How to Select Thickeners for Strongly Acidic Cleaning Systems: Comparison of Thickening Mechanisms and Application Considerations for Fatty Amine Ethoxylates

1 Why Strongly Acidic Cleaning Systems Require Dedicated Thickening

The strongly acidic cleaning systems discussed in this article mainly refer to products such as toilet bowl cleaners, bathroom descalers, acidic rust removers, and acidic hard-surface cleaners. These products typically use acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, nitric acid, and methanesulfonic acid as the main cleaning-active components. They may also use relatively high-concentration organic acid systems.

The term “strongly acidic system” here is not defined solely by the chemical classification of strong acids and weak acids. Instead, it is considered from the perspective of formulation application. Such systems usually feature low pH, relatively high acid concentration, and high ionic strength. Some systems may also contain chloride ions, surfactants, fragrances, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, and other components. Their requirements for thickeners are clearly different from those of ordinary personal care, skin care, or mildly acidic household and personal care products.

In these products, thickening is not simply about increasing viscosity. Its purpose is to improve the residence behavior of the cleaning liquid on vertical or inclined surfaces. For example, toilet bowl cleaners need to cling to the inner wall of the toilet bowl; bathroom descalers need to remain on tile, glass, or metal surfaces; and acidic rust removers need to extend the contact time between the acid and rust stains. A suitable thickening system can reduce rapid run-off, lower the risk of splashing, and improve the efficiency of acid action on deposits such as limescale, urinary scale, and rust scale.

2 The Key to Thickening Strongly Acidic Systems: Thickening Mechanism

pH affects thickening performance, but pH is not the fundamental basis for classifying thickening systems. The key question is what type of structure the thickener relies on to build viscosity, and whether that thickening mechanism can still function under strongly acidic conditions. If a thickening system depends on neutralization, full hydration, or polymer-chain extension, it may be limited under strongly acidic and high-electrolyte conditions. By contrast, certain surfactants can form micellar structures under acidic conditions that are favorable for thickening.

Thickening mechanism	Typical systems	Applicability in strongly acidic cleaning systems
Neutralization-swelling type	Carbomer, some acrylic thickeners	Relies on chain extension after neutralization; generally not the first choice in strongly acidic systems
Polymer hydration-entanglement type	Xanthan gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, guar gum, etc.	Can be used in some acidic systems, but long-term stability and compatibility in strong acid need to be verified
Surfactant micellar thickening type	Fatty amine ethoxylates, amine oxides, and compounded systems	More suitable for strongly acidic cleaning systems and an important direction for acid thickening
Inorganic thixotropic type	Bentonite, fumed silica, etc.	Can serve as an auxiliary structure in specific systems, but is limited by acid stability, transparency, and dispersion state

3 Why Conventional Household and Personal Care Thickeners Are Limited in Strongly Acidic Systems

3.1 Neutralization-Swelling Thickeners: Strong Acid Weakens the Basis for Thickening

Carbomer and some acrylic thickeners are commonly used in skin care gels, hair and body care products, and neutral or mildly acidic systems. Their thickening effect usually depends on neutralization: after the polymer chains become ionized, they repel one another, the chain segments extend, and the system develops relatively high viscosity.

However, in strongly acidic systems, this thickening basis is significantly restricted. A strong-acid environment is unfavorable for full ionization and extension of polymer chains, and it also affects the formation of the polymer spatial network. Therefore, even if such thickeners perform well in mildly acidic or neutral systems, they should not be directly applied to strongly acidic toilet bowl cleaners, bathroom descalers, or acidic rust removers.

It should be noted that not all acrylic or polymeric thickeners are completely unusable under acidic conditions. Rather, they are usually not preferred as the first choice for strongly acidic cleaning systems. Whether they are suitable must be verified based on acid type, acid concentration, salt content, surfactant system, and storage conditions.

3.2 Polymer Hydration Thickeners: Strong Acid and Electrolytes Affect the Hydration Structure

Polymeric materials such as xanthan gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and guar gum mainly build viscosity through hydration, chain entanglement, and intermolecular interactions. In many household and personal care systems, these materials provide good thickening, suspension, and stabilization performance.

However, in strongly acidic cleaning systems, the following issues may occur:

① Degradation under acidic conditions, leading to viscosity loss;

② High salt content or high ionic strength may alter polymer hydration and the rheological behavior of the system, with different polymers being affected to different extents;

③ Turbidity, precipitation, or phase separation after compatibility with surfactants, fragrances, solvents, or corrosion inhibitors;

④ Viscosity loss after high-temperature storage;

⑤ Difficulty controlling product appearance and transparency.

Strongly acidic systems require thickening methods that can maintain a stable structure in the presence of acid, salts, surfactants, and other additives. Polymer hydration thickeners may be selected for some mildly acidic or special systems, but they are not suitable as a universal solution for strongly acidic cleaners.

3.3 Inorganic Thixotropic Agents: Useful as Auxiliaries, but Usually Not the Main Route

Inorganic thixotropic agents can provide suspension, anti-settling, or thixotropic properties through particle networks, and they can be useful in some acidic pastes or non-transparent systems. However, in strongly acidic cleaning products, they are often limited by acid stability, dispersion state, appearance transparency, sedimentation risk, and sensory performance during use. For transparent toilet bowl cleaners and transparent bathroom descalers, inorganic thixotropic agents are often difficult to use as the primary thickening route. They are more suitable as structural auxiliaries in special formulations.

4 How Surfactant Micellar Acid Thickeners Work

4.1 Source of Viscosity: Surfactant Self-Assembly and Micellar Entanglement

In strongly acidic cleaning systems, surfactant micellar acid thickening is an important thickening route. Unlike polymeric thickeners such as carbomer, cellulose ethers, and polysaccharides, its viscosity does not mainly depend on hydration, ionization, or spatial extension of polymer chains. Instead, it relies on the self-assembly of surfactant molecules in the aqueous phase.

When surfactant concentration, acid type, ionic strength, and compounded components are within suitable ranges, surfactant molecules can gradually transform from ordinary spherical micelles into longer rod-like micelles or wormlike micelles. These long micelles become entangled with one another, forming a dynamic network with a certain degree of viscoelasticity, and the viscosity of the system increases accordingly. The core of surfactant micellar acid thickening is to “allow the surfactant micelles to grow and become moderately entangled.” This is also the key factor that distinguishes it from conventional polymeric thickeners.

4.2 Why Acidic Conditions Favor Thickening by Certain Amine-Based Surfactants

Fatty amine ethoxylates are a relatively typical class of acid thickeners used in acidic cleaning systems. Their molecules usually contain a hydrophobic alkyl chain, a hydrophilic ethoxylated segment, and an amine group.

Under acidic conditions, the amine group can be protonated, making the molecule exhibit more pronounced cationic characteristics. Protonated amine-based surfactants are jointly affected by interactions among counterions, acid anions, electrolytes, and hydrophobic chains, thereby changing the morphology and growth mode of the micelles. Under suitable conditions, these interactions can promote the transformation of micelles from shorter and smaller structures into rod-like or wormlike structures. As micelle length increases and entanglement becomes stronger, the system develops higher viscosity and a certain degree of thixotropy, thereby providing good surface cling, reduced run-off, and lower splashing during use.

It should be noted that acid type, acid concentration, chloride ion content, surfactant structure, solubilizers, fragrances, and other factors all affect the micellar state. When acidity is too high, ionic strength is too great, or compatibility is poor, the system may also show turbidity, precipitation, viscosity loss, or low-temperature instability.

4.3 A Good Acid Thickening System Is Not Simply the Thickest System

If the micellar structure is too weak, the product will have insufficient cling and run off too quickly, resulting in inadequate contact time between the acid and limescale, urinary scale, or rust scale. If the micellar structure is too strong, the product may become difficult to squeeze out, show obvious stringiness, have poor spreadability, become cloudy at low temperature, or leave a stronger residue after rinsing.

An ideal acid thickening system should have the following characteristics:

① Sufficient structure at rest to reduce run-off on vertical surfaces;

② Lower viscosity under squeezing, spreading, or brushing shear, making the product easy to use;

③ Sufficient residence time when in contact with soil, improving acid efficiency;

④ Easy removal by water during rinsing, without obvious residue;

⑤ No obvious destruction, precipitation, or phase separation of the micellar structure during storage.

The focus of acid thickener selection is not to make the system as thick as possible, but to achieve a balance among cling, flowability, transparency, low-temperature stability, foam, rinsability, and storage stability.

5 Typical Acid Thickening Routes: Main Thickeners and Compounded Rheology-Adjustment Systems

From the perspective of practical formulation application, surfactant micellar acid thickening in strongly acidic cleaning systems can usually be divided into two approaches: one is an acid thickening route mainly based on fatty amine ethoxylates, and the other is a rheology-adjustment route centered on surfactant compounding.

5.1 Fatty Amine Ethoxylates: A Typical Main Acid Thickening Route

Fatty amine ethoxylates are a common type of acid thickener used in acidic toilet bowl cleaners, acidic descalers, and some acidic hard-surface cleaners. Their advantage is that the acidic environment is not only a formulation condition they must tolerate, but also a factor that participates in the formation of their micellar structure.

The thickening performance of this type of material is usually affected by the following factors:

① Hydrophobic alkyl chain length;

② Degree of ethoxylation;

③ Amine value and active content;

④ Acid type and acid concentration;

⑤ Chloride ion or other electrolyte content;

⑥ Compatibility with fragrances, solvents, corrosion inhibitors, and other surfactants.

In general, the hydrophobic chain length and degree of ethoxylation of fatty amine ethoxylates jointly influence micelle growth and entanglement. Under suitable acid type, acid concentration, and electrolyte conditions, micelles are more likely to form rod-like or wormlike structures, thereby increasing viscosity and surface cling. However, thickening performance is not simply a matter of “the longer the chain, the better.” If chain length, degree of ethoxylation, and the acidic environment are not well matched, problems such as poor solubility, low-temperature turbidity, excessively high viscosity, stringiness, or precipitation may occur.

5.2 Compounded Acid Thickening Systems: Adjusting Micellar Structure and Overall Performance

In actual strongly acidic cleaning formulations, a single acid thickener often cannot simultaneously meet multiple requirements, such as viscosity, transparency, foam, wetting, low-temperature stability, easy squeezing, low splashing, and clean rinsing. Therefore, acid thickening systems usually require compounded design.

Common compounding approaches include:

① Compounding with amine oxides to adjust foam, wetting, cleaning performance, and micellar viscoelasticity;

② Compounding with nonionic surfactants to improve wetting, soil removal, transparency, and rinsability;

③ Compounding with cationic surfactants to adjust interfacial effects, antibacterial cleaning attributes, or micellar structure, while paying attention to regulatory, compatibility, and residue risks;

④ Compounding with solvents or hydrotropes to improve the solubilization state of fragrances, surfactants, and acid thickeners;

⑤ Adjusting micelle length and degree of entanglement through electrolytes or acid concentration, while avoiding excessive aggregation, turbidity, or precipitation.

6 How to Evaluate and Select Thickeners for Strongly Acidic Systems

6.1 First Evaluate Acid Type and Acid Concentration

The first step in selecting a thickener for strong-acid thickening is to confirm the acid type and acid concentration. Different acid systems have different effects on micellar structure and compatibility stability. Hydrochloric acid systems require particular attention to the influence of chloride ions on micelle growth, transparency, and precipitation risk. Phosphoric acid and sulfamic acid systems require attention to acid concentration, solubility, and low-temperature stability. Strongly corrosive systems such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid also require consideration of raw-material and packaging tolerance. Composite acid systems must be verified in the complete formulation.

6.2 Then Evaluate the Effects of Electrolytes and Chloride Ions

Strongly acidic cleaning systems are usually accompanied by relatively high ionic strength. Electrolytes may promote the growth of rod-like micelles and increase viscosity; they may also cause excessive aggregation of micellar structures, resulting in turbidity, precipitation, or abnormal viscosity.

Chloride ions require particular attention. In hydrochloric acid systems or chloride-containing salt systems, chloride ions may change interactions among surfactant headgroups and alter micellar morphology, causing viscosity to increase, decrease, or accompanied by appearance changes. Therefore, a thickener suitable for one acid system is not necessarily suitable for all chloride-containing systems.

If viscosity decreases significantly after acid addition, it may indicate that the micellar structure has not formed or that the polymer thickening mechanism has been disrupted. If viscosity increases but the system becomes cloudy, it may indicate that the micellar structure or solubilization state has entered an unstable region. If flocs or phase separation appear, the acid thickener type, surfactant ratio, and solubilization system should be reassessed.

6.3 Use Target Rheology to Reverse-Design the Thickening System

The objective of strongly acidic cleaning products is suitable use performance. During formulation design, the desired product state should be clarified first, and then the thickener type and compounding ratio should be determined accordingly.

Practical issue	Possible cause	Adjustment direction
Poor cling and fast run-off	Insufficient micellar network strength or mismatch in thickener structure	Change the acid thickener type; adjust the ratio of amine oxide or synergistic surfactants
Difficult to squeeze out	Low-shear viscosity is too high or viscoelasticity is too strong	Reduce thickener dosage; optimize surfactant ratio; adjust solvent or solubilization system
Obvious stringiness	Micellar entanglement is too strong	Reduce micellar network strength; optimize nonionic surfactants or solubilizing components
High initial viscosity but viscosity decreases after storage	Micellar structure is unstable or compatibility components disrupt the system	Conduct heat storage, low-temperature, and complete formulation verification; adjust compounded structure
Cloudiness or thinning after fragrance addition	Fragrance enters the hydrophobic region of the micelles and changes micellar morphology	Change the fragrance; adjust the solubilizer; or change the acid thickening system
Noticeable residue after rinsing	Viscosity is too high or surfactant residue is strong	Lower the viscosity target; optimize surfactant combination and rinsing performance

6.4 Compatibility Must Be Verified in the Complete Formulation

Surfactants, fragrances, colorants, corrosion inhibitors, solvents, preservatives, dyes, and metal ions in the actual formulation may all change the micellar structure. Fragrances may enter the hydrophobic region of micelles, causing viscosity to increase, decrease, or the system to become cloudy. Solvents may improve solubility, but they may also weaken micellar entanglement. Corrosion inhibitors may interact with amines or cationic surfactants, affecting transparency and stability. Colorants and preservative components also require separate stability evaluation in strong acid.

Therefore, acid thickeners may be screened initially in model systems, but the final evaluation must return to the complete formulation. Only when viscosity, appearance, and use performance remain stable in the complete formulation can the thickening structure be considered truly established.

6.5 Use Stability Testing to Confirm Whether the Structure Remains Valid Over Time

Surfactant micellar acid thickening systems are dynamic structures, so the viscosity on the day of preparation cannot represent final stability. In some systems, viscosity continues to increase after standing; in others, the initial viscosity is acceptable but decreases significantly after heat storage; and some systems become cloudy or precipitate at low temperature.

Strongly acidic cleaning products should at least include the following evaluation items:

① Initial viscosity and viscosity after 24 h;

② Viscosity, appearance, color, and odor after heat storage at 40–45 °C;

③ Transparency, crystallization, and viscosity changes after low-temperature storage;

④ Structural recovery after freeze-thaw cycles;

⑤ Cling test and actual run-off speed;

⑥ Splashing during pouring, squeezing, and brushing;

⑦ Residue after rinsing;

⑧ Compatibility with packaging materials, bottle openings, nozzles, and seals.

If viscosity decreases significantly after heat storage, it indicates that the micellar structure or compatibility system is unstable. If the system becomes cloudy or precipitates at low temperature, the solubilization state or micellar phase behavior of the surfactant needs to be adjusted. If the product has good cling but is difficult to squeeze out, the system is too viscoelastic, and the thickener dosage should be reduced or the ratio of synergistic surfactants should be adjusted.

7 Representative Chemical Classification Tables Related to Thickener Selection for Strongly Acidic Cleaning Systems

Table 1 Surfactant-Based Acid Thickeners and Synergistic Surfactants

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Fatty amine ethoxylate acid thickener	26635-92-7	O303282	Octadecylamine polyoxyethylene ether	Total amine value: 173–183 mg KOH/g	Long-chain fatty amine ethoxylate. Under acidic conditions, it can participate in the construction of micellar networks. Suitable for viscosity building, cling-performance evaluation, and acid-type compatibility testing in acidic toilet bowl cleaners and descalers.
Fatty amine ethoxylate acid thickener	61791-14-8	C196297	Polyoxyethylene alkylamine	Nonionic agent	Alkylamine ethoxylate-type nonionic agent. Suitable for compounding screening, micellar-structure regulation, and viscosity testing in acidic surfactant thickening systems and strongly acidic cleaning formulations.
Amine oxide synergistic surfactant	1643-20-5	N755731	N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide (DDAO)	BioReagent, ≥99%	Amine oxide synergistic surfactant. Can adjust foam, wetting, and micellar viscoelasticity. Suitable for evaluating synergistic thickening, rinsing performance, and compatibility stability in acid thickening systems.
Amine oxide synergistic surfactant	2605-79-0	D129131	N,N-Dimethyldecylamine N-oxide (DDAO)	≥99%	Short-chain amine oxide. Suitable for adjusting solubility, transparency, and flowability in acidic systems, and for observing the effect of alkyl chain length on micellar structure and viscosity performance.
Amine oxide synergistic surfactant	3332-27-2	N465225	N,N-Dimethyltetradecylamine N-oxide	≥98% (NT)	Long-chain amine oxide. Suitable for studying the effect of hydrophobic chain length on viscosity, micellar entanglement, and cling performance in acidic systems.
Amine oxide synergistic surfactant	61792-31-2	L1430068	Lauramidopropylamine oxide	—	Amidopropyl amine oxide. Suitable for evaluating foam, wetting, micellar synergistic thickening, and formulation mildness in acidic cleaners.
Cationic surfactant / compounding surfactant	63449-41-2	B103604	Benzalkonium chloride (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride)	PharmPure™, pharmaceutical grade, ≥95%	Cationic surfactant. Can be used for cationic surfactant compounding, antibacterial cleaning systems, and compatibility-stability studies in acidic cleaning formulations. It is not positioned as a standalone primary thickener.
Cationic surfactant / compounding surfactant	7173-51-5	N194743	Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC)	≥95%	Double long-chain cationic surfactant. Suitable for cationic surfactant compounding, interfacial-action studies, and antibacterial cleaning-related experiments in acidic cleaning systems. It is not positioned as a standalone primary thickener.

Table 2 Acid Sources for Strongly Acidic and Acidic Cleaning Systems

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Inorganic strong acid source	7647-01-0	H475694	Hydrochloric acid (controlled precursor chemical)	puriss., 24.5–26.0%	Acid source related to hydrochloric acid-based strongly acidic cleaning systems. Suitable for evaluating the effects of chloride ions on the micellar structure, transparency, viscosity, and storage stability of acid thickeners.
Inorganic acid source	7664-38-2	P112025	Phosphoric acid	HPLC grade, ≥85%	Common acid source for bathroom descaling, metal cleaning, and limescale-cleaning model systems. Suitable for acid-type compatibility, viscosity retention, and low-temperature stability tests.
Solid acid source	5329-14-6	S432843	Sulfamic acid	Reagent grade, ≥98%	Solid acid source. Suitable for limescale-cleaning models, acid thickener solubility evaluation, acid concentration variation studies, and storage stability assessment.
Inorganic strong acid source	7664-93-9	S399848	Sulfuric acid (controlled precursor chemical)	95%–98%	Strong inorganic acid source. Suitable for strong-acid model systems and comparative experiments on the effects of acid concentration on micellar thickening performance and material tolerance.
Oxidizing acid source	7697-37-2	N116238	Nitric acid (controlled explosive precursor chemical)	Premium grade reagent, 65%–68%	Strong oxidizing acid source. Suitable for special acid pickling or acid-type comparison studies under controlled conditions; oxidation stability, raw-material compatibility, and packaging tolerance need to be evaluated.
Organic strong acid source	75-75-2	M108502	Methanesulfonic acid	70% aqueous solution	Organic strong acid aqueous solution. Suitable for micellar thickening, acid-source substitution, and corrosion-control studies in acidic descaling and metal-treatment model systems.
Organic acid source	64-18-6	F433212	Formic acid (FA)	PharmPure™, pharmaceutical grade, ≥98%	Small-molecule organic acid. Suitable for studying the effects of acid strength, odor, solubility, and compatibility stability on thickening performance in organic-acid cleaning systems.
Organic acid / chelating acid source	77-92-9	C108873	Anhydrous citric acid	Moligand™, ACS, ≥99.5% (T)	Organic acid and chelating component. Suitable for mild descaling systems, weak-acid control systems, and studies on the effects of acid strength on viscosity and transparency.
Organic acid / rust-removal acid source	144-62-7	O107179	Anhydrous oxalic acid	Anhydrous grade, ≥99%	Organic dicarboxylic acid. Suitable for acidic cleaning models related to rust scale and metal-ion chelation, as well as acid thickener compatibility testing.

Table 3 Hydrotropes, Solvents, and Corrosion-Inhibition Functional Additives

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Hydrotrope / solvent	67-63-0	I112023	Isopropanol (IPA)	Preparative chromatography grade, ≥99.8%	Low-viscosity co-solvent. Suitable for compatibility experiments involving fragrances, surfactants, and acid thickeners, and for evaluating the effects of solvents on transparency, flowability, and viscosity.
Hydrotrope	1300-72-7	S485589	Sodium xylenesulfonate solution	Mixture of isomers, 40 wt.% in H₂O	Hydrotrope used to improve the solubility and transparency of surfactants, fragrances, and acidic systems, and to evaluate the effects of hydrotropes on micellar thickening structures.
Hydrotrope / solvent	57-55-6	P103429	1,2-Propanediol	Standard for GC, ≥99.5% (GC)	Hydrophilic solvent and solubilizing component. Suitable for testing low-temperature stability, fragrance solubilization, surfactant compatibility, and flowability of acid thickening systems.
Acid pickling corrosion-inhibition functional additive	62-56-6	T112512	Thiourea	Premium grade reagent, ≥99%	Acid pickling corrosion-inhibition research additive. Can be used in industrial acid pickling models for corrosion control and thickening-compatibility observation; due to toxicological and regulatory restrictions, it is not recommended as a formulation component for household cleaners.
Metal corrosion inhibitor	95-14-7	B101002	Benzotriazole	≥99%	Metal corrosion inhibitor. Suitable for acidic cleaning systems related to copper and copper-alloy protection, and for evaluating the effects of corrosion inhibitors on transparency, viscosity, and storage stability.
Metal corrosion inhibitor	29385-43-1	M158120	Methyl-1H-benzotriazole (mixture) (TTA)	≥98% (GC)	Methylbenzotriazole-type corrosion inhibitor. Suitable for copper-alloy and metal-surface protection systems, and for evaluating the effects of corrosion-inhibition components on acidic cleaning formulation compatibility and micellar structure.

Table 4 Comparative Thickeners and Rheology Materials

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Acrylic comparative thickener	9003-01-4	P661414	Polyacrylic acid (PAA)	Viscosity ≤2000 cP (25 °C)	Representative acrylic polymer system. Suitable for comparing viscosity changes and stability of neutralization- and ionization-type thickening mechanisms in acidic environments.
Natural polysaccharide comparative thickener	11138-66-2	G104873	Xanthan gum	PharmPure™, USP	Natural polysaccharide thickener. Suitable for comparing the stability, transparency, and viscosity retention of polymer hydration-type thickening and surfactant micellar acid thickening.
Cellulose comparative thickener	9004-62-0	H434475	2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)	Average Mw ~380,000	Cellulose ether polymer thickener. Suitable as a thickening control for weak-acid and aqueous systems, and for observing hydration-structure behavior and viscosity retention under strongly acidic conditions.
Neutralization-swelling comparative thickener	9007-20-9	C299587	Carbomer 940 (Carbopol® 940 polymer)	—	Representative neutralization-swelling polymer thickener. Suitable for verifying the limitations of the neutralization-swelling mechanism under acidic conditions, as well as changes in viscosity building and structural stability.
Hydrophilic inorganic thixotropic / rheology auxiliary material	7631-86-9	S124036	Fumed silica	Hydrophilic type, specific surface area (BET): 200 m²/g	Hydrophilic fumed silica. Suitable for evaluating thixotropy, suspension, and anti-run-off performance in aqueous or highly polar acidic systems, and can serve as an inorganic structural auxiliary material in strongly acidic cleaning formulations.
Clay-based rheology material	1302-78-9	B102861	Bentonite	Bentone SD-2, suitable for medium- to high-polarity solvents	Clay-based rheology material. Suitable for studying thixotropic structures in medium- to high-polarity systems and can be used as a rheology control material in acidic systems.

Note: The above are representative Aladdin products for scientific research and formulation studies. For more product specifications, grades, and COA information, please search by product name, CAS No., or catalog number on the Aladdin official website.

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