γ-Cyclodextrin polymer, soluble - ≥95%

Cat. No.: C121148

GRADE & PURITY ≥95%

Storage

Store at 2-8°C

Shipped In

Wet ice

Overview

Cyclodextins (CD) are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of D-glucose units connected via α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Common cyclodextins contain six (α-CD); seven (β-CD) or eight (gamma-CD) D-glucose units. Cyclodextins are sometimes derivitized through esterification at positions two, three and/or six. Gamma-cyclodextrin polymer is a chain of gamma-CD units potentially useful in the development of nanoassemblies/nanostructures and the delivery of drugs and molecules such as small-interfering RNA

Specifications

Specifications & Purity

≥95%

Storage

Store at 2-8°C

Shipped In

Wet ice

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Purity

≥95%

Application Protocols

The following are general, non-validated procedures suitable for initial screening with soluble γ-cyclodextrin polymers. They are not item-specific test results.

1. Preparing an aqueous polymer solution

• Add polymer to deionized water or buffer to reach 1–5% w/v.
• Stir at room temperature 15–60 min; gently warm to ≤37 °C if needed.
• Adjust pH if required for the assay range; bring to volume and 0.22 µm filter to sterilize/clarify.

2. Solubilizing a hydrophobic guest by inclusion

• Pre-wet the guest with minimal EtOH or use neat if finely powdered.
• Add incrementally to the stirred polymer solution targeting a polymer:guest molar ratio sufficient to fill cavities (estimate by assuming one cavity per γ-CD unit; exact equivalents depend on polymer composition—not specified for this item).
• Stir 30–120 min until clear. Confirm by UV–Vis or fluorescence.

3. Assessing binding

• Record titration spectra (guest fixed, polymer varied). Fit with appropriate binding models (1:1, 1:2) to estimate apparent K values.
• For structural confirmation, acquire ROESY/NOESY NMR of the complex.

4. Recovering the guest

• Dilute with water, add a stronger competitor (e.g., adamantane derivative), or extract with an immiscible organic solvent if compatible.
• Remove polymer by ultrafiltration or dialysis.

Always run matrix blanks (polymer only) to account for background absorbance/fluorescence.

Biological Roles

This section summarizes general biochemistry relevant to γ-cyclodextrin motifs; no medical/clinical claims are made, and details are not item-specific.

• Origin and composition: γ-Cyclodextrin units are enzymatically derived from starch and comprise eight D-glucopyranose residues linked α(1→4). In polymeric form, these units retain their hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic cavities.
• Host–guest interactions: The larger γ-CD cavity accommodates bulkier biological ligands compared to α/β analogs (e.g., steroids, terpenoids, hydrophobic amino acid side-chain mimetics). Binding arises from hydrophobic effects, van der Waals contacts, and hydrogen bonding at the rims.
• Interactions with biomolecules: CDs can sequester membrane lipids and cholesterol in vitro, modulating membrane fluidity and extracting hydrophobes; polymeric presentation can enhance local avidity. Proteins typically remain structurally intact at moderate CD levels, but sensitive enzymes may be affected—empirical testing advised.
• Bioprocess utility: As aqueous solubilizers and stabilizers, γ-CD polymers can assist in preparing ligand stocks, enhancing assay reproducibility, and reducing reliance on surfactants that denature proteins.
• Analytical readouts: Inclusion can shift fluorescence, circular dichroism, or NMR signatures of ligands, enabling binding and stoichiometry assessments in biochemical assays.

Note: Biological interactions depend on concentration, ionic strength, pH, and the presence of competing ligands. For critical bioassays, perform small-scale compatibility tests and control experiments with polymer-only blanks.

Buffer Applications

This product is not a buffering agent per se, but is commonly used as an additive in aqueous buffers to solubilize and stabilize hydrophobic analytes or ligands.

Practical guidance (general/literature):

• Compatible buffers: PBS (pH 7.2–7.6), HEPES (pH 7.0–8.0), Tris (pH 7–9), citrate/phosphate (pH 3–7). Avoid strong bases or acids at elevated temperatures that may hydrolyze glycosidic or linker bonds.
• Working concentration: 0.1–5% w/v for routine solubilization; higher levels may be needed for strongly hydrophobic guests. Titrate to clarity while monitoring assay background.
• Preparation: Dissolve weighed polymer in ~80–90% of final buffer volume with stirring; adjust pH if required; bring to volume. Gentle warming (≤37 °C) expedites dissolution.
• Sterilization: Prefer 0.22 µm filtration of prepared solutions. Autoclaving can cause hydrolysis or browning (Maillard-type) in carbohydrate materials and is not preferred unless validated.
• Electrophoresis/capillary methods: As an additive, γ-CD motifs can impart chiral selectivity in CE or modulate migration by inclusion; polymeric forms are more suited for coating capillaries or as reservoir additives rather than penetrating gels.
• Storage of buffer solutions: Refrigerate at 2–8 °C; use within days to a few weeks depending on bioburden control. Discard if turbidity or microbial growth appears.

Item-specific buffer specifications are not provided for this product; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for any lot-defined recommendations.

Green Alternatives

Cyclodextrin polymers are often used as greener auxiliaries by replacing or minimizing organic solvents and surfactants.

Benefits and trade-offs (literature/general knowledge):

• Reduced VOC use: Inclusion complexation can dissolve hydrophobic substrates in water, lowering reliance on MeCN, THF, or toluene in certain transformations or analyses.
• Benign matrix: Carbohydrate-based, typically low-toxicity, and biodegradable to varying extents, depending on linker chemistry.
• Aqueous processing: Enables water-based coatings, inks, or formulations with fewer emulsifiers.
• Trade-offs: Production of CD polymers may involve crosslinkers and energy; wastewater from purification can carry organics. High concentrations can increase solution viscosity, affecting pumpability.

Comparison snapshot (general; example use-case: solubilizing an aromatic guest for assay):

| Approach | Solvent burden | Biodegradability | Reusability | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | γ-CD polymer (this item) | Minimal VOCs (water-based) | Good (carbohydrate backbone) | Possible (dialysis/UF) | Multivalent binding; viscosity at high wt% | | Monomeric γ-CD | Minimal VOCs | Excellent | Limited | Easier diffusion; less retention | | Surfactant micelles (SDS/Triton) | Low VOCs | Variable | Limited | Can denature proteins; foaming | | Organic cosolvent (EtOH/MeCN) | Moderate–high | Good–poor | N/A | Simple, but VOC emissions and safety issues |

Best practice:

• Start with aqueous γ-CD polymer. If needed, add ≤10% benign cosolvent (e.g., EtOH) to aid initial dissolution, then back-dilute. Evaluate biodegradability and effluent treatment per local regulations.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No therapeutic claims are made. The following reflects general formulation science involving γ-cyclodextrin-based materials; it is not specific to this item and does not imply compendial compliance.

• Excipient role (general): γ-CD and its derivatives are widely studied as solubilizers, stabilizers, and taste-masking agents by forming inclusion complexes with hydrophobic actives. Polymeric γ-CD analogs can offer sustained-release behavior and reduced diffusivity of bound guests in aqueous matrices.
• Form factors: Aqueous solutions, gels, films, and coatings. Soluble polymers can be incorporated into spray-dried dispersions or lyophilized cakes to pre-form complexes.
• Benefits vs monomers: Multivalency can enhance apparent binding and reduce crystallization of hydrophobic actives. Polymers may also reduce volatility and odor of certain actives in development settings.
• Compatibility considerations: Ionic excipients, high ethanol content, or extreme pH can alter complexation and viscosity. Evaluate interactions with preservatives (e.g., parabens, benzoates) which can be sequestered by CD cavities, affecting antimicrobial efficacy.
• Analytics: Use phase-solubility analysis, DSC/TGA (complex formation shifts), PXRD (loss of crystallinity), and spectroscopy (UV–Vis/fluorescence/NMR) to confirm complexation.
• Regulatory note: While monomeric γ-CD has pharmacopeial monographs in some jurisdictions, polymeric γ-CD materials may not. Confirm regulatory status and specifications independently. For this specific catalog item, grade/purity and pharmacopeial conformity are not specified—refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet for any applicable quality statements.

Physical Properties

Item-specific data (this product):

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Average molecular weight / distribution: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Moisture/ash/metals/UV cutoff/peroxide: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Density / refractive index / pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General characteristics of soluble γ-cyclodextrin polymers (literature/general knowledge):

• Physical state: Typically supplied as an amorphous, off-white to white solid or powder; forms clear to slightly opalescent solutions in water across a broad concentration range, with viscosity increasing with concentration and molecular weight.
• Solubility: Readily soluble in water and common biological buffers (PBS, Tris, HEPES) over a wide pH range (~2–10). Limited solubility in nonpolar solvents; can swell or partially dissolve in polar organics (e.g., formamide, DMSO) depending on linker chemistry.
• Thermal behavior: Lacks a sharp melting point; softening/decomposition may occur before melting (typical for polysaccharide-derived polymers). Glass-transition temperatures vary widely with hydration; drying increases Tg. Avoid prolonged exposure >80–100 °C unless validated.
• Hygroscopicity: Moderately hygroscopic; water content significantly influences handling and measured properties (viscosity, Tg).
• Complexation: Retains γ-CD cavitary host behavior; cavity diameter of γ-CD is larger than α/β analogs (literature), accommodating bulkier hydrophobes.

Practical notes:

• Filterability: 0.22–0.45 µm sterile filtration is generally feasible for dilute solutions; high concentrations may require lower-viscosity preparation or warming (≤37 °C).

Quality & Grades

Item-specific quality information (this product):

• Grade / Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

What to look for in γ-cyclodextrin polymer quality (general guidance for professionals):

• Molecular weight profile: Reported as Mn/Mw and PDI via SEC/MALS or SEC/RI; affects viscosity, solubility, and complexation capacity. Batches with narrower PDI offer more reproducible performance.
• Degree of crosslinking / linker identity: Determines accessibility of γ-CD cavities, solubility, and mechanical properties. Highly crosslinked materials trend insoluble; this item is specified as “soluble.”
• Residual monomer / reagents: Free γ-CD, linker fragments, or salts can influence biocompatibility and complexation kinetics. Review CoA for residuals (if provided) and consider dialysis for sensitive applications.
• Bioburden/endotoxin (if relevant): For cell-based assays, users often require low bioburden/low endotoxin; consult CoA/SDS. If not specified, sterile-filter solutions prior to use.
• Water content: Impacts weigh-outs and solution preparation accuracy; Karl Fischer values, when provided, support precise formulation.
• UV background: Important for spectroscopic assays; low baseline absorbance in 230–300 nm is desirable for analytical applications. If UV cutoff is required, consult CoA.

Stabilizers/additives:

• None are specified for this item. If stabilizers are present in other suppliers’ materials (e.g., antioxidants, preservatives), they can affect bioassays—verify via CoA.

Traceability and documentation:

• Request lot-specific CoA, SDS, and (if available) method briefs for dissolution and filtration to ensure batch-to-batch reproducibility.

Reaction & Applications

γ-Cyclodextrin polymers enable aqueous supramolecular chemistry by providing multiple γ-CD cavities along a soluble macromolecular scaffold.

Representative application families (literature/general knowledge):

• Solubilization of hydrophobes: Enhance apparent aqueous solubility of aromatic and aliphatic guests via inclusion complexes. Useful for sample prep, analytical standards, and formulation screening in water-rich media.
• Catalysis and rate modulation: Inclusion can concentrate reactants and orient transition states (e.g., SN1/SN2, Diels–Alder, photodimerizations) in water. Polymer-bound cavities can provide cooperative binding and microenvironmental effects.
• Chiral recognition/separations: Differential binding of enantiomers/diastereomers can aid in chiral assays or affinity-based cleanups. Although monomeric CDs are standard in CE/HPLC additives, polymers can be explored for batch affinity or membrane coatings.
• Stabilization of labile species: Protect guests from oxidation, photolysis, or volatilization by encapsulation; useful in reference solutions and photochemistry.
• Nanomaterials: Act as capping/dispersion aids for hydrophobic nanoparticles or dyes in aqueous media; facilitate host–guest driven assembly.
• Enzyme and protein work: Can assist in refolding or in stabilizing hydrophobic ligands; validate for activity retention as interactions with protein surfaces may occur.

Practical tips:

• Start with 1–10 mM guest vs. γ-CD cavity equivalents; titrate polymer concentration to achieve clarity without excessive viscosity.
• Assess complexation by UV–Vis shifts, fluorescence enhancement/quenching, ITC, or NMR (ROESY/NOESY cross-peaks to confirm inclusion).
• For reversible release, adjust dilution, temperature, ionic strength, or introduce competitive guests.

Reaction Conditions

General guidance for using soluble γ-cyclodextrin polymers in aqueous host–guest chemistry and related transformations (not item-specific):

• Solvent system: Water or buffer (pH 5–8 preferred for backbone stability). Ionic strength 10–150 mM NaCl is common for bio-relevant settings.
• Temperature: 20–37 °C for complexation; some reactions benefit from mild heating (40–60 °C), but assess polymer stability and hydrolysis risk at elevated temperatures.
• Concentrations: Polymer at 0.5–10% w/v, adjusted to maintain clarity and manageable viscosity. Guest typically 0.1–20 mM depending on solubility and affinity.
• Kinetics: Inclusion often reaches equilibrium within minutes to hours; gentle stirring/sonication accelerates. Verify equilibrium by time-course spectroscopy.
• Analytical confirmation: Job’s plots for stoichiometry, Benesi–Hildebrand for binding constants (when appropriate), ITC for thermodynamics, and 1D/2D NMR for spatial proximity.
• Catalytic uses: For pericyclic reactions in water, monitor selectivity changes vs neat water or surfactants. Light-driven reactions can exploit protective encapsulation to suppress side photochemistry.
• Workup: Release guests by dilution, increasing temperature moderately, changing ionic strength, or adding competitive binders (e.g., adamantane derivatives for strong displacement). Polymer is retained via ultrafiltration (e.g., 10–100 kDa MWCO, depending on its Mw—verify for the lot).

Note: No specific yields or binding constants are assigned to this product; performance is system-dependent. Optimize empirically with small-scale screens.

Safety & Handling

Item-specific safety data (this product):

• GHS classification / Pictograms / Signal word / H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to the product SDS.

General safety considerations (literature/general knowledge for carbohydrate-based polymers):

• Hazard profile: Cyclodextrin polymers are generally considered low acute toxicity and non-volatile. However, dust may cause mechanical irritation. Sensitization is rare but possible with polysaccharide materials.
• PPE: Use standard lab PPE—lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate gloves (e.g., nitrile). Employ dust control (weighing boats, gentle handling) to minimize inhalation of particulates.
• Engineering controls: Work in a clean area; use local exhaust if generating dust/aerosol. Sterile operations can be performed in a biosafety cabinet when preparing solutions for cell or biochemical assays.
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers can degrade polysaccharide backbones; strong acids/bases at elevated temperature may hydrolyze linkages; dehydrating agents and reactive acylating/alkylating reagents may modify hydroxyls. Avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
• First aid (overview): If inhaled—move to fresh air; if on skin/eyes—rinse with water; if ingested—rinse mouth with water. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist. Defer to SDS for authoritative instructions.
• Spill/cleanup: For solids, avoid dust generation; sweep with minimal disturbance. For solutions, absorb with inert material and rinse area with water.
• Waste disposal: Dispose of according to institutional and local regulations for non-hazardous organic polymers unless SDS indicates otherwise.
• Fire behavior: Carbohydrate polymers are combustible; use water spray, CO2, or foam. Thermal decomposition may produce CO/CO2 and carbohydrate pyrolysis products.

Solvent Selection

This item is a polymeric reagent, not a solvent. Guidance here focuses on dissolving and formulating the polymer.

• Primary medium: Water is the solvent of choice. The polymer is designed to be water-soluble, forming clear solutions at typical working concentrations (e.g., 0.1–10% w/v; optimize per application).
• Buffer compatibility: Compatible with common biological buffers (PBS, HEPES, Tris) across pH ~2–10. Ionic strength can modestly influence viscosity and complexation; begin with isotonic or moderate-salt buffers for bioassays.
• Cosolvents: For poorly water-soluble guests targeted for inclusion complexes, small percentages of ethanol, isopropanol, or PEG 400 can be used to pre-dissolve the guest before dilution into the γ-CD polymer solution. Validate that cosolvents do not disrupt complexation.
• Temperature: Mild warming (25–37 °C) can accelerate dissolution and complex formation. Avoid excessive heat that may promote hydrolysis.
• Order of addition: For hydrophobe solubilization, add the guest slowly to a stirred polymer solution; pre-wetting the guest with minimal solvent can help. Shear mixing or bath sonication can reduce dissolution times.
• Filtration: Solutions are typically filterable through 0.45–0.22 µm. If foaming occurs, reduce shear and consider degassing.
• Comparison (general):
  • vs β-CD polymer: γ-CD has a larger cavity, better for bulkier guests.
  • vs monomeric γ-CD: polymer can provide multivalent binding and altered release profiles, sometimes enhanced apparent solubilization via cooperative effects.

Storage & Reconstitution

Item-specific conditions (this product):

• Storage: Store at 2–8 °C.
• Shipped: Wet ice.

General handling and reconstitution guidance (literature/practice):

• Protection from moisture: Keep container tightly closed. The polymer is hygroscopic; equilibrated water content affects weigh-outs and viscosity.
• Light/heat: Store protected from excessive heat and direct light. Avoid prolonged exposure above ambient temperatures unless validated.
• Reconstitution to solution:
  • Add the desired mass to ~80–90% of final water/buffer volume.
  • Stir at room temperature until fully dissolved; mild warming (≤37 °C) can speed dissolution.
  • Bring to final volume and, if needed, sterile-filter through 0.22 µm.
• Sterility: If sterility is required, use aseptic technique and membrane filtration. Autoclaving is not recommended unless stability has been established for the specific lot.
• Working solution stability: Refrigerate at 2–8 °C. Use within 1–4 weeks depending on bioburden control and container cleanliness. Discard if turbidity, precipitate, or microbial growth is observed.
• Freeze–thaw: Repeated freeze–thaw cycles of solutions may change viscosity and complexation behavior; prefer refrigerated storage. If freezing is necessary, validate performance after thaw.

For lot-specific details (molecular weight, additives, water content), consult the CoA/Spec Sheet. Research use only.

Structure & Identity

A water-soluble supramolecular polymer derived from γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), designed to leverage inclusion-complex chemistry in aqueous systems.

• SKU: C121148
• Product name: γ-Cyclodextrin polymer, soluble
• Category: Life Science reagent (研究用; For research use only)

Item-specific identifiers (this product):

• CAS: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES / InChI / InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General structural description (literature/general knowledge):

• Parent monomer: γ-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic octamer of α(1→4)-linked D-glucopyranose units (8 glucose units), forming a truncated-cone (toroidal) macrocycle with a hydrophobic cavity and hydrophilic exterior (primary hydroxyls at the narrow rim, secondary hydroxyls at the wide rim).
• Polymer architecture: The product consists of γ-CD units covalently interconnected (crosslinked or chain-extended) via linker groups to form a soluble macromolecular network/linear polymer. Exact linker chemistry and degree of polymerization are not specified for this item.
• Functional groups: Multiple secondary and primary alcohols per γ-CD unit enable hydrogen bonding and guest-binding; linkers may introduce additional ether/ester/urethane motifs (typical in CD polymers; specific linkers for this item are not specified).
• Stereochemistry: Each glucose residue is chiral (D-series), with fixed stereocenters retained in the polymerized form.
• 2D description: Repeating toroidal γ-CD motifs connected by organic linkers; exterior densely hydroxylated, interior cavities distributed along the polymer chain, enabling multivalent host–guest interactions.

Synthetic Utility

From a synthetic chemist’s perspective, soluble γ-cyclodextrin polymers function as macromolecular hosts and benign media modifiers for reactions in water.

Utility highlights (literature/general knowledge):

• Host-induced reactivity: Inclusion can pre-organize substrates, modulate micro-pKa, and shield intermediates, affecting rates and selectivity (e.g., Diels–Alder, electrophilic aromatic substitutions, radical photoreactions). Polymer-bound cavities provide cooperative effects and easier recovery (dialysis/UF) than monomers.
• Phase-transfer mimicry: Hydrophobes are solubilized without conventional quats; reactions proceed in bulk water with reduced VOCs.
• Templated assembly: Directs supramolecular polymerizations or oligomerizations by threading/encapsulation of hydrophobic segments.
• Protective matrix: Stabilizes odorants/dyes during synthesis/purification steps; can suppress evaporation and photobleaching.
• Chiral microenvironments: Potential for enantiodifferentiation in certain transformations via differential inclusion of enantiomers or prochiral faces.

Practical considerations:

• Use aqueous media at ambient temperature; increase polymer concentration until substrates are fully solubilized yet stirrable.
• Monitor by NMR/UPLC; include polymer-only blanks to deconvolute baseline.
• Workup typically involves dilution, competitive guest displacement, liquid–liquid extraction, or membrane separations to remove the polymer.
• Be mindful that strong oxidants or acylating agents may modify the carbohydrate backbone—validate compatibility when employing such reagents.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody/ligand with defined antigen specificity). No item-specific target, epitope, clone, isotype, or species reactivity information is provided or relevant to γ-cyclodextrin polymers.

For application-specific inclusion preferences, evaluate guest binding empirically using spectroscopic or calorimetric methods, as affinity depends on size/shape complementarity with the γ-CD cavity and the local polymer environment.