Dinoprost - Moligand™, ≥95% , Agonist of DP 1 receptor;Agonist of DP 2 receptor;Agonist of EP 1 receptor;Agonist of EP 2 receptor;Agonist of EP 3 receptor;Agonist of EP 4 receptor;Agonist of FP receptor;Agonist of TP receptor, CAS No.551-11-1, Agonist of DP 1 receptor;Agonist of DP 2 receptor;Agonist of EP 1 receptor;Agonist of EP 2 receptor;Agonist of EP 3 receptor;Agonist of EP 4 receptor;Agonist of FP receptor;Agonist of TP receptor

CAS: 551-11-1 Cat. No.: T136386 Molecular Weight: 354.49 EC Number: 684-259-0

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™, ≥95%

Synonyms

EX-A4115A | (+)-Prostaglandin F2a | PGF2alpha | PGF-2alpha | PGF2-alpha | PGF2-alpha racemic mixt. | prostaglandin F2alpha | Prostaglandin F2-alpha | (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid | DINOPROST [INN] | Dinoprosta

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

Dinoprost (Prostaglandin F2α) is an potent prostaglandin F (PGF) receptor (FP receptor) agonist. Dinoprost is a luteolytic hormone produced locally in the endometrial luminal epithelium and corpus luteum (CL). Dinoprost plays a key role in the onset and progression of labour.  

Specifications

Synonyms

EX-A4115A | (+)-Prostaglandin F2a | PGF2alpha | PGF-2alpha | PGF2-alpha | PGF2-alpha racemic mixt. | prostaglandin F2alpha | Prostaglandin F2-alpha | (5Z, 9alpha, 11alpha, 13E, 15S)-9, 11, 15-trihydroxyprosta-5, 13-dien-1-oic acid | DINOPROST [INN] | Dinoprosta

Specifications & Purity

Moligand™, ≥95%

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Grade

Moligand™

Action Type

AGONIST

Mechanism of action

Agonist of DP 1 receptor;Agonist of DP 2 receptor;Agonist of EP 1 receptor;Agonist of EP 2 receptor;Agonist of EP 3 receptor;Agonist of EP 4 receptor;Agonist of FP receptor;Agonist of TP receptor

Purity

≥95%

Names and Identifiers

• Pubchem Sid: 528771160
• Canonical Smiles: CCCCCC(C=CC1C(CC(C1CC=CCCCC(=O)O)O)O)O
• IUPAC Name: (Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acid
• InChIKey: PXGPLTODNUVGFL-YNNPMVKQSA-N
• INCHI: 1S/C20H34O5/c1-2-3-6-9-15(21)12-13-17-16(18(22)14-19(17)23)10-7-4-5-8-11-20(24)25/h4,7,12-13,15-19,21-23H,2-3,5-6,8-11,14H2,1H3,(H,24,25)/b7-4-,13-12+/t15-,16+,17+,18-,19+/m0/s1
• Isomeric SMILES: CCCCC[C@@H](/C=C/[C@H]1[C@@H](C[C@@H]([C@@H]1C/C=C\CCCC(=O)O)O)O)O
• Molecular Weight: 354.49
• Reaxy-Rn: 2706863
• Reaxys-RN_link_address: https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=2706863&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Lipids and lipid-like molecules
    • Class Fatty Acyls
      • Subclass Eicosanoids

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Lipids and lipid-like molecules
• Class: Fatty Acyls
• Subclass: Eicosanoids
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Prostaglandins and related compounds
• Alternative Parents: Long-chain fatty acids Hydroxy fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids Cyclopentanols Cyclic alcohols and derivatives Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds
• Molecular Framework: Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
• Substituents: Prostaglandin skeleton - Long-chain fatty acid - Hydroxy fatty acid - Cyclopentanol - Fatty acid - Unsaturated fatty acid - Cyclic alcohol - Secondary alcohol - Carboxylic acid derivative - Carboxylic acid - Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives - Organic oxide - Organic oxygen compound - Alcohol - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organooxygen compound - Carbonyl group - Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as prostaglandins and related compounds. These are unsaturated carboxylic acids consisting of a 20 carbon skeleton that also contains a five member ring, and are based upon the fatty acid arachidonic acid.
• External Descriptors: Prostaglandins

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Associated Targets(Human)

SLCO2A1 Tchem Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: SLCO2A1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTGER2 Tclin Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype (1 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER2

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTGDR Tclin Prostaglandin D2 receptor (0 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGDR

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTGER4 Tclin Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype (2 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER4

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTGDR2 Tchem Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (2 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGDR2

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTGER1 Tclin Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype (2 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTGFR Tclin Prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor (7 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGFR

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTGER3 Tclin Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype (4 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER3

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

TBXA2R Tclin Thromboxane A2 receptor (1 Activities)

Discover Target: TBXA2R

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

ABL1 Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL (18331 Activities)

Discover Target: ABL1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

F2 Tclin Thrombin (11687 Activities)

Discover Target: F2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ESR1 Tclin Estrogen receptor alpha (17718 Activities)

Discover Target: ESR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PGR Tclin Progesterone receptor (8562 Activities)

Discover Target: PGR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB2 Tclin Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (11824 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM2 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (10671 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1A Tclin Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor (14969 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2A Tclin Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (9450 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AR Tclin Androgen Receptor (11781 Activities)

Discover Target: AR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM1 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (12690 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GABRA1 Tclin GABA receptor alpha-1 subunit (399 Activities)

Discover Target: GABRA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAOA Tclin Monoamine oxidase A (11911 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD1 Tclin Dopamine D1 receptor (9720 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACHE Tclin Acetylcholinesterase (18204 Activities)

Discover Target: ACHE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS1 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-1 (9233 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A2 Tclin Norepinephrine transporter (10102 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADORA1 Tclin Adenosine A1 receptor (17603 Activities)

Discover Target: ADORA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AGTR1 Tclin Type-1 angiotensin II receptor (5176 Activities)

Discover Target: AGTR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A4 Tclin Serotonin transporter (12625 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1A Tclin Alpha-1a adrenergic receptor (8359 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRM1 Tclin Mu opioid receptor (19785 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD3 Tclin Dopamine D3 receptor (14368 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGFR Tclin Prostanoid FP receptor (687 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGFR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGER2 Tclin Prostanoid EP2 receptor (1730 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGIR Tclin Prostanoid IP receptor (1280 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGIR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A3 Tclin Dopamine transporter (10535 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PDE3A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 3A (3309 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE3A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2B Tclin Serotonin 2b (5-HT2b) receptor (10323 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

TBXA2R Tclin Thromboxane A2 receptor (5717 Activities)

Discover Target: TBXA2R

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGER1 Tclin Prostanoid EP1 receptor (1696 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGER4 Tclin Prostanoid EP4 receptor (2181 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PDE4A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 4A (1943 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE4A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GSK3B Tclin Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (11785 Activities)

Discover Target: GSK3B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH3 Tclin Histamine H3 receptor (10389 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGER3 Tclin Prostanoid EP3 receptor (1985 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGER3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CSNK1D Tchem Casein kinase I delta (4546 Activities)

Discover Target: CSNK1D

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

S1PR1 Tclin Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor Edg-1 (5806 Activities)

Discover Target: S1PR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CDK2 Tchem Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (9050 Activities)

Discover Target: CDK2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GLP1R Tclin Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (111429 Activities)

Discover Target: GLP1R

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGDR Tclin Prostanoid DP receptor (1356 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGDR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

C5AR1 Tclin C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (2677 Activities)

Discover Target: C5AR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AURKA Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase Aurora-A (10240 Activities)

Discover Target: AURKA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Homo sapiens (32628 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Caco-2 (12174 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

K562 (73714 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

U2OS (164939 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CX3CR1 Tchem C-X3-C chemokine receptor 1 (1686 Activities)

Discover Target: CX3CR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

FPR2 Tchem Lipoxin A4 receptor (3472 Activities)

Discover Target: FPR2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

FFAR4 Tchem G-protein coupled receptor 120 (2999 Activities)

Discover Target: FFAR4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC22A1 Tchem Solute carrier family 22 member 1 (646 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC22A1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Associated Targets(non-human)

Aplnr Apelin receptor (201 Activities)

Discover Target: Aplnr

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mapk1 MAP kinase ERK2 (650 Activities)

Discover Target: Mapk1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hdac6 Histone deacetylase 6 (222 Activities)

Discover Target: Hdac6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Fgfr3 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (21 Activities)

Discover Target: Fgfr3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Plasmodium falciparum (966862 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Canis familiaris (36305 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Felis catus (3858 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Sus scrofa (849 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Oryctolagus cuniculus (11301 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Gerbillinae (442 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mus musculus (284745 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Rattus norvegicus (775804 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Cricetinae gen. sp. (3197 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Monkey (844 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hamster (598 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

rep Replicase polyprotein 1ab (378 Activities)

Discover Target: rep

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Gpr119 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor (270 Activities)

Discover Target: Gpr119

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slc22a6 Solute carrier family 22 member 6 (141 Activities)

Discover Target: Slc22a6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

BCHE Cholinesterase (8742 Activities)

Discover Target: BCHE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slco1a1 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A1 (265 Activities)

Discover Target: Slco1a1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slco2a1 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (47 Activities)

Discover Target: Slco2a1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SARS-CoV-2 (38078 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mechanisms of Action

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Molecular Weight: 354.500 g/mol
• XLogP3: 2.700
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 4
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
• Rotatable Bond Count: 12
• Exact Mass: 354.241 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 354.241 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 98.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 25
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 432.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 5
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 2
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 2
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

References

1. Haonan Xu, Ye Liu, Lu Jin, Xu Chen, Xinghao Chen, Qiao Wang, Zhan Tang.  (2023)  Preparation and Characterization of Ion-Sensitive Brimonidine Tartrate In Situ Gel for Ocular Delivery.  Pharmaceuticals,  16  (1): (90).  [PMID:36678587] [10.3390/ph16010090]

2. Zhipeng Liao, Minh Nhat Nguyen, Gaojie Wan, Jia Xie, Linhan Ni, Junwen Qi, Jiansheng Li, Andrea Iris Schäfer.  (2020)  Low pressure operated ultrafiltration membrane with integration of hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres for effective removal of micropollutants.  JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS,      [PMID:32387831] [10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122779]

3. Xi Wu, Chenggang Geng, Weiwei Cheng, Zhenjiong Wang, Yan Zhang, Di Wu, Xiaozhi Tang.  (2025)  An ultrasensitive homogeneous electrochemical strategy for ochratoxin a sensing based on nanoscale PCN-224@MB@Apt.  TALANTA,      [PMID:39923674] [10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127695]

4. Jiyao Zheng, Ya Di, Liming Gao, Xianglei Kong, Yue Zheng, Junling Han, Jidong Wang.  (2021)  Construction of fluorescent biosensing system based on DNA templated quantum dots- graphene oxide interactions for detecting carcinoembryonic antigen.  MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY,      [PMID:] [10.1080/10667857.2021.1943120]