Liquid Polyisoprene: Material Characteristics, Application Directions, and Selection Considerations

1. What synthetic liquid polyisoprene is, and how it differs from liquid natural rubber and natural rubber

Synthetic liquid polyisoprene generally refers to polymers or oligomers that use isoprene as the repeating unit, have relatively low molecular weight, and appear as liquids or highly viscous fluids at room temperature or under processing conditions. Although it belongs to the same polyisoprene family as solid polyisoprene materials, its microstructure is not necessarily identical. Depending on the polymerization route and catalyst system, different proportions of cis-1,4, trans-1,4, 1,2, and 3,4 structural units can be obtained. Because the main chain usually still retains unsaturated double bonds, such materials are not merely non-reactive softening components used for viscosity reduction. They can also participate in co-vulcanization, crosslinking, or further chemical modification in rubber formulations, and are therefore often used as reactive plasticizers or co-vulcanizable liquid rubbers.

Liquid polyisoprene is often discussed together with liquid natural rubber, but the two are not the same concept. Liquid natural rubber usually refers to a liquid system obtained by reducing the molecular weight of natural rubber—namely, a high-molecular-weight material composed mainly of cis-1,4-polyisoprene—through oxidative degradation, photodegradation, or other chain-scission methods. As a result, not only is the molecular weight reduced, but the terminal structure also often changes, and hydroxyl, carbonyl, and other functional groups may be introduced. However, the exact types and proportions of terminal groups still depend on the degradation pathway and reaction conditions, and these materials can be further modified by epoxidation or other transformations. By contrast, synthetic liquid polyisoprene is obtained directly by polymerization of isoprene, so its molecular weight, microstructure, and terminal-group design are usually more tunable. Therefore, both can be classified as liquid rubber materials based mainly on polyisoprene chain segments, but liquid natural rubber emphasizes liquid products derived from degradation of natural rubber and their subsequent derivative modification, whereas synthetic liquid polyisoprene emphasizes the ability to regulate molecular weight, microstructure, and terminal-group features through the polymerization route.

1.1 Comparison of synthetic liquid polyisoprene, liquid natural rubber, and natural rubber

Comparison Item	Synthetic Liquid Polyisoprene	Liquid Natural Rubber	Natural Rubber
Source	Produced directly by polymerization of isoprene	Obtained by degradation and chain scission of natural rubber	Derived from natural latex
Main physical state	Low-molecular-weight liquid or highly viscous fluid	Low-molecular-weight liquid or highly viscous fluid	High-molecular-weight elastic solid at room temperature
Main-chain structure	Polyisoprene main chain with tunable microstructure	Mainly cis-1,4-polyisoprene chain segments derived from chain-scission of natural rubber	Mainly high-cis-1,4-polyisoprene, with small amounts of non-rubber components
Microstructural characteristics	The proportions of cis-1,4, trans-1,4, 1,2, and 3,4 units can be adjusted through the polymerization system	Derived mainly from natural rubber and typically based on cis-1,4 chain-segment characteristics	Characterized primarily by high cis-1,4 content
End-group / terminal characteristics	Can be designed through the synthesis route; some products may carry functional terminal groups	Hydroxyl, carbonyl, and other terminal functional groups often form depending on the degradation pathway, and can be further modified by epoxidation or other reactions	End-group design is generally not a defining feature
Structural controllability	Usually higher	Strongly influenced by the natural-rubber feedstock and degradation process	Mainly influenced by natural origin and post-treatment
Common roles in formulations	Reactive plasticization, processing improvement, participation in co-vulcanization, or further modification	Bio-based liquid rubber, intermediate, modification precursor	Base rubber, main elastic material

2. What is usually emphasized when studying polyisoprene-based liquid rubbers

Research on polyisoprene-based liquid rubbers usually focuses on two aspects: formulation processing and functional modification. In practical research and applications, attention is typically centered on two main questions: one is how the material performs during rubber processing, and the other is whether it can be further converted into functional materials.

2.1 At the formulation and processing level

In highly filled rubber systems, liquid polyisoprene can be used to reduce compound viscosity, improve mixing efficiency, and promote filler dispersion. Compared with conventional process oils, its value lies not only in viscosity reduction, but also in the fact that some products, when they retain reactive structures and are compatible with the matrix and curing system, can enter the vulcanization network together with the base rubber. As a result, migration and bleeding are often reduced. For this reason, such materials are often regarded as liquid rubber components that combine processing adjustment with network participation.

2.2 At the functional-material level

Because liquid polyisoprene has relatively low molecular weight and good processability, it is also often used as a starting point for further functional modification, such as introduction of epoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, or other groups. After such modification, its use is no longer limited to processing aids; it can also be extended to interfacial regulation, adhesion promotion, polyurethane precursors, and other functional polymer intermediates.

3. Structural basis for the processability, reactivity, and functionalization capability of polyisoprene-based liquid rubbers

The performance of liquid polyisoprene in processing, reactivity, and functionalization mainly depends on the following structural factors.

Structural Factor	Main Content	Influence on Material Performance
Main-chain double bonds	The polyisoprene main chain usually still retains unsaturated bonds	Provide reactive sites for vulcanization, crosslinking, and subsequent chemical modification, and are also an important reason why it differs from inert plasticizing oils
Microstructural composition	May contain different structural units such as cis-1,4, trans-1,4, 1,2, and 3,4	Different structural ratios affect elasticity, crystallization tendency, glass-transition behavior, and processing characteristics
End groups and functional groups	May carry or be further modified to introduce hydroxyl, carboxyl, epoxy, and other groups	Directly influence its use in adhesion, interfacial regulation, blend compatibility, and further reactions
Molecular weight and molecular-weight distribution	Determine the chain length of liquid polyisoprene and the distribution range of chain segments	Directly affect flowability, viscosity-reduction capability, migration tendency, processing performance, and the contribution of chain segments after entering the crosslinked network

4. Common classifications of polyisoprene-based liquid rubbers and key considerations for selection

Classification Dimension	Common Categories	Main Differences	Key Considerations for Selection
By source	Synthetic liquid polyisoprene; liquid natural rubber	Synthetic liquid polyisoprene is obtained directly by polymerization of isoprene, so molecular weight, microstructure, and some terminal groups are usually easier to regulate; liquid natural rubber is mostly obtained by degradation of natural rubber and places greater emphasis on natural origin and subsequent derivative modification routes	First determine whether structural controllability and batch consistency are more important, or whether the natural-rubber origin and its derivative modification route are more important
By microstructure	High-cis-1,4 type; 3,4-rich type; mixed-microstructure type, etc.	Polyisoprene may contain cis-1,4, trans-1,4, 1,2, and 3,4 structural units; different structural ratios affect glass-transition temperature, dynamic loss, filler interactions, and final application performance	Do not judge only by whether it is liquid; also determine whether the microstructure matches the target performance
By type of functionalization	Non-functionalized type; epoxidized type; carboxylated type; hydroxyl-terminated type, etc.	Non-functionalized types are more oriented toward processing adjustment and co-vulcanization; functionalized types place more emphasis on interactions with polar fillers, metal interfaces, or subsequent reaction systems	First determine whether polar interactions, adhesion promotion, or use as a precursor for subsequent reactions is needed
By molecular weight and viscosity	Low-molecular-weight / low-viscosity type; higher-molecular-weight / higher-viscosity type	Low-molecular-weight, low-viscosity materials are usually more favorable for reducing compound viscosity and improving processing; materials with higher molecular weight and viscosity are more favorable for retaining rubber-chain characteristics and taking on a stronger network-participation role in formulations	Similar viscosity does not mean the same function; molecular weight, microstructure, and degree of functionalization must be evaluated together

5. Main application directions and roles of synthetic liquid polyisoprene

Application Direction	Typical Scenario	Main Role
Tires and other rubber products	Tire tread, sidewall, carcass, bead filler, as well as conveyor belts, hoses, vibration-damping rubber, etc.	Used as a reactive processing aid or liquid-rubber component to reduce Mooney viscosity, improve mixing and extrusion processing, promote filler dispersion, and reduce migration and bleeding under co-vulcanizable conditions
Silica-filled tire systems	Silica/silane/natural rubber or SBR formulations, especially epoxidized liquid polyisoprene systems	In specific systems, especially functionalized grades such as epoxidized liquid polyisoprene, it can help strengthen filler-rubber interactions, improve dispersion, and reduce oil migration, thereby helping the formulation seek a balance among wet grip, rolling resistance, and wear resistance
Adhesives, sealants, and coatings	Pressure-sensitive adhesives, hot-melt adhesives, automotive sealing materials, and building or industrial coating/sealant systems	Can provide flexible chain segments while also serving as tackifying, plasticizing, and reactive components; some functionalized grades can also be used to improve adhesion to substrates such as metals and glass
Reactive intermediates and precursors for polyurethanes, etc.	Hydroxyl-terminated or other telechelic synthetic liquid polyisoprene	Used as a precursor for subsequent polymerization and network construction in the preparation of polyurethanes, block copolymers, and other functional materials

6. Four questions that should be clarified before selecting synthetic liquid polyisoprene

6.1 Is the current need more for processing adjustment or for network participation?

If the current task is mainly to reduce Mooney viscosity, improve mixing, and enhance flowability, synthetic liquid polyisoprene with lower molecular weight and lower viscosity may be considered first. Such materials are usually more suitable for serving as a partial oil replacement. If, at the same time, the goal is to reduce migration, improve long-term stability, and maintain final mechanical performance, greater attention should be paid to whether the material can enter the vulcanization network together with the base rubber. In such cases, grades with higher molecular weight are usually more suitable for serving as partial rubber replacements.

6.2 Does the key challenge in the current system mainly come from chain structure or from functional groups?

In conventional rubber formulations, molecular weight and microstructure often affect processability, dynamic properties, and network behavior first. In silica-filled systems, metal-adhesion systems, and interfacial-regulation systems, functional groups such as epoxy, carboxyl, and hydroxyl are often more critical. Selection should therefore not be based on viscosity alone; it is also necessary to determine whether the current system depends more on chain-segment behavior or on interfacial interactions.

6.3 Are the current matrix, filler, and curing route compatible with the selected material?

Synthetic liquid polyisoprene does not play the same role in different matrices, fillers, and curing systems. During selection, three points need to be considered simultaneously: whether it is mainly used in the current formulation to reduce viscosity and improve processing, to enhance filler-rubber interactions, or to further enter the vulcanization network; whether the filler system requires functional groups to provide additional interfacial interactions; and whether the existing curing route, such as sulfur curing or peroxide curing, matches this mode of action. Only by considering the matrix, filler, and curing method together can one determine whether the selected material is truly suitable for the current system.

6.4 Which category of performance should be prioritized in the end?

Processing improvement, low migration, balancing wet grip and rolling resistance, metal adhesion, interfacial compatibility, and subsequent reaction activity do not belong to the same selection target. Processing and migration control depend more on molecular weight, viscosity, and network-participation capability; dynamic performance is more strongly influenced by microstructure; adhesion, interfacial regulation, and subsequent reactions depend more on functional groups and terminal-group design. Only after clarifying which category of performance must be prioritized can one decide whether to give priority to molecular weight, microstructure, or degree of functionalization, thereby avoiding deviation in material selection.

7. Product Navigation Table for the Preparation, Modification, and Formulation Application of Polyisoprene-Based Liquid Rubbers (Choose Table 1–Table 3 According to Your Research or Experimental Goal)

Research or Experimental Goal	Which Table to Consult First	Why This Table Should Be Consulted First	Which Table to Cross-Reference Next	Guidance Notes
To first clarify what liquid polyisoprene actually is, and how it relates respectively to isoprene monomer, cis-/trans-polyisoprene, and low-molecular-weight samples derived from natural rubber	Table 1	Table 1 brings together isoprene, L-IR itself, and cis-/trans-polyisoprene structural comparison materials, making it the most suitable starting point for understanding the material itself and its structural hierarchy	Then see Table 2	First clarify “what the material itself is” and “where the structural differences lie”; then move on to liquefaction, functionalization, and subsequent reaction pathways, and it will be easier to understand why different modifications are feasible
To compare how different polyisoprene structures affect properties and experimental behavior, such as differences between cis/trans configurations and between natural-rubber-derived samples and liquid samples	Table 1	Table 1 directly provides L-IR, trans-polyisoprene, cis-polyisoprene, and cis samples derived from natural rubber, making it the most suitable for structure-property comparison	Then see Table 3	First complete the structural comparison, then place the materials into vulcanization, filler, or interfacial systems to observe differences in response; this makes it easier to identify the practical effects of different backbones and molecular-weight ranges
To start from natural rubber or from the double bonds of polyisoprene and carry out oxidative degradation, liquefaction, or molecular-weight reduction experiments in order to establish a route for preparing liquid products	Table 2	Table 2 focuses on commonly used components for liquefaction and oxidative degradation, such as formic acid, sodium nitrite, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid, making it suitable for first establishing a basic route for preparing liquid products	Then see Table 1	First establish the liquefaction or degradation route, then return to Table 1 to compare the liquid samples with the original polyisoprene backbone, which helps in assessing the chain-scission effect and the material level of the samples
To carry out polar modifications of liquid polyisoprene, such as epoxidation, maleic anhydride grafting, or hydroxylation, in order to improve interfacial compatibility or introduce sites for subsequent reactions	Table 2	Table 2 covers peroxide-based systems, maleic anhydride, ethylene oxide, and grafted products, making it suitable for work centered on functionalization pathways	Then see Table 3	First clarify how polar sites are introduced, then combine this with the silica, carbon materials, and silane coupling agents in Table 3 to evaluate the roles of the modified materials in filler and interfacial applications
To further convert liquid polyisoprene into reactive materials, for example by reacting it with isocyanates to construct polyurethane-type networks, elastomers, or coatings	Table 2	Table 2 includes both hydroxylation strategies and subsequent reactive components such as IPDI, making it suitable for building a route of “liquid polyisoprene → reactive precursor → network material”	Then see Table 1	First confirm the route for reactive extension, then return to the base materials and structural comparison entries in Table 1, which helps determine which type of polyisoprene backbone is more suitable as a precursor
To introduce liquid polyisoprene into rubber formulations and examine its roles in viscosity reduction, flow during processing, co-vulcanization, and crosslinked-network formation	Table 3	Table 3 focuses on sulfur, zinc oxide, stearic acid, accelerators, peroxides, and filler systems, making it the closest to actual formulation experiments	Then see Table 1	First build the formulation and curing system, then combine this with the L-IR base material and cis/trans structural comparison materials in Table 1 to determine whether the dominant factor is the material itself or the formulation conditions
To compare the effects of sulfur vulcanization systems and peroxide crosslinking systems on liquid polyisoprene, in order to determine which curing route is more suitable	Table 3	Table 3 simultaneously provides sulfur, ZnO/stearic acid, MBT, CBS, TMTD, and dicumyl peroxide, making it suitable for comparing different crosslinking routes	Then see Table 1	First compare the curing systems, then cross-reference the different polyisoprene materials in Table 1, making it easier to distinguish the respective effects of “differences in curing system” and “differences in polyisoprene backbone”
To study interfacial interactions between liquid polyisoprene and silica or carbon materials, or to optimize coupling and dispersion in silica surface models and silane-coupling studies	Table 3	Table 3 covers key interfacial components such as silica, mesoporous carbon, disulfide- and tetrasulfide-type silane coupling agents, and mercapto silanes, making it suitable for work centered on filler dispersion and interfacial bonding	Then see Table 2	First clarify the filler and coupling-agent system, then combine it with the epoxidation, graft modification, and related routes in Table 2 to determine whether the interface is better improved by adding external coupling agents or by polar modification of the polyisoprene itself
To compare the two strategies of “modifying the material itself first” and “modifying the formulation interface first,” in order to determine which is more suitable for solving problems of filler dispersion, interfacial bonding, or insufficient polarity	Table 2	Table 2 is more suitable for examining how to introduce polar groups or reactive sites into the material itself, and is therefore the starting point for “modifying the material itself”	Then see Table 3	Table 2 addresses the structure of the material itself, whereas Table 3 addresses the filler and formulation interface; consulting the two tables together is most suitable for comparing the two routes of “material modification” and “formulation adjustment”
To build a relatively complete research framework for liquid polyisoprene, progressing step by step from the base material to modification and then application	First see Table 1, then Table 2, and finally Table 3	These three tables correspond respectively to the three layers of logic: “what the material is — how to modify it — how to use it,” making this the clearest sequence	Consult all three tables together	Table 1 establishes the object and its structural boundaries, Table 2 establishes preparation and functionalization routes, and Table 3 enters formulation, vulcanization, and interfacial applications; this sequence is the most suitable for progressing from fundamentals to applications

Table 1 | Liquid Polyisoprene Itself, Upstream Monomer, and Structural Comparison Materials

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Grade or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Upstream monomer	78-79-5	I105580	Isoprene	≥99% (GC), contains 200 ppm p-tert-butylcatechol as inhibitor	The direct monomer source for polyisoprene and liquid polyisoprene rubber; suitable for establishing basic research systems ranging from monomer polymerization to microstructure regulation.
Liquid polyisoprene base material	——	L684790	Liquid Polyisoprene Rubber (L-IR)	——	Can be used as a basic liquid polyisoprene material for investigating processing-related viscosity reduction, flow adjustment, co-vulcanization, and formulation behavior when blended with solid rubbers.
Liquid polyisoprene base material	——	L684788	Liquid Polyisoprene Rubber (L-IR)	——	Can serve as another grade of liquid polyisoprene rubber base sample, suitable for comparing viscosity, molecular-weight range, and processing behavior with other L-IR grades or with solid polyisoprene.
Trans-structure comparison polyisoprene	104389-32-4	P347708	Polyisoprene, trans	≥99% trans-1,4, pellets	Suitable as a trans-1,4 microstructural comparison material for evaluating the effects of cis/trans configuration on crystallinity, elastic recovery, thermal behavior, and rheological characteristics.
Cis-structure comparison polyisoprene	104389-31-3	P471794	Polyisoprene, cis	97% cis-1,4	Can be used as a high-cis polyisoprene comparison sample to compare liquid polyisoprene with high-cis-1,4 solid materials in terms of chain flexibility, elasticity, and formulation response.
Natural-rubber-derived low-molecular-weight cis-polyisoprene comparison material	104389-31-3	P485890	Polyisoprene, cis	GPC average Mw ~38000, made from natural rubber	Combines a cis-polyisoprene backbone with relatively clear molecular-weight information, making it suitable for comparing natural-rubber-derived low-molecular-weight samples with L-IR in terms of molecular-weight range and processing performance.

Table 2 | Components for the Preparation, Functionalization, and Reactive Extension of Liquid Polyisoprene

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Grade or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Acid component for oxidative degradation / peracid systems	64-18-6	F433212	Formic acid (FA)	Pharmaceutical grade, PharmPure™, ≥98%	Commonly used with hydrogen peroxide to generate an in situ performic acid system; suitable for epoxidation of polyisoprene double bonds and can also participate in the oxidative degradation of natural rubber to prepare low-molecular-weight liquid products.
Chain-scission agent for oxidative degradation	7632-00-0	S433708	Sodium nitrite	Anhydrous, extra pure, reagent grade, ≥99%	A commonly used chain-scission component in the oxidative degradation of natural rubber to prepare liquid polyisoprene or liquid natural rubber; suitable for controlling molecular-weight reduction and the liquefaction process.
Acid component for epoxidation / peracid systems	64-19-7	A298827	Acetic acid	Extra pure, ≥99.8%	Can serve as the acid source in peracetic acid systems for epoxidation of polyisoprene double bonds or for mild oxidative treatment, and can also be used to adjust the medium environment of related oxidation systems.
Oxidant for oxidative degradation / epoxidation	7722-84-1	H112520	Hydrogen peroxide solution	PharmPure™, USP, BP, European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.), 30–31%	One of the most common oxidants used in the oxidative degradation and epoxidation treatment of liquid polyisoprene; often used together with formic acid or acetic acid to construct in situ peracid systems.
Polar graft-modification agent	108-31-6	M116389	Maleic anhydride	AR, ≥99% (GC)	Commonly used for graft modification of polyisoprene to introduce anhydride groups or subsequent carboxyl sites, thereby enhancing material polarity, interfacial compatibility, and adhesion to fillers or polar substrates.
Hydroxyl-terminating reagent for active chain ends	75-21-8	E105779	Ethylene oxide	≥99.5%	Suitable for ethylene oxide end-capping of polyisoprene with active polymer-chain ends to introduce hydroxyl terminal groups and prepare hydroxyl-terminated polyisoprene and other reactive precursors; it is not a general end-capping reagent for routine post-treatment of conventional liquid polyisoprene.
Isocyanate-based reactive curing agent	4098-71-9	I109582	Isophorone Diisocyanate (mixture of isomers) (IPDI)	≥99%	Suitable for reaction with hydroxylated liquid polyisoprene or hydroxyl-terminated polyisoprene to construct polyurethane elastomers, reactive coatings, or flexible network materials.
Polar graft-modified polyisoprene	139948-75-7	P478273	Polyisoprene-graft-maleic anhydride	Average Mw ~25000	A polyisoprene material with polar anhydride groups already introduced; suitable for studying the effects of polar modification on filler dispersion, interfacial adhesion, compatibilization, and subsequent chemical transformation.

Table 3 | Vulcanization, Fillers, and Interfacial Regulation Components for Liquid Polyisoprene

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Grade or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Sulfur vulcanizing agent	7704-34-9	S434860	Sulfur	Reagent grade, powder, refined and purified, −100 mesh particle size	The most classical sulfur vulcanizing agent for polyisoprene and liquid polyisoprene rubber; used to construct sulfur crosslinked networks and regulate elasticity and strength.
Vulcanization activator	1314-13-2	Z431827	Zinc oxide	European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.), suitable for analysis, ACS, premium grade	A key activator in sulfur-vulcanization systems; commonly used together with stearic acid to improve accelerator activation efficiency and the rate of crosslink formation.
Peroxide crosslinking agent	80-43-3	D100480	Dicumyl peroxide	Chemically pure (CP), ≥98%	Suitable for peroxide crosslinking routes and can serve as a representative free-radical curing agent for building crosslinked networks of liquid polyisoprene in non-sulfur systems.
Co-activator for vulcanization activation	57-11-4	S432958	Stearic acid	Moligand™, suitable for synthesis	Commonly used together with zinc oxide as a co-activator in vulcanization activation, helping to improve the activation efficiency and formulation stability of sulfur-vulcanization systems.
Silica surface-interaction / interfacial model material	7631-86-9	S118568	Silicon dioxide	PrimorTrace™, ≥99.99% metals basis, 1–3 mm	Can be used as a model material for studying silica surface interactions and interfacial regulation, for evaluating how polar modification of liquid polyisoprene or silane coupling influences surface adsorption and interfacial bonding.
Carbonaceous filler / interfacial study material	1333-86-4	C431911	Carbon, mesoporous	≥99.95% metals basis, average pore diameter 100±10 Å (typical)	Suitable for studying the adsorption, wetting, and interfacial regulation behavior of liquid polyisoprene on carbonaceous surfaces, mainly as a model component for research on functionalized carbon surfaces.
Thiazole vulcanization accelerator	149-30-4	M1217837	2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)	≥98%, white powder	A classical thiazole accelerator, suitable for building basic sulfur-vulcanization formulations for liquid polyisoprene and for comparing different accelerator types.
Sulfenamide vulcanization accelerator	95-33-0	N159494	N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide	≥98% (HPLC)	A delayed-action accelerator suitable for polyisoprene formulation systems that need to balance processing safety with vulcanization efficiency.
Disulfide-type silane coupling agent	56706-10-6	B304016	Bis(Triethoxysilylpropyl)Disulfide	≥98%	Suitable for interfacial coupling between silica and polyisoprene, improving filler dispersion and strengthening bonding between the rubber phase and the silica surface.
Thiuram ultra-accelerator / sulfur donor	137-26-8	T111113	Tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD)	≥97%	Can be used as an ultra-accelerator or sulfur donor and is suitable for regulating the vulcanization rate and crosslink-structure distribution of liquid polyisoprene.
Mercapto silane coupling agent	14814-09-6	M158078	(3-Mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane	≥96% (GC)	Contains both mercapto and triethoxysilane reactive sites; suitable for silica-surface modification, enhancement of interfacial adhesion, and reactive linking between liquid polyisoprene and inorganic surfaces.
Tetrasulfide-type silane coupling agent	40372-72-3	B115359	Bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS)	≥90%	A commonly used silane coupling agent in silica/rubber systems, suitable for improving interfacial bonding and retention of mechanical properties between silica and polyisoprene systems.

Note: The above are representative Aladdin products. For more product specifications, please refer to the product list at the end of the article or search the Aladdin website using the “product name/CAS/catalog number.”

References

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[2] Nor HM, Ebdon JR. Telechelic Liquid Natural Rubber: A Review. Progress in Polymer Science. 1998;23(2):143-177. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00028-2.

[3] Ibrahim S, Daik R, Abdullah I. Functionalization of Liquid Natural Rubber via Oxidative Degradation of Natural Rubber. Polymers. 2014;6(12):2928-2941. doi:10.3390/polym6122928.

[4] Ryu G, Kim D, Song S, Hwang K, Kim W. Effect of the Epoxide Contents of Liquid Isoprene Rubber as a Processing Aid on the Properties of Silica-Filled Natural Rubber Compounds. Polymers. 2021;13(18):3026. doi:10.3390/polym13183026.

[5] Wang Q, Sun T, Wei C, Sun N, Zhao W, Liu L, Wei L, Liu H, Zhang C, Zhang X, Sun Y. Liquid 3,4-Polyisoprene: A Novel Processing Aid to Achieve Tire Tread SBR Composites with High Wet Grip and Low Energy Consumption. Polymer Testing. 2022;115:107713. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107713.

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