L-Glutamic acid polymer - molecular weight≤100000 Da , CAS No.25513-46-6

CAS: 25513-46-6 Cat. No.: P420080 Formula: (C₅H₉NO₄)x EC Number: 801-964-2

GRADE & PURITY molecular weight≤100000 Da

Synonyms

DTXCID30659 | glt | 1ii5 | Glutamate, L- | Glutamic acid, (S)- | Glutaton | glutamate | L-Glutaminic acid | Gamma-L-Glutamic Acid | EC 200-293-7 | L-glutamic acid | (2S)-2-aminopentanedioate | (S)-Glutamic acid | L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid | 1ftj | alpha-

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Specifications

Synonyms

DTXCID30659 | glt | 1ii5 | Glutamate, L- | Glutamic acid, (S)- | Glutaton | glutamate | L-Glutaminic acid | Gamma-L-Glutamic Acid | EC 200-293-7 | L-glutamic acid | (2S)-2-aminopentanedioate | (S)-Glutamic acid | L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid | 1ftj | alpha-

Specifications & Purity

molecular weight≤100000 Da

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Product Properties

ALogP

-3.7

Names and Identifiers

Pubchem Sid

504753496

Pubchem Sid Url

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/504753496

Canonical Smiles

C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O)O)N

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid

InChIKey

WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N

INCHI

1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1

Isomeric SMILES

C(CC(=O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

Reaxy-Rn

1723799

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=1723799&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organic acids and derivatives
    • Class Carboxylic acids and derivatives
      • Subclass Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
        • Level5 Amino acids and derivatives
          • Level6 Alpha amino acids and derivatives
            • Level7 Glutamic acid and derivatives

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organic acids and derivatives
• Class: Carboxylic acids and derivatives
• Subclass: Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Amino acids and derivatives - Alpha amino acids and derivatives
• Direct Parent: Glutamic acid and derivatives
• Alternative Parents: L-alpha-amino acids Amino fatty acids Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids Carboxylic acids Organopnictogen compounds Organic oxides Monoalkylamines Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds
• Molecular Framework: Aliphatic acyclic compounds
• Substituents: Glutamic acid or derivatives - Alpha-amino acid - L-alpha-amino acid - Amino fatty acid - Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives - Fatty acid - Fatty acyl - Amino acid - Carboxylic acid - Organic oxide - Primary amine - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Primary aliphatic amine - Organopnictogen compound - Carbonyl group - Organic oxygen compound - Amine - Organic nitrogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Aliphatic acyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. These are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
• External Descriptors: Common amino acids - Amino acids

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Associated Targets(Human)

SLC1A1 Tchem Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC1A1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIA4 Tclin Glutamate receptor 4 (5 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIK5 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 (3 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIK1 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 (2 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIA2 Tclin Glutamate receptor 2 (5 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIA3 Tclin Glutamate receptor 3 (1 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIK2 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2 (2 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIK3 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 (2 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRM2 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (0 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRM5 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (0 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRM7 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (0 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRM8 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (1 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRIA1 Tclin Glutamate receptor 1 (4 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRM3 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (2 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

GRM6 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (0 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

F2 Tclin Thrombin (11687 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CA2 Tclin Carbonic anhydrase II (17698 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ESR1 Tclin Estrogen receptor alpha (17718 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PGR Tclin Progesterone receptor (8562 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB2 Tclin Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (11824 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM2 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (10671 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1A Tclin Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor (14969 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2A Tclin Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (9450 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AR Tclin Androgen Receptor (11781 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM1 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (12690 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAOA Tclin Monoamine oxidase A (11911 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD1 Tclin Dopamine D1 receptor (9720 Activities)

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ACHE Tclin Acetylcholinesterase (18204 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS1 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-1 (9233 Activities)

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SLC6A2 Tclin Norepinephrine transporter (10102 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2C Tclin Serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor (11471 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A4 Tclin Serotonin transporter (12625 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1A Tclin Alpha-1a adrenergic receptor (8359 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRM1 Tclin Mu opioid receptor (19785 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD3 Tclin Dopamine D3 receptor (14368 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A3 Tclin Dopamine transporter (10535 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KCNH2 Tclin HERG (29587 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PDE3A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 3A (3309 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

FOLH1 Tclin Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (711 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2B Tclin Serotonin 2b (5-HT2b) receptor (10323 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

TBXA2R Tclin Thromboxane A2 receptor (5717 Activities)

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PDE4A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 4A (1943 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADORA3 Tchem Adenosine A3 receptor (15931 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRM3 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (732 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CA1 Tclin Carbonic anhydrase I (13240 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHAT Tchem Choline acetylase (63 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH3 Tclin Histamine H3 receptor (10389 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIA3 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 3 (127 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KDR Tclin Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (20924 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRM4 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (2320 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRM6 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (361 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIA1 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 1 (277 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIA2 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2 (847 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIK3 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 3 (50 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRM1 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (2309 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRM5 Tchem Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (5733 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CYP2D6 Tclin Cytochrome P450 2D6 (33882 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC1A1 Tchem Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (527 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC1A3 Tchem Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (586 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIK5 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 5 (45 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACLY Tclin ATP-citrate synthase (168 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIK1 Tclin Glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 1 (340 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CYP1A2 Tchem Cytochrome P450 1A2 (26471 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GSR Tclin Glutathione reductase (335 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PIN1 Tchem Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (36611 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Associated Targets(non-human)

tetX Tetanus toxin (50 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slc17a1 Renal sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 1 (33 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grm2 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (1326 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grm8 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (169 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hdac6 Histone deacetylase 6 (222 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Gria4 Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 4 (112 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grik2 Glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 2 (298 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slc1a2 Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (39 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grm7 Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (580 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

murI Glutamate racemase (2 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

dapA Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (65 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Canis familiaris (36305 Activities)

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Rattus norvegicus (775804 Activities)

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CHO (4503 Activities)

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Slc1a6 Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (71 Activities)

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rep Replicase polyprotein 1ab (378 Activities)

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Txnrd1 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic (45279 Activities)

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Plasma (328 Activities)

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ffp 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase ffp (24982 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grin1 Glutamate NMDA receptor (6467 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slc16a10 Monocarboxylate transporter 10 (73 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Gria2 Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA (2103 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grik1 Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate (722 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grin1 Glutamate NMDA receptor; Grin1/Grin2b (1028 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grin1 Glutamate receptors; NMDA/AMPA (104 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grin1 Glutamate NMDA receptor; Grin1/Grin2a (798 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Grin1 Glutamate NMDA receptor; Grin1/Grin2c (1127 Activities)

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Vicia faba (57 Activities)

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GAP1 General amino-acid permease GAP1 (481 Activities)

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Gria2 Glutamate receptor AMPA 1/2 (4 Activities)

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Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative (25 Activities)

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SARS-CoV-2 (38078 Activities)

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A085R Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (72 Activities)

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Mechanisms of Action

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Molecular Weight: 147.130 g/mol
• XLogP3: -3.700
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
• Rotatable Bond Count: 4
• Exact Mass: 147.053 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 147.053 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 101.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 10
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 145.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Application Protocols

No vendor-validated application protocols are provided in the Product Data for this polymer. For general use, consider the following starting points (literature guidance; optimize per system):

• Preparation of aqueous stock: Weigh polymer; add to deionized water; titrate with NaOH to pH 7.4 to promote dissolution (final 1–20 mg/mL). Stir gently until clear; filter-sterilize (0.22 µm) if required.
• EDC/NHS conjugation (small-molecule amine): Dissolve PGA (5–10 mg/mL) in MES buffer pH 5.5, add EDC (0.5–1.0 equiv per targeted COOH) and NHS (molar ratio NHS:EDC ~1:1). After 15 min, adjust pH to 7.8 and add amine (1–5 equiv). React 2 h RT, then quench residual actives with hydroxylamine. Purify by dialysis (e.g., MWCO 3.5–10 kDa) and lyophilize.
• Polyelectrolyte multilayers (LBL): Alternate adsorption of PGA (0.5–2 mg/mL in 10–50 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) and a polycation (e.g., PLL) with thorough buffer rinses; monitor thickness by QCM-D or ellipsometry.

These are general literature procedures and not item-specific validated protocols.

Biological Roles

General/literature context (not item-specific)

• Biopolymer analog: While this product is a synthetic α-linked poly-L-glutamate, glutamate itself is a central metabolite and neurotransmitter. In polymeric form, the material functions primarily as a polyanionic matrix rather than as a metabolite.
• Biodegradation: Poly-L-glutamic acid is susceptible to enzymatic degradation by certain proteases/peptidases and to hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds under physiological or accelerated conditions. Degradation rates depend on MW, crystallinity, ionic strength, and pH.
• Biocompatibility: Widely studied for interaction with cells and proteins; surface-bound PGA can modulate protein adsorption and cell adhesion due to negative charge and hydration layer.
• Complexation: Forms polyelectrolyte complexes with cationic biomacromolecules (e.g., poly-L-lysine, chitosan, histone-rich proteins), enabling encapsulation and controlled release in research settings.
• pH responsiveness: Carboxylate ionization imparts buffering capacity over acidic ranges on a per-residue basis and drives conformational transitions (random coil to more compact forms at low pH), which can be leveraged in responsive materials.

Note: No clinical or therapeutic claims are made. Any in vitro or in vivo use must follow institutional approvals and is strictly for research purposes.

Buffer Applications

This product is not a conventional small-molecule buffer. However, as a polyanionic polypeptide, poly-L-glutamic acid can influence solution pH and ionic environment.

Practical, research-focused notes (literature)

• pH modulation: The γ-carboxyl groups (pKa ~4.2–4.4) confer weak buffering capacity in the acidic range, but PGA is generally not used as a primary buffer due to broad titration curves and MW-dependent behavior.
• Additive in buffered systems: Often used in phosphate, HEPES, or Tris buffers (typically pH 6.8–8.0) to provide polyanionic background, prevent nonspecific adsorption, adjust viscosity, or enable polyelectrolyte complexation.
• Electrophoresis/cell culture: Not typically used as a buffer component; occasionally employed as a polyanionic crowding or anti-aggregation agent in biochemical assays. Validate compatibility, osmolarity, and sterility before sensitive biological experiments.

If a defined buffering system is required, select classical buffers (e.g., acetate pH 3.6–5.6, phosphate pH 6.0–8.0, Tris pH 7.0–9.0) and add PGA only for its polyelectrolyte properties where beneficial.

Green Alternatives

PGA itself is a biodegradable, water-processable polypeptide platform. Selection of greener options focuses on solvent choice and alternative polymers depending on the application.

Greener processing strategies

• Prefer aqueous media at near-neutral pH with carbodiimide coupling (EDC) over organic solvents. Use sulfo-NHS to maintain water-only workflows.
• Minimize use of HFIP/DMF/DMSO; if needed, recover/recycle via solvent distillation and use minimal volumes.
• Choose buffer systems with low environmental impact (e.g., phosphate) and avoid heavy-metal catalysts.

Alternative materials (context-dependent; literature)

• Poly(aspartic acid) (PAAsp): Synthetic, biodegradable polyanion with similar chemistry; shorter side chain can alter packing and gelation; often water-soluble without organic co-solvents.
• Alginate / Hyaluronan: Bio-based, renewable polysaccharides; excellent water-processability; gelation triggered by ions (alginate) or crosslinkers (HA derivatives). Tradeoff: broader biological variability and sensitivity to contaminants.
• Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA): Water-soluble polyanion available at scale; not inherently biodegradable but highly efficient for dispersancy and thickening; may be preferable where biodegradation is undesirable.

Comparison (qualitative)

• Metric | PGA | PAAsp | Alginate/HA | PAA
• Source | Synthetic polypeptide | Synthetic polypeptide | Natural polysaccharide | Petro-derived
• Biodegradability | Yes | Yes | Yes | Generally no
• Solvent needs | Aqueous (pH≥5) | Aqueous | Aqueous | Aqueous
• Conjugation handles | Carboxyls (amide coupling) | Carboxyls | Carboxyls (fewer reactive amides) | Carboxyls
• Batch consistency | High | High | Variable | High

Selection should balance environmental impact, regulatory needs, and required mechanical/chemical performance.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No therapeutic claims are made. The following are formulation/manufacturing roles described in the literature for poly-L-glutamic acid (informational only):

• Excipient candidate: As a biodegradable, water-soluble polyanion, PGA has been explored as a viscosity modifier, dispersant, and stabilizer in aqueous systems. Its carboxyl-rich backbone supports salt formation and pH-responsive solubility.
• Conjugation scaffold: Backbone and side-chain chemistry enable multivalent conjugation to amines (via EDC/NHS) for creating pro-materials, targeted ligands, or surface coatings in development-stage products.
• Matrix former: When blended or crosslinked, forms films/coatings and hydrogel networks useful for controlled-release matrices in research manufacturing settings.
• Process aids: Polyelectrolyte behavior can reduce particle aggregation during wet milling or spray-drying and assist in nano/microencapsulation processes conducted for research.

Regulatory considerations

• Pharmacopeial monographs for poly-L-glutamic acid are limited; specifications (e.g., endotoxin, bioburden, residual solvents, residual monomers, ash) should be established internally for any regulated use.
• Verify source, synthesis route, and impurity profile. For parenteral or implant-associated R&D, stringent purification and characterization are essential.

Item-specific grade, compliance status, and excipient certifications are not provided; refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Physical Properties

Item-specific

• No item-specific physicochemical specifications (e.g., Mn/Mw, intrinsic viscosity, solubility limits) are provided in the Product Data. For exact specifications for this lot, see the CoA/Spec Sheet.

General/literature properties for poly-L-glutamic acid (informational only)

• Physical form: Typically an amorphous solid/powder; color ranges from white to off-white depending on molecular weight and processing.
• Thermal behavior: Polypeptides do not exhibit a sharp melting point; thermal softening and decomposition occur upon heating (backbone amide hydrolysis/pyrolysis). Reported decomposition onsets typically >200 °C (literature), highly dependent on salt content and humidity.
• Solubility:
  • Water: Solubility is strongly pH-dependent. Free-acid PGA is sparingly soluble at low pH (carboxyls protonated) and becomes readily soluble as the side-chain γ-COOH groups ionize (typically pH > ~4–5). Sodium or other neutralized salts are freely water-soluble.
  • Aqueous buffers: Good solubility in neutral to basic buffers (e.g., phosphate, HEPES) with ionic strength-dependent viscosity.
  • Polar aprotic solvents: Limited; dissolution may be possible in highly polar hydrogen-bonding solvents (e.g., DMSO, DMF) for some molecular weights/salts.
• Acid–base behavior (residue-level, literature): pKa(α-COOH) ≈ 2.1; pKa(γ-COOH) ≈ 4.2–4.4; pKa(NH3+) ≈ 9.0. Net polyanionic character above pH ~5.
• Charge/viscosity: As a polyelectrolyte, solution viscosity and coil size increase with degree of neutralization and decrease with ionic strength (counterion screening).
• Optical rotation: Negative specific rotation typical of L-polypeptides (value depends on MW, solvent, pH; not specified for this item).

Quality & Grades

Item-specific

• Grade/purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Interpreting quality metrics for poly-L-glutamic acid (general guidance)

• Molecular weight distribution: Reported as Mn, Mw, and dispersity (Đ) by aqueous or HFIP GPC/SEC; these parameters strongly influence viscosity, solubility, and conjugation density.
• End-group structure: Initiator-derived end groups (from NCA ring-opening polymerization) can affect reactivity; characterization by NMR/MALDI-TOF is common.
• Optical purity: L-configuration should be preserved (check via polarimetry/CD; racemization lowers performance in chirality-sensitive contexts).
• Residuals/impurities: Solvent residues (DMF/DMSO/HFIP), monomer or protecting-group remnants (e.g., benzyl), inorganic salts, moisture/ash. For bio-interfacing applications, endotoxin and bioburden levels may be reported.
• Counterion/salt form: Free acid vs. sodium or other counterions affects solubility and charge density. Confirm the supplied form on the CoA.
• UV profile: Polypeptides lack strong chromophores above 230 nm; low UV background is suitable for many analytical methods, but confirm if HPLC-grade requirements apply.
• For regulated workflows, request a Specification Sheet detailing acceptance criteria (Mn/Mw, Đ, identity by NMR/FTIR, loss on drying, ash, pH of solution, endotoxin if applicable).

Reaction & Applications

This polymer is primarily used as a functional scaffold rather than as a small-molecule reagent.

Representative research applications (literature; expand as appropriate)

• Conjugation platform: Side-chain γ-carboxyl groups enable EDC/NHS-mediated coupling to primary amines (proteins, peptides, dyes), forming stable amide linkages. Useful for preparing multivalent conjugates and pro-materials.
• Nanomaterials: Stabilization of inorganic nanoparticles (Au, Fe3O4, QDs) via electrostatic adsorption or covalent anchoring; facilitates colloidal stability in aqueous media and provides further functional handles.
• Hydrogels/films: Polyelectrolyte complexation with cationic polymers (e.g., chitosan, poly-L-lysine, PEI) for layer-by-layer coatings, capsules, and responsive hydrogels.
• Biodegradable carriers: Formation of micelles or nanoparticles when copolymerized/derivatized with hydrophobes; enzymatically and hydrolytically degradable backbone.
• Surface modification: Grafting-to/-from strategies on oxide or polymer surfaces to confer negative charge, antifouling, or biofunctional properties.

Practical notes

• Maintain pH control during activation and coupling to minimize O→N acyl transfer and side reactions.
• Degree of substitution can be tuned by stoichiometry, pH, and time; characterize by NMR, UV–Vis (for chromophores), TNBS assays (remaining amines), and titration of residual carboxyls.
• For nanoparticle assembly, screen ionic strength (10–150 mM) and pH (6–8) to balance adsorption and colloidal stability.

Reaction Conditions

General literature guidance for common PGA chemistries (adjust to your system; verify experimentally):

EDC/NHS activation and amide coupling

• Activation: Dissolve PGA in MES buffer (50–100 mM, pH 5.0–6.0). Add EDC·HCl (0.5–2.0 equiv per targeted carboxyl) and NHS or sulfo-NHS (0.5–2.0 equiv). Stir 10–30 min at room temp to form O-acylisourea/NHS ester.
• Coupling: Add amine nucleophile in phosphate or HEPES buffer at pH 7.2–8.5. Reaction typically proceeds 1–4 h at 20–25 °C. Monitor by TNBS assay or UV–Vis if chromophores present. Typical conversions to desired DS (degree of substitution) range from 30–90% depending on stoichiometry and sterics (literature).

Crosslinking/hydrogel formation

• Diamines: Combine PGA (5–50 mg/mL) with diamine (e.g., ethylenediamine) and EDC/NHS under buffered aqueous conditions; gelation within minutes to hours depending on concentrations and pH.
• Ionic complexes: Mix PGA with cationic polymer (PLL/chitosan) at controlled charge ratios (−/+) near unity; adjust ionic strength (10–100 mM NaCl) to tune coacervate/film formation.

Solvent and temperature

• Prefer aqueous solutions. For poorly soluble samples, partial neutralization (NaOH) to pH 7–8 aids dissolution. Maintain temperatures 20–25 °C; avoid >40–50 °C to limit hydrolysis.

Workup and characterization

• Purification: Dialysis (MWCO selected by polymer MW), ultrafiltration, or precipitation (e.g., into ethanol/acetone at acidic pH). Dry by lyophilization.
• Analytics: 1H NMR (D2O/NaOD), FTIR (amide I/II, carboxyl), potentiometric titration, GPC/SEC (aqueous with salt), elemental analysis for substitution estimates.

These are typical literature conditions and not item-specific specifications.

Safety & Handling

Item-specific

• GHS classification, signal word, pictograms, H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Storage conditions: Room temperature (Product Data). Store tightly closed in a dry place.

General guidance (refer to SDS for authoritative information)

• Expected hazards (literature/typical for polypeptide polymers): Low acute toxicity; dust may cause mechanical irritation to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Not known to form explosive peroxides. Combustible organic solid.
• PPE: Laboratory coat, safety glasses, appropriate gloves (e.g., nitrile). Use a dust mask/respirator if generating airborne particulates.
• Handling: Avoid dust generation; use local exhaust ventilation when weighing or transferring powders. Prevent contact with strong oxidizers. Avoid strong acids/bases that can hydrolyze peptide bonds.
• First aid (overview):
  • Eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing. Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
  • Skin: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing.
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical advice if symptoms occur.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; seek medical attention if unwell.
• Fire safety: Use water spray, CO2, foam, or dry chemical. Thermal decomposition may release nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides; firefighters should wear SCBA.
• Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizing agents; strong acids/bases (can promote hydrolysis); dehydrating reagents that may cause undesired crosslinking.
• Always consult the SDS accompanying the lot for definitive hazard and precautionary statements.

Solvent Selection

As a polyanionic polypeptide, solvent choice is governed by ionization state, molecular weight, and counterion form.

General guidance (literature)

• Primary medium: Water/buffers at pH ≥ 5 where γ-carboxyl groups are ionized; adjust to pH 7–8 for rapid dissolution. Ionic strength modulates viscosity and chain expansion.
• Acidic media: At pH < ~4, protonation reduces charge, often causing decreased solubility/precipitation. Useful for polyelectrolyte complexation or film formation.
• Polar aprotic solvents: Limited utility; high-MW samples may not dissolve. DMSO or DMF can solvate some salt forms or partially neutralized materials; HFIP can dissolve many polypeptides but is hazardous and non-green.
• Salt effects: Na+, K+ promote dissolution; multivalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+) can cause gelation/precipitation via ionic crosslinking.

When to choose PGA vs alternatives

• Choose PGA when a biodegradable, carboxyl-rich polymer scaffold is required for conjugation (EDC/NHS coupling) or when negative charge density is advantageous (LBL assembly, nanoparticle stabilization).
• Consider poly(aspartic acid) for higher charge density per backbone length (shorter side chain) or alginate/hyaluronan for natural polysaccharides with distinct gelation profiles.

Mini comparison (qualitative)

• PGA: Synthetic polypeptide; tunable MW/Đ; carboxyl-rich; enzymatically degradable; pH-responsive.
• Alginate: Natural polysaccharide; gels with Ca2+; shear-thinning; biological variability.
• Poly(acrylic acid): Robust, inexpensive; not inherently biodegradable; high anionic charge; less biocompatible in some contexts.

Storage & Reconstitution

Item-specific

• Storage conditions: Room temperature (Product Data). Store tightly sealed, protected from moisture and direct light.
• Shipping: Normal (ambient) conditions (Product Data).

General guidance (literature)

• Shelf life: Stable when dry at ambient temperatures; avoid high humidity which can increase water content and promote hydrolysis.
• Reconstitution:
  • Add the desired amount of polymer to deionized water; slowly adjust pH to 7.0–8.0 with NaOH or buffer to facilitate dissolution (polyanionic form).
  • Typical working concentrations: 1–50 mg/mL depending on MW and application. Higher concentrations may yield viscous solutions.
  • For sterile applications, filter-sterilize (0.22 µm); avoid heat sterilization (autoclaving) due to possible hydrolysis/chain scission.
• Handling of solutions: Store at 2–8 °C for short term (days to weeks) to limit microbial growth and hydrolysis; include preservatives only if compatible with downstream use. For long-term storage, lyophilize and keep dry at ambient.
• Incompatibilities: Prolonged exposure to strong acids/bases, oxidizers, and multivalent cations (can cause precipitation/crosslinking). Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles of solutions; aliquot if necessary.

Always consult the product’s CoA/SDS for lot-specific guidance and precautions.

Structure & Identity

Poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA) is a polypeptidic, anionic homopolymer composed of repeated L-glutamate residues linked by α-peptide bonds along the backbone, with pendant γ-carboxyl groups.

Item-specific (from Product Data)

• Product name: L-Glutamic acid polymer (Poly-L-glutamic acid)
• SKU: P420080
• CAS: 25513-46-6
• PubChem CID: 33032
• Storage conditions: Room temperature
• Shipped in: Normal
• Research use: For research use only
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structure description (general/literature)

• Backbone: –[–NH–CH(C2H4–CO2H)–CO–]n– (α-peptide linkage). Each repeat unit bears a side-chain γ-carboxylic acid capable of ionization/conjugation.
• Stereochemistry: All L-configuration at the α-carbon (chiral center retained across the chain).
• Functional groups: Amide bonds in backbone; pendant carboxylic acids (carboxylates at neutral/basic pH).
• Polymer identity: Degree of polymerization (n) and dispersity (Đ) define properties; often reported as Mn/Mw (GPC) in specification sheets (not provided here).

Synthetic Utility

Poly-L-glutamic acid serves as a versatile macromolecular building block in synthetic and materials chemistry.

Key functional handles

• Side-chain carboxyls (γ-COOH): Enable formation of amide, ester, or anhydride derivatives. Most commonly activated in situ with carbodiimides (EDC/DIC) plus NHS/sulfo-NHS for aqueous-compatible coupling to amines.
• Backbone amide nitrogen: Generally inert; selective backbone modification requires harsher conditions and is not typical.
• Introduced click handles: Pre-functionalization (e.g., azidoethyl amide, propargyl amide) allows CuAAC or SPAAC conjugation under mild conditions.

Representative transformations (literature)

• Grafting-to: Conjugation of small molecules, peptides, or polymers (PEG, polysaccharides) via EDC/NHS to tune solubility and biointeractions.
• Grafting-from: Initiation of polymerizations from pre-installed initiators on PGA side chains (e.g., ATRP/RAFT after installing halide/thiocarbonylthio groups).
• Crosslinking: Multivalent diamines or hydrazides afford networks/hydrogels; carbodiimide-mediated zero-length crosslinks or use of di-NHS esters.
• Ionotropic assembly: Complex coacervation with cationic polymers (PLL, chitosan, PEI) for capsules/films.

Retrosynthetic perspective

• PGA backbone commonly produced via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA (BLG-NCA), followed by hydrogenolysis or saponolysis to remove benzyl groups, yielding the free-acid polymer.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a polymeric reagent and not a biological targeting reagent (e.g., antibody, ligand with defined epitope). No target/epitope specificity is provided in the Product Data.

Frequently Asked Questions

How should this product be stored?

Store at room temperature.

How is this product shipped?

This product ships under standard ambient conditions. No temperature-controlled packaging is required.

What are the CAS number, molecular formula and molecular weight?

The CAS Number is 25513-46-6, the molecular formula is (C5H9NO4)x. InChIKey WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N.

What documentation is provided?

Available product documentation, including Certificates of Analysis (COA), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and specification sheets, is shown in the product document area. Document availability and access follow the current site policy.