. Chengji Dong, Gaoxiang Yu, Xianhui Ma, Zhuliu Chen, Ningning Yang, Xuankuai Chen, Yingying Lai, Jiayi Zhao, Yanlan Gu, Kailiang Zhou, Weiyang Gao, Jian Ding, Xuwei Zhu.  (2024)  Zingerone promotes the survival of ischaemic flap via the KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway.  Journal of Functional Foods,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jff.2024.106328]

10. Jiahui Song, Wubin Zhao, Junkai Zhang, Kewei Hu, Bohao Ma, Shilan Wang, Yichao Zhao, Jun Pu.  (2025)  Protocol for establishment of parabiotic mouse models and validation by flow cytometric analysis of immune cells.  STAR Protocols,  7  (1): (104268).  [PMID:41401066] [10.1016/j.xpro.2025.104268]

11. Yuandi Huang, Dexi Su, Jinshan You, Yu Zhang, Zeyu Li, Hao Liu, Qiang Fang, Yi Zhi, Weibing Li.  (2026)  Ginsenoside Rg1 Attenuates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Fibrosis by Suppressing Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Activation.  Journal of Inflammation Research,      [PMID:] [10.2147/JIR.S574702]