Types, Enzyme-Like Activities and Applications of Nanozyme Materials

Nanozymes refer to nanomaterials with catalytic activities similar to natural enzymes. Under specific reaction conditions, they can mimic enzymatic functions such as peroxidase, oxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes usually show greater structural stability, easier modification, stronger tolerance and broader application scope. They have been widely used in biodetection, antibacterial therapy, tumor microenvironment regulation, oxidative stress research and environmental analysis.

Keywords: nanozyme; enzyme-like activity; peroxidase-like activity; oxidase-like activity; ROS regulation; biodetection

1 Conceptual Basis of Nanozymes

1.1 Basic Definition

(1) Enzyme-like catalytic materials

Nanozymes are not traditional protein enzymes, but inorganic, organic or composite nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic capability. Their catalytic functions usually originate from surface metal active sites, valence-state cycling, oxygen vacancies, defect structures, electron transfer capability or nanoscale confinement effects.

(2) Differences from natural enzymes

Natural enzymes have highly specific active centers and substrate-recognition structures, and their catalytic efficiency is high. However, they are relatively sensitive to temperature, pH, organic solvents and storage conditions. Nanozymes generally have lower substrate specificity than natural enzymes, but they offer stronger material stability, engineering flexibility and tolerance in complex environments.

(3) Research value

Nanozymes can combine the optical, electrical, magnetic, thermal and surface chemical properties of nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic functions, forming multifunctional research platforms. Their applications are not limited to single catalytic reactions, but can also extend to signal amplification, reactive oxygen species regulation, microenvironment responsiveness and multimodal therapy.

1.2 Sources of Enzyme-Like Activity

(1) Surface active sites

Nanomaterials have high specific surface area and can expose abundant active sites on their surfaces. These sites can adsorb substrates, promote electron transfer or participate in redox reactions, forming the basis of nanozyme catalytic activity.

(2) Metal valence-state cycling

Elements such as iron, copper, manganese, cerium and platinum can transform between different valence states and participate in electron transfer, free radical generation or free radical scavenging. For example, Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺, Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ and Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ valence-state cycles are key factors for many nanozymes showing peroxidase-like, catalase-like or superoxide dismutase-like activities.

(3) Defects and oxygen vacancies

Oxygen vacancies, lattice defects and edge sites in oxide nanomaterials can regulate the electronic structure of materials and improve their ability to activate oxygen molecules, hydrogen peroxide or free radicals. Defect engineering is therefore an important strategy for regulating nanozyme activity.

2 Main Types of Nanozyme Materials

2.1 Metal Oxide Nanozymes

(1) Iron oxide nanozymes

Iron oxide nanoparticles are among the earliest studied nanozyme materials and often show peroxidase-like activity. Under acidic conditions, iron sites can promote hydrogen peroxide decomposition and generate reactive oxygen species, making them useful for colorimetric detection, magnetic separation, antibacterial applications and tumor microenvironment responsiveness.

(2) Cerium oxide nanozymes

Cerium oxide nanoparticles have reversible Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ conversion capability and often show superoxide dismutase-like, catalase-like and free radical scavenging activities. Their antioxidant properties are prominent, making them suitable for oxidative stress, inflammation models and cytoprotective studies.

(3) Manganese oxide nanozymes

Manganese oxide materials can show peroxidase-like, oxidase-like, catalase-like and glutathione-oxidation-related activities. In the tumor microenvironment, manganese-based materials can respond to hydrogen peroxide, acidic pH and reducing glutathione, and are commonly used for oxygen generation, ROS regulation and therapeutic sensitization.

(4) Copper-based oxide nanozymes

Copper oxide, cuprous oxide and other copper-based materials have strong redox activity and can be used in oxidase-like and peroxidase-like reactions, as well as antibacterial and catalytic detection systems. In biological applications, copper ion release, concentration window and cytotoxicity should be carefully considered.

2.2 Noble Metal Nanozymes

(1) Gold nanomaterials

Gold nanoparticles have good surface modifiability and optical signal characteristics, and can show oxidase-like or peroxidase-like activity. They are commonly used in colorimetric detection, immunoassays, nucleic acid detection and biosensing platforms.

(2) Platinum nanomaterials

Platinum nanoparticles have strong redox catalytic capability and can show catalase-like, peroxidase-like and superoxide dismutase-like activities. They are widely used in reactive oxygen species scavenging, anti-inflammatory protection and biocatalysis research.

(3) Palladium nanomaterials

Palladium nanomaterials have good reduction catalytic capability and surface reaction activity, and can be used in redox reactions, pollutant degradation and catalytic signal amplification. Compared with platinum, palladium materials have application advantages in some reduction systems and composite catalytic systems.

2.3 Carbon-Based and Two-Dimensional Nanozymes

(1) Graphene-based materials

Graphene, graphene oxide and their composites have high specific surface area, good conductivity and modifiable surface functional groups. They can be used for substrate adsorption, electron transfer and construction of composite catalytic systems.

(2) Carbon dots

Carbon dots have small particle size, good fluorescence properties and easily functionalized surfaces. Some carbon dots can show peroxidase-like, oxidase-like or antioxidant activity and are suitable for combining fluorescence detection with catalytic signal amplification.

(3) Molybdenum disulfide materials

Molybdenum disulfide nanomaterials have a two-dimensional layered structure, active surface edges and photothermal response characteristics. They can show peroxidase-like activity and can synergize with photothermal or photocatalytic processes for detection, antibacterial and tumor therapy research.

2.4 MOF-Based and Composite Nanozymes

(1) MOF nanozymes

Metal-organic frameworks have designable metal nodes, organic ligands and pore structures. They can provide catalytic sites through metal centers and enrich substrates through their pores. MOF nanozymes are often used for reaction confinement, catalytic carriers and multifunctional composite platforms.

(2) Single-atom nanozymes

Single-atom materials use highly dispersed metal atoms as active centers, which can improve atomic utilization and catalytic selectivity. Metal-nitrogen-carbon structures are often used to mimic the active centers of natural metalloenzymes.

(3) Composite nanozymes

Composite nanozymes combine metals, oxides, carbon materials, polymers or biomolecules to achieve synergistic enzyme-like activities. For example, magnetic iron oxide combined with surface functional layers can simultaneously provide magnetic responsiveness, POD-like activity and bioconjugation capability.

3 Main Enzyme-Like Activities of Nanozymes

3.1 Peroxidase-Like Activity

(1) Reaction characteristics

Peroxidase-like activity usually refers to the ability of nanozymes to catalyze substrate oxidation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Common chromogenic substrates include TMB, ABTS and OPD, which produce color, fluorescence or electrochemical signal changes after reaction.

(2) Influencing factors

pH, hydrogen peroxide concentration, substrate concentration, material particle size, surface charge, metal valence state and dispersion status can all affect peroxidase-like activity. Many POD-like nanozymes show stronger activity under acidic conditions.

(3) Application value

POD-like activity is one of the most widely used types of nanozyme activity. It can be used in colorimetric detection, immunoassays, glucose detection, bacterial detection and reactive oxygen species generation in the tumor microenvironment.

3.2 Oxidase-Like Activity

(1) Reaction characteristics

Oxidase-like nanozymes can use dissolved oxygen to oxidize substrates without exogenous hydrogen peroxide, generating oxidation products or reactive oxygen species. This reaction can simplify detection systems and reduce background interference from hydrogen peroxide.

(2) Material characteristics

Gold-based, copper-based, manganese-based and some carbon-based nanomaterials often show oxidase-like activity. The adsorption, activation and electron transfer ability of material surfaces toward oxygen molecules are key determinants of activity.

(3) Application directions

Oxidase-like activity is suitable for hydrogen-peroxide-free colorimetric detection, antibacterial systems and oxidative stress model construction.

3.3 Catalase-Like Activity

(1) Reaction characteristics

Catalase-like activity refers to nanozyme-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This reaction can reduce hydrogen peroxide accumulation and improve hypoxic or oxidative stress environments.

(2) Typical materials

Platinum nanoparticles, cerium oxide, manganese dioxide and Prussian blue materials often show relatively clear catalase-like activity. Their catalytic capability is closely related to surface redox cycling.

(3) Application directions

CAT-like nanozymes can be used for antioxidant protection, tissue hypoxia improvement, tumor therapy sensitization and inflammatory microenvironment regulation. In tumor research, oxygen generation can also enhance photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy.

3.4 Superoxide Dismutase-Like Activity

(1) Reaction characteristics

SOD-like activity can catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anions and reduce free radical levels. This activity is often associated with antioxidation, anti-inflammation and cytoprotection.

(2) Typical materials

Cerium oxide, Prussian blue, platinum-based materials, manganese-based materials and some single-atom materials often show SOD-like activity. Valence-state transformation capability and defect status have major effects on free radical scavenging ability.

(3) Application directions

SOD-like nanozymes are suitable for research on oxidative stress injury, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative injury and tissue protection.

3.5 Multiple Enzyme-Like Activities

(1) Coexistence of activities

The same nanomaterial can show multiple enzyme-like activities under different conditions. For example, cerium oxide can show both SOD-like and CAT-like activities, while Prussian blue materials can simultaneously show POD-like, CAT-like and SOD-like activities.

(2) Environmental dependence

Multiple enzyme-like activities are highly condition-dependent. Acidic environments may enhance POD-like activity, while neutral or weakly alkaline environments are more favorable for CAT-like or antioxidant activity. When evaluating nanozymes, the reaction environment should be clearly defined.

(3) Synergistic applications

Multi-enzyme-like nanozymes can be used in cascade reactions and microenvironment-responsive therapy. For example, CAT-like activity can first generate oxygen to enhance photodynamic reactions, or GSH depletion can be combined with POD-like reactions to increase oxidative damage.

4 Strategies for Regulating Nanozyme Activity

4.1 Size and Morphology Regulation

(1) Particle size effect

Reducing particle size usually increases specific surface area and exposes more active sites. However, excessively small particles may also cause aggregation, increased toxicity or reduced stability. Activity optimization requires a balance between active-site exposure and system stability.

(2) Morphology effect

Nanosheets, nanospheres, nanorods, nanoflowers and hollow structures have different exposed crystal facets and mass-transfer characteristics. Specific crystal facets may have higher catalytic activity, so morphology regulation is a common method for improving enzyme-like activity.

(3) Pore structure effect

Mesoporous or porous structures can enhance substrate enrichment and mass transfer efficiency, making it easier for reactants to contact active sites. MOFs, mesoporous carbon and hollow materials often use this advantage to improve catalytic performance.

4.2 Surface Modification

(1) Ligand modification

Surface ligands can improve water dispersibility, reduce nonspecific adsorption and affect the ability of substrates to approach active sites. PEG, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and small-molecule ligands are often used for biocompatibility optimization.

(2) Targeting modification

Antibodies, aptamers, peptides or small-molecule ligands can give nanozymes targeting capability, allowing them to enrich in specific cells, bacteria or tissue regions. Targeting modification is suitable for detection and therapeutic applications.

(3) Functional group regulation

Surface functional groups such as carboxyl, amine, maleimide, biotin and streptavidin can be used to conjugate antibodies, proteins, peptides or nucleic acids, enabling construction of magnetic detection probes, immunoassay platforms or targeted nanozyme systems.

4.3 Composition and Defect Engineering

(1) Element doping

Introducing hetero-elements can change electronic structure and active-site distribution, improving redox capability. Both metal and non-metal doping can be used to regulate catalytic activity.

(2) Valence-state regulation

Adjusting the valence-state ratio of metal elements can optimize electron transfer processes. For example, increasing the Ce³⁺ ratio may enhance certain antioxidant activities, while regulating Mn valence states can affect the direction of redox reactions.

(3) Defect construction

Oxygen vacancies, edge defects and lattice defects can act as active sites or electron transfer channels. Moderate defects help improve activity, while excessive defects may reduce structural stability.

5 Application Directions of Nanozymes

5.1 Biodetection

(1) Colorimetric detection

POD-like nanozymes can catalyze oxidation of chromogenic substrates and present detection results through color changes. This method is simple to operate and is suitable for detecting glucose, hydrogen peroxide, nucleic acids, proteins and pathogens.

(2) Immunoassays

Nanozymes can replace natural enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase as signal labels in immunodetection. Their strong stability and convenient storage make them suitable for constructing highly tolerant immunoassay systems.

(3) Magnetic separation detection

Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanozymes have both magnetic responsiveness and POD-like activity, enabling integrated target capture, magnetic separation and catalytic color development. They are suitable for detecting low-abundance biomarkers.

5.2 Antibacterial Applications and Biofilm Removal

(1) ROS-mediated antibacterial activity

Nanozymes with POD-like or OXD-like activity can generate reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, damaging bacterial membrane structures, proteins and nucleic acids, thereby exerting antibacterial effects.

(2) Biofilm disruption

The polysaccharide, protein and DNA matrices in biofilms reduce the penetration efficiency of traditional antibacterial agents. Nanozymes can improve biofilm removal by catalytically generating reactive oxygen species or disrupting matrix structures.

(3) Synergistic antibacterial effects

Nanozymes can be used synergistically with antibiotics, photothermal materials or photodynamic materials to reduce the dosage of single antibacterial agents and enhance inhibition of drug-resistant bacteria.

5.3 Tumor Microenvironment Regulation

(1) Hydrogen peroxide responsiveness

The tumor microenvironment often contains relatively high levels of hydrogen peroxide. POD-like nanozymes can use this feature to generate reactive oxygen species and induce oxidative damage in tumor cells.

(2) Hypoxia alleviation

CAT-like nanozymes can decompose hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen, improving tumor hypoxia. This strategy can enhance photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy and some oxygen-dependent treatments.

(3) Redox intervention

Manganese-based, copper-based, iron-based and noble-metal nanozymes can participate in tumor redox regulation through ROS generation, GSH depletion or free radical scavenging.

5.4 Antioxidation and Inflammation Regulation

(1) Free radical scavenging

Nanozymes with SOD-like, CAT-like or multi-enzyme antioxidant activities can reduce reactive oxygen species levels and protect cells from oxidative damage.

(2) Inflammation alleviation

Oxidative stress often amplifies inflammatory signaling. Antioxidant nanozymes can indirectly inhibit inflammatory factor release and tissue injury by reducing free radical levels.

(3) Tissue protection

Cerium oxide, Prussian blue, platinum-based and manganese-based nanozymes are often used in studies related to neuroprotection, myocardial protection, renal injury protection and wound repair. In practical applications, in vivo distribution, long-term metabolism and safety should be carefully evaluated.

5.5 Environmental Analysis and Pollutant Treatment

(1) Pollutant detection

Nanozymes can be used to detect heavy metal ions, phenolic substances, pesticide residues and peroxides. Colorimetric, fluorescent and electrochemical platforms can all be combined with nanozyme catalytic reactions.

(2) Organic pollutant degradation

Some nanozymes can participate in oxidative degradation of organic pollutants through reactive oxygen species, making them suitable for water treatment and environmental catalysis research.

(3) Adaptability to complex samples

Nanozymes have strong stability and can work over relatively wide ranges of pH, temperature and ionic strength. Therefore, they have certain advantages in complex environmental samples.

6 Nanozyme Activity Evaluation and Experimental Design

6.1 Activity Evaluation Indicators

(1) Reaction rate

Reaction rate reflects the ability of nanozymes to catalyze substrate conversion and is often calculated from changes in absorbance, fluorescence intensity or electrochemical signals.

(2) Apparent kinetic parameters

Km and Vmax can be used to compare the apparent substrate affinity and catalytic capability of nanozymes. It should be noted that nanozymes are not natural enzymes, and their kinetic parameters are also affected by adsorption, diffusion, aggregation and surface reactions.

(3) Stability

Nanozyme evaluation should include thermal stability, pH stability, storage stability and cycling stability. For biological applications, the effects of serum environment, protein adsorption and ionic strength should also be evaluated.

6.2 Control of Experimental Conditions

(1) pH conditions

Different enzyme-like activities have different pH dependence. POD-like activity is often stronger under acidic conditions, while CAT-like and antioxidant activities are usually closer to neutral physiological environments. Reaction pH should be clearly specified, and simple comparisons across different conditions should be avoided.

(2) Substrate concentration

Excessively high substrate concentration may cause auto-oxidation or nonspecific reactions, while excessively low concentration may result in insufficient signal. Chromogenic substrate, hydrogen peroxide and nanozyme concentrations all need to be optimized through pilot experiments.

(3) Dispersion stability

Aggregation reduces effective surface area and changes catalytic results. Before nanozyme testing, particle size distribution, Zeta potential and dispersion stability should be evaluated, especially in salt solutions, culture media and serum systems.

7 Nanozyme Material Selection

7.1 Nanozyme Material Types, Activity Characteristics and Application Scenarios

Nanozyme Material Type	Cat. No.	Product Name	Grade & Purity	Enzyme-Like Activity and Functional Features	Applicable Research Directions
MnO₂ nanomaterial	M1520772	Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticles	BioReagent,1 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: pure water, particle size:  ~100 nm	Redox activity, CAT-like/oxidase-like functions	ROS regulation, tumor microenvironment, oxidative stress research
CeO₂ nanomaterial	C1520773	Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles	BioReagent,1 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: ultrapure water, particle size: 2~5 nm	SOD-like, CAT-like and oxidase-like activities	Antioxidation, inflammation models, oxidative injury protection
MoS₂ nanomaterial	M1520778	Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticles	BioReagent,1 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: pure water, particle size:  ~100 nm	POD-like activity, photothermal/catalytic synergistic features	Biodetection, antibacterial research, tumor therapy research
Peroxide nanomaterial	Z1520777	Zinc Peroxide Nanoparticles	BioReagent,10 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: Absolute Ethanol, particle size:  40-50 nm	ROS release and oxidative stress regulation	Tumor therapy, antibacterial applications, oxidative stress induction
Peroxide nanomaterial	C1520779	Calcium Peroxide Nanoparticles	BioReagent,5 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: Absolute Ethanol, particle size:  60-70 nm	Oxygen/ROS release-related function	Hypoxia regulation, tumor microenvironment, oxidative stress research
HfO₂ nanomaterial	H1520780	Hafnium oxid Nanoparticles	BioReagent,4 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: ultrapure water, particle size: ~50 nm	High-Z element, ROS sensitization-related function	Radiosensitization, ROS-related biomedical research
Prussian blue nanomaterial	P1520781	PVP-modified Prussian Blue Nanoparticles	BioReagent,0.25 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: ultrapure water, particle size: <100 nm	POD-like, CAT-like and SOD-like activities	Antioxidation, inflammation regulation, biodetection
Prussian blue nanomaterial	C1520782	Citrate-modified Prussian Blue Nanoparticles	BioReagent,1 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: ultrapure water, particle size: <100 nm	Multi-enzyme-like activity, free radical scavenging	Oxidative stress, neuroprotection, inflammation models
Prussian blue nanomaterial	C1520783	Cesium-doped Prussian Blue Nanoparticles	BioReagent,1 mg/mL, dispersion solvent: ultrapure water, particle size: <50 nm	Prussian blue framework catalysis and ion-doping regulation	Antioxidation, ion response, nanocatalysis research
MOF-based nanomaterial	C1520774	Ce/Zr-MOF Nanoparticles	BioReagent,particle size: 300nm	Metal-node catalysis, porous structure loading	MOF nanozymes, catalytic carriers, ROS regulation
MOF-based nanomaterial	C1520776	Cu-Co bimetallic MOF Nanoparticles	BioReagent,particle size: 150nm	Cu/Co bimetallic synergistic catalysis	MOF nanozymes, POD-like catalysis, biodetection
Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanomaterial	F196576	Ferromagnetic nanoparticles	Solid powder	POD-like activity, magnetic response	Preparation of magnetic composites
Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanomaterial	F196573	Ferromagnetic nanoparticles	Iron concentration:1 mg/mL	POD-like activity, controllable particle size	Magnetic nanozyme construction
Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanomaterial	F196574	Ferromagnetic nanoparticles	Solid powder	POD-like activity	Magnetic catalytic materials
Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanomaterial	F196577	Ferromagnetic nanoparticles	Iron concentration:1 mg/mL	POD-like activity, cationic surface	Nucleic acid adsorption, cell delivery, catalytic detection
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466359	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	15nm avg. part. size(TEM), streptavidin functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, biotin-streptavidin recognition	Biotinylated molecule capture, magnetic detection
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466354	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	15nm avg. part. size(TEM), 5mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity	Basic magnetic nanozyme model
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466625	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	5nm avg. part. size(TEM), 5mg/mL in chloroform	POD-like activity, small-size effect	Oil-phase systems, surface modification
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466357	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	15nm avg. part. size(TEM), PEG functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, PEG stabilization	Biocompatible magnetic nanozymes
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I477741	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	5mg/mL in chloroform	POD-like activity	Oil-phase dispersion, material modification
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466196	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	10nm avg. part. size(TEM), 5mg/mL in chloroform	POD-like activity	Oil-phase nanozymes, surface modification
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466355	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	15nm avg. part. size(TEM), 5mg/mL in toluene	POD-like activity	Non-aqueous dispersion, catalytic material construction
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466443	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	20nm avg. part. size(TEM), streptavidin functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, specific capture	Immunoassays, biotinylated probe detection
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466198	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	10nm avg. part. size(TEM), streptavidin functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, bioconjugation	Magnetic immunodetection
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466358	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	15nm avg. part. size(TEM), amine functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, amine coupling	Protein coupling, nanoprobe construction
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466199	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	10nm avg. part. size(TEM), rhodamine B functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, fluorescent tracing	Imaging-catalysis composite research
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466509	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	25nm avg. part. size(TEM), amine functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, surface coupling	Biolabeling, magnetic catalysis
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466360	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	15nm avg. part. size(TEM), carboxylic acid functionalized, 5mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, carboxyl coupling	Antibody coupling, colorimetric detection
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466507	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	25nm avg. part. size(TEM), 5mg/mL in toluene	POD-like activity	Non-aqueous catalytic materials
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466550	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	30nm avg. part. size(TEM), 5mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, enhanced magnetic response	Magnetic separation, catalytic detection
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466551	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	30nm avg. part. size(TEM), 5mg/mL in toluene	POD-like activity	Hydrophobic nanozyme systems
Iron oxide nanomaterial	I466553	Iron oxide (II,III), nanoparticles	30nm avg. part. size(TEM), streptavidin functionalized, 1mg/mL in H₂O	POD-like activity, bioaffinity recognition	Magnetic immunoassays
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283202	Platinum nanoparticles	1% on Titania(anatase)(surfactant and reactant-free),≤100nm	CAT-like, oxidase-like and POD-like activities	Catalysis, ROS scavenging, antioxidant research
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283165	Platinum nanoparticles, pure, (<20nm) in water at 30mg/L (surfactant and reactant-free, stabilized with <0.01 mmol/l of citrate)	pure,＜20nm in water at 30mg/Lsurfactant and reactant-free, stabilized with ＜0.01 mmol/l of citrate	Multi-enzyme-like activity, noble-metal catalysis	Biocatalysis, antioxidation, detection
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283206	Platinum nanoparticles	10% on Titaniaanatasesurfactant and reactant-free	Supported noble-metal catalysis	Photocatalysis/redox catalysis
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283207	Platinum nanoparticles	10% on carbon blacksurfactant and reactant-free	Supported Pt catalytic activity	Electrocatalysis, redox research
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283204	Platinum nanoparticles	5% on carbon black (surfactant and reactant-free)	Supported Pt catalytic activity	Catalytic materials, redox systems
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283163	Platinum nanoparticles, pure	pure, ＜20nm in water at 100mg/Lsurfactant and reactant-free, stabilized with ＜ 0.01 mmol/l of citrate	CAT-like, POD-like and oxidase-like activities	Antioxidation, biodetection, ROS regulation
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283208	Platinum nanoparticles	20% on carbon blacksurfactant and reactant-free	High-loading Pt catalysis	Electrocatalysis, nanocatalysis research
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283166	Platinum nanoparticles, pure	pure, ＜20nm in isopropanol at 100mg/Lsurfactant and reactant-free	Noble-metal multi-enzyme-like catalysis	Non-aqueous catalysis, material modification
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283209	Platinum nanoparticles	30% on carbon blacksurfactant and reactant-free	High-loading Pt catalysis	Electrocatalysis, oxygen reduction-related research
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283205	Platinum nanoparticles	10% on Titaniaanatase/rutilesurfactant and reactant-free	Pt/TiO₂ composite catalysis	Photocatalysis, ROS generation research
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283201	Platinum nanoparticles	1% on Titaniaanatase/rutilesurfactant and reactant-free	Pt/TiO₂ composite catalysis	Photocatalysis, redox catalysis
Platinum-based nanomaterial	P283154	Platinum Nanoparticles [PtNP: 2-3 nm (gum Arabic)]		Small-size Pt multi-enzyme-like activity	Antioxidation, ROS scavenging, biocatalysis
Palladium-based nanomaterial	P465859	Palladium nanoparticles entrapped in aluminum hydroxide matrix	0.5wt% loading	Noble-metal catalysis, supported nanocatalysis	Catalytic reactions, nanocomposites
Palladium-based nanomaterial	P282943	Palladium nanoparticles, pure	pure, ＜20nm in water at 100mg/Lsurfactant and reactant-free, stabilized with ＜ 0.01 mmol/l of citrate	Redox catalysis, enzyme-like catalysis potential	Catalytic detection, noble-metal nanozyme research
Palladium-based nanomaterial	P282945	Palladium nanoparticles, pure	pure, ＜20nm in water at 500mg/Lsurfactant and reactant-free, stabilized with ＜ 0.01 mmol/l of citrate	Redox catalysis	High-concentration catalytic systems, material preparation
Palladium-based nanomaterial	P282946	Palladium nanoparticles, pure	pure, 50-70nm in acetone at 100mg/Lsurfactant and reactant-free	Noble-metal catalysis	Non-aqueous catalysis, material composites
Palladium-based nanomaterial	P282944	Palladium nanoparticles, pure	pure, ＜20nm in acetone at 100mg/Lsurfactant and reactant-free	Noble-metal catalysis	Hydrophobic systems, nanocatalysis
Gold-based nanomaterial	G419239	Gold nanoparticles	Particle size: 20nm, solvent: ultrapure water, OD: ＞0.75	Surface plasmon effect, catalytic enhancement	Colorimetric detection, biolabeling, sensing
Gold-based nanomaterial	G598760	Gold nanoparticles	Laser liquid phase preparation, high purity, reactant free, 10nm, 0.05mg/ml in H2O,OD 1,PDI＜0.2	Gold surface catalysis and signal amplification	Biosensing, immunodetection
Gold-based nanomaterial	G486078	Gold nanoparticles	A stable suspension with a diameter of 40nm, OD 1, in citrate buffer solution	Colorimetric signal, surface catalysis	Colloidal gold detection, nanoprobe construction

Nanozyme research focuses on matching material composition, surface sites, enzyme-like activities and application environments. By rationally selecting material types, controlling dispersion systems, optimizing surface functionalization and establishing standardized activity evaluation conditions, nanozymes can be further advanced in biodetection, antibacterial applications, tumor microenvironment regulation, antioxidant protection and environmental analysis.

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