Milrinone-d , CAS No.2749393-50-6

CAS: 2749393-50-6 Cat. No.: M1442965 Formula: C₁₂H₆D₃N₃O Molecular Weight: 214.24

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

Milrinone-d 3 is deuterium labeled Milrinone. Milrinone is a PDE3 inhibitor , and also an inotrope and vasodilator.

Specifications

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Names and Identifiers

• Molecular Weight: 214.24

Application Protocols

No tested application protocols, recommended dilutions, or validated methods are provided in the product data for this item. As a general note, deuterated small molecules like Milrinone-d are commonly used as LC–MS internal standards or tracers, but any detailed procedures, instrument parameters, or assay conditions should be established and validated by the end user. Please refer to your internal SOPs and method development guidelines, and consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for any lot-specific handling notes.

Biological Roles

Biological context (literature, parent compound): Milrinone is widely characterized as a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3), an enzyme family that hydrolyzes cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP). Inhibition of PDE3 elevates intracellular cAMP with downstream effects on protein kinase A signaling, calcium handling, and smooth/cardiac muscle contractility pathways. These mechanistic roles are biochemical and cellular in nature and are distinct from any clinical applications (no medical claims here).

Relevance of deuteration (general): Milrinone-d, as a deuterium-labeled analog, is expected to retain the parent compound’s primary target engagement profile under most assay conditions, as deuterium substitution minimally affects electronic structure. However, position-specific deuteration can influence metabolic oxidation rates (kinetic isotope effect), making Milrinone-d useful to:

• Differentiate metabolic soft spots in microsomal or hepatocyte incubations by comparing turnover of labeled vs. unlabeled material.
• Serve as an internal standard in quantitative proteomics-adjacent workflows (e.g., ligand-binding or pulldown experiments analyzed by LC–MS) to normalize recovery and matrix effects.

Assay considerations (general):

• Verify that the deuteration pattern does not reside on exchangeable sites under assay pH, to prevent back-exchange that might complicate mass balance.
• Co-dose labeled and unlabeled compounds for side-by-side assessment of binding and signaling readouts; use mass spectrometry to deconvolute populations if needed.

Item-specific biological activity data are not provided; consult literature for the parent scaffold and validate experimentally with your assay system.

Buffer Applications

This compound is not a classical buffer or pH control reagent. However, practical points apply when introducing Milrinone-d into aqueous buffers for assays (general guidance):

• Stock preparation: Dissolve in DMSO (or methanol) to prepare a concentrated stock, then dilute into the target buffer (e.g., HEPES, PBS) with vigorous mixing to avoid precipitation. Maintain final organic solvent content within your assay’s validated limits.
• Surfactants/additives: For low-µM working concentrations where adsorption losses are a concern, 0.01–0.05% non-ionic surfactant (e.g., Tween-20 or Pluronic F-68) or 0.1% BSA can reduce nonspecific binding (verify compatibility with detection method).
• pH considerations: Extreme pH can promote hydrolysis or H/D exchange at labile positions. Typical biochemical buffers (pH 6.5–7.5) are suitable for short incubations; confirm stability empirically.
• Filtration: If clarity is essential, filter working solutions through low-protein-binding 0.2 µm membranes. Test for analyte loss to filters when working at nanomolar levels.

No defined buffer system, pKa, or recipe is specified for this item. For item-specific instructions, refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet and your assay SOPs.

Green Alternatives

Green chemistry considerations for Milrinone-d focus on solvent choice, scale, and waste minimization, as the compound itself is a specialty, deuterated analytical standard.

Strategies (general, method-development oriented):

• Prefer greener solvents for sample preparation and LC where compatible with performance:
  • Replace DMF/NMP with ethanol, methanol, or acetonitrile when feasible (recognizing ACN’s supply and toxicity profile). For preparative dissolution, ethanol can be a lower-toxicity alternative if solubility allows.
  • For LC mobile phases, water–ethanol systems may be explored on appropriate columns; however, most small-molecule LC–MS methods rely on water–acetonitrile or water–methanol.
• Minimize DMSO volumes: Prepare higher-concentration stocks to reduce overall DMSO consumption and downstream waste, provided precipitation is avoided upon dilution.
• Micro-scale workflows: Given the high value and specialized nature of deuterated standards, adopt microvial formats, low-dead-volume syringes, and low-adsorption plastics to reduce waste and rework.
• Energy and storage: Consolidate freezer space and use secondary containment to prevent loss; ship and receive on consolidated cold shipments where possible.

Illustrative comparison (general):

• DMSO vs. ethanol for stock solutions: DMSO offers superior solubility and chemical inertness but is less preferred environmentally; ethanol is greener but may provide lower solubility and higher volatility. A hybrid approach—DMSO master stock, ethanol working dilutions—can balance performance and footprint.

Note: Maintain method performance as the primary constraint; document any solvent substitutions during validation.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No pharmacopeial status, excipient role, or formulation grade is specified for this item; it is supplied for research use only.

Appropriate uses in a pharmaceutical R&D context (non-clinical, analytical focus):

• Reference standard/internal standard in bioanalytical methods supporting discovery-stage PK/PD studies for the parent compound, leveraging the deuterium label for isotope-dilution quantitation.
• Stability-indicating method development: The labeled analog can aid in recovery tracking during forced degradation, extraction, and sample transfer, enabling more accurate mass balance.
• Extractables/leachables controls: As a spiked control, Milrinone-d can help distinguish analyte loss to contact surfaces from true degradation, assuming orthogonal detection by LC–MS.

Boundaries of use:

• Not intended for human or veterinary use.
• Not indicated as GMP grade; do not incorporate into clinical materials or regulated manufacturing without appropriate qualification and quality documentation.

Documentation: For regulated environments, rely on the CoA/Spec Sheet and in-house qualification data to define suitability (identity, purity, isotopic enrichment, stability, and storage) before method validation.

Physical Properties

Item-specific numerical specifications are not provided in the product data for Milrinone-d.

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point, boiling point, density, refractive index: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Solubility (general/literature expectations for the milrinone scaffold): typically sparingly soluble in water as a neutral solid; readily soluble in polar aprotic organic solvents (e.g., DMSO, DMF) and moderately soluble in lower alcohols. Deuteration does not materially change bulk solubility but may slightly alter isotopic density and vibrational spectra.
• LogP, pKa: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet. Literature for the parent milrinone indicates weak basicity due to ring nitrogens and a polar lactam function; actual values depend on tautomer/ionization state and are not assigned here.

Notes and practical guidance (general):

• Prepare concentrated DMSO stock solutions when aqueous assay buffers are ultimately required; dilute with vigorous mixing to minimize precipitation. Final DMSO content in bioassays is often kept ≤1–2% v/v (general lab practice), but follow your assay’s validated parameters.
• Filter sterilization and light protection are advisable if long analytical runs are planned; deuterated standards are typically stable under ambient lab lighting but benefit from amber vials for trace analysis work.

For authoritative, item-specific physical data, consult the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Quality & Grades

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Context for this item type (deuterated small-molecule standards):

• Stable-isotope–labeled materials are often supplied at high chemical purity with defined isotopic enrichment and labeling pattern. When available, vendors report both chemical purity (e.g., by HPLC) and isotopic enrichment (%D at specified positions). For quantitative LC–MS workflows, isotopic homogeneity and absence of unlabeled analogs are as critical as chemical purity.
• Documentation: The Certificate of Analysis (CoA) or Specification Sheet should state batch-specific purity, isotopic enrichment, residual solvents, identification methods (NMR, MS), and water content when relevant. In the absence of item-specific values here, rely on those documents for method validation.
• Stabilizers: Not indicated in the product data. If stabilizers or counter-ions are present (e.g., formate, trifluoroacetate), they should be declared on the CoA; they can influence LC–MS ionization and retention.
• Trace contaminants: For bioanalytical internal standards, low levels of unlabeled milrinone are desirable to minimize interference with the analyte MRMs. Verify on CoA whether the material is “neat” or provided as a solution and whether background unlabeled content is controlled.

Practical tips:

• On receipt, record lot number and retain CoA. For regulated analytical work, assess identity/purity by orthogonal methods (e.g., HRMS and 1H/2H NMR) and document isotopic pattern against method requirements.

Reaction & Applications

This item is primarily positioned as a research compound within a small-molecule/compound-library context rather than as a synthetic reagent. Deuterated small molecules such as Milrinone-d are commonly used in:

• Quantitative LC–MS/MS as internal standards: The deuterium label provides a defined mass shift relative to unlabeled milrinone, enabling co-elution with minimal isotopic interference and accurate isotope-dilution quantitation (general analytical chemistry practice). Optimize MRM transitions to avoid overlap with natural isotopologs.
• Metabolic and ADME studies (in vitro): Isotopic labeling can facilitate tracking of parent vs. metabolite profiles and help assess potential kinetic isotope effects in oxidative pathways (general pharmacokinetics research). Deuteration is typically designed not to alter binding affinity significantly, though position matters.
• Mechanistic enzymology and target engagement assays: Using a labeled analog alongside the unlabeled compound enables competition binding and turnover studies while simplifying mass balance and recovery calculations.
• Stability and formulation investigations: The isotopic analog can serve as a tracer to disentangle degradation vs. adsorption losses, especially for low-dose formulations in discovery settings.

Not a typical synthetic building block: While chemically competent (aromatic heterocycles with a lactam), Milrinone-d is not routinely employed as a reagent or coupling partner. If chemical modification is intended (e.g., probe synthesis), verify the deuteration map to avoid label loss under proposed conditions (C–D at activated positions may exchange).

Practical tips:

• Protect from prolonged exposure to strong acids/bases to avoid label scrambling by H/D exchange (if exchangeable positions exist).
• Validate retention time matching and ionization parity with unlabeled milrinone in your analytical method.

Reaction Conditions

This product is not positioned as a reagent for chemical transformations; however, when using Milrinone-d in analytical or biochemical experiments, a few condition-related considerations help preserve integrity of the isotopic label (general guidance):

• Solvents: Prefer anhydrous DMSO, DMF, acetonitrile, or methanol for stock solutions. For LC–MS, mobile phases typically use water with 0.1% formic acid or ammonium formate/acetate buffers paired with acetonitrile or methanol.
• Temperature: Room-temperature handling is generally suitable. Minimize prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures (>40–50°C) in protic or strongly acidic/basic media to reduce risk of H/D exchange at labile positions or lactam hydrolysis.
• pH: Maintain near-neutral conditions for extended incubations. Short exposures to mildly acidic (e.g., 0.1% formic acid) mobile phases are typically compatible with deuterated standards in LC–MS.
• Light and oxygen: Normal laboratory lighting is acceptable, but for trace analysis, use amber vials and minimize headspace oxygen to limit potential oxidative degradation of heteroaromatic systems (general precaution).
• Containers: Use low-adsorption polypropylene or silanized glass to minimize surface losses at low concentrations. Verify recovery when switching consumables.
• Co-elution and ionization (LC–MS practice): Match chromatographic conditions to the unlabeled analyte so that labeled and unlabeled forms co-elute; adjust mass spectrometer dwell times and collision energies to separate MRMs cleanly.

Note: No item-specific reaction conditions or yields apply. For any chemical modification of this material, confirm the deuteration map and evaluate potential H/D scrambling under proposed conditions before scale-up.

Safety & Handling

Safety information specific to this catalog item (GHS classification, H-statements, pictograms) is not provided in the product data.

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-Statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS classification and pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory handling (good practice for heteroaromatic research solids and deuterated standards):

• PPE: Use a lab coat, safety glasses, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Handle powders in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of dust/aerosols.
• Avoid ingestion, inhalation, and skin/eye contact. Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not pipette by mouth.
• Storage incompatibilities: Keep away from strong oxidizers and strong acids/bases that can promote degradation or hydrolysis of lactam-containing heteroaromatics (general guidance). Store segregated from foodstuffs and reactive chemicals.
• Spill/accidental release: Avoid dust formation; sweep up carefully with minimal agitation and place in compatible waste container. Ventilate area.
• Fire safety: Although specific flammability data are not provided, treat organic solids as combustible; use CO2, dry chemical, or foam extinguishers. Thermal decomposition may produce nitrogen oxides and other irritants (general for N/O-heteroaromatics).
• First aid (overview): If inhaled—move to fresh air; if on skin—wash with soap/water; if in eyes—rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; if swallowed—rinse mouth. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.

Always consult the product’s SDS for authoritative hazard classification, exposure limits, and emergency response instructions.

Solvent Selection

Milrinone-d is a deuterated analog of an aromatic lactam (milrinone). While item-specific solubility data are not provided, general solvent behavior for the scaffold applies.

• Polarity and interactions (general): The bipyridinone core provides hydrogen-bond acceptors and a lactam carbonyl, favoring solubility in polar aprotic solvents. The aromatic system imparts moderate hydrophobicity.
• Recommended stock solvents (general practice):
  • DMSO: Excellent solvating power; first choice for concentrated analytical or screening stocks.
  • DMF or NMP: Useful alternatives when DMSO interference must be minimized; consider toxicity and extraction challenges.
  • Methanol/Acetonitrile: Suitable for LC–MS standards; solubility may be lower than in DMSO but often sufficient at 0.1–10 mg/mL.
• Aqueous media: Direct dissolution in water or buffers may be limited. Prepare a DMSO or MeOH co-solvent stock and dilute into buffer with vigorous mixing. Include a small percentage of organic (e.g., 0.1–1% DMSO/MeOH) to maintain solubility for low-µM working solutions (general guidance).
• pH effects (general): Ionization of ring nitrogens can increase apparent aqueous solubility at lower pH, but the lactam remains neutral; avoid extreme pH that can promote lactam hydrolysis.

Selection guidance:

• For LC–MS calibration/internal standard use: acetonitrile or methanol with 0.1% formic acid or ammonium formate is typical, matched to your analyte method.
• For biochemical assays: DMSO stock (e.g., 10–50 mM) diluted into assay buffer, keeping final DMSO ≤ assay tolerance.

Always confirm actual solubility and stability with small-scale tests under your method conditions.

Storage & Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (item-specific): Store at -20°C. Keep container tightly closed. Protect from moisture. Minimize freeze–thaw cycles by preparing single-use aliquots upon first opening.
• Shipping (item-specific): Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads to maintain a cold chain during transit.

Reconstitution/stock preparation: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

General handling guidance (non-binding, for planning only): Allow the container to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator before opening to prevent moisture condensation. If preparing solutions, use dry, oxygen-free solvents when feasible and record solvent, concentration, and date of preparation on the vial. For long-term storage of solutions, -20°C or below in sealed, inerted vials (e.g., crimped or PTFE-lined caps) is commonly practiced in analytical labs, subject to your method’s stability-indicating data.

Always defer to the item’s CoA and SDS for definitive storage stability, shelf life, and handling instructions.

Structure & Identity

Milrinone-d is described as a deuterium-labeled analog of the small molecule milrinone, supplied for research use in compound libraries.

• SKU: M1442965
• Product name: Milrinone-d (stable-isotope–labeled analog of milrinone)
• CAS: 2749393-50-6
• Category: Small molecules and compound libraries (research use)
• Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• InChIKey: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Structural features (general/literature context):

• Parent scaffold (milrinone, literature): a bipyridinone core (a 3,4′-bipyridine system containing a lactam) bearing a nitrile substituent on the heteroaromatic ring. The framework is planar/aromatic with one ring incorporating an amide-type carbonyl (lactam) and ring nitrogens that confer weak basicity and hydrogen-bond accepting capacity.
• Deuteration: The exact positions and number of deuterium atoms in Milrinone-d are not specified for this catalog item. In general, deuterium labeling preserves the electronic structure while slightly altering C–D bond vibrational frequencies and may impart modest kinetic isotope effects in metabolic pathways (general isotope-chemistry knowledge).

2D structure description (general, for the milrinone core): two pyridine rings linked C–C (bipyridine), one ring bearing a carbonyl (lactam) and another bearing a cyano group; heteroatoms (N,O) are arranged to allow intramolecular conjugation across the bicyclic system.

Note: For definitive structural identifiers (exact D-label map, formula, and MW) for this specific item, consult the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet.

Synthetic Utility

Milrinone-d is supplied as a final, isotopically labeled small molecule rather than as a general synthetic reagent. Nevertheless, a few synthetic and analytical utility points are relevant:

• Probe and tracer synthesis (general): If further derivatization is contemplated (e.g., for affinity probes, photoaffinity labels, or conjugates), confirm the deuteration map to avoid label loss at reactive positions. Preserve deuterium at metabolically informative sites if the goal is kinetic isotope effect studies.
• Reference material in synthesis QC: The labeled compound can serve as a spike-in standard to quantify yields and impurity profiles of unlabeled milrinone or related analogs by LC–MS, enabling more reliable mass-balance accounting.
• Stability under reaction conditions (general cautions):
  • Avoid strong acids/bases and protic media at elevated temperatures that may promote H/D exchange at activated positions or hydrolysis of the lactam.
  • Electrophilic aromatic substitution and cross-coupling on the bipyridine core (literature for related scaffolds) risk disrupting the deuteration pattern if C–H/C–D activation occurs; leverage milder, late-stage functionalization only with a clear understanding of isotopic placement.

In retrosynthetic planning, Milrinone-d is typically an end product used for analytical purposes rather than an intermediate. If a labeled series is needed, plan convergent syntheses that introduce deuterium via labeled building blocks or by selective H/D exchange steps with demonstrated positional fidelity.

Target Specificity

No target specificity, antigen/epitope, clone, or isotype information is provided for this item. This product is a small-molecule research compound (deuterated analog of milrinone) and is not an antibody or biologic. For biochemical targets of the parent scaffold (e.g., PDE3, literature), consult primary sources and validate within your assay system. Item-specific target data are not specified; refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet and your internal characterization.