Deoxynucleotides (dNMP/dNDP/dNTP): A Panoramic Guide to Structure & Mechanism, Key Metrics, and Aladdin Selection Navigation (Tables 1–3)

First, break down the term “deoxynucleotide”

Nucleoside = “base + sugar” (the sugar can be ribose or 2′-deoxyribose). The IUPAC definition of a nucleoside is: a ribose or deoxyribose derivative of certain purine or pyrimidine bases.

Nucleotide = “nucleoside + phosphate” (typically phosphorylated at the 3′- or 5′-hydroxyl). IUPAC defines nucleotides as compounds formed by phosphoric esterification of a nucleoside at the 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl, and they are the monomeric units of nucleic acids.

(Note: In nucleic-acid polymers, the “repeating unit” is essentially an NMP/dNMP residue—because after polymerization only one phosphate remains in the backbone—whereas the free substrates used during synthesis are typically (d)NTPs.)

Nucleobase: IUPAC describes “nucleobase” as the purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA/RNA.

Therefore: Deoxyribonucleotide = “2′-deoxyribose + base + (1–3) phosphate(s)”.

They are the fundamental “building blocks” of DNA. IUPAC describes DNA as a linear polymer formed by deoxyribose-containing nucleotides linked via phosphodiester bonds.

Common abbreviations:

1. dNMP: deoxynucleoside monophosphate

2. dNDP: deoxynucleoside diphosphate

3. dNTP: deoxynucleoside triphosphate

4. In everyday experimental contexts (PCR/sequencing), the spoken term “deoxynucleotides” often specifically refers to the dNTP mixture (dATP/dCTP/dGTP/dTTP).

Note: “d” stands for deoxy-; A/C/G/T correspond to the four DNA bases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T); “TP” stands for triphosphate. Thus, dATP = deoxyadenosine triphosphate; dCTP = deoxycytidine triphosphate; dGTP = deoxyguanosine triphosphate; dTTP = deoxythymidine triphosphate.

What do they look like structurally?

A typical deoxynucleotide consists of three parts:

1. Nitrogenous base: A, G, C, T (the four in DNA)

2. Sugar: 2′-deoxyribose (key point: the 2′ position is H, not RNA’s 2′-OH)

3. Phosphate: phosphate most commonly forms a phosphoester with the sugar’s 5′-hydroxyl (5′-O) (often written as a 5′-phosphate).

A common description of DNA structure is: the phosphate group is covalently linked to the 5′ carbon of 2′-deoxyribose; differences in the bases distinguish the four DNA nucleotides.

How are nucleotides linked into a chain?

During DNA synthesis, DNA polymerases use dNTPs: the 3′-OH at the growing chain end acts as a nucleophile and attacks the α-phosphate of the incoming dNTP, forming a new 3′–5′ phosphodiester bond and releasing PPi. This release (and subsequent PPi hydrolysis) provides the thermodynamic driving force that pushes the reaction forward.

 

What are the “typical performance metrics”?

A. Chemical & physicochemical properties

1. Strongly negatively charged, hydrophilic, and highly water-soluble: because they carry 1–3 phosphates and are typically supplied as salts (e.g., Na⁺, NH₄⁺).

2. DNA’s phosphodiester backbone is more resistant to alkaline hydrolysis than RNA’s: the key reason is that DNA (deoxyribose) lacks a 2′-OH, whereas RNA’s 2′-OH can participate in forming a cleavable intermediate, making RNA more prone to strand cleavage under alkaline conditions.

B. Spectroscopy/quantification (one of the most commonly used “metrics”)

1. Characteristic UV absorbance near 260 nm: nucleic acid/nucleotide concentrations are often quantified via A260. UV extinction coefficients have been specifically refined for nucleotides/nucleic acids to enable more accurate concentration conversions.

2. Example absorption maxima and molar extinction coefficients for common dNTPs (near pH 7):

Molecule	Absorption maximum λmax (nm)	Molar extinction coefficient ε (M⁻¹·cm⁻¹)
dATP	259	15,200
dCTP	271	9,300
dGTP	253	13,700
dTTP	267	9,600

These metrics are commonly used in research and production for: preparing standard solutions, verifying mixture ratios in nucleotide blends, and quality control (often alongside HPLC/ion-exchange methods).

Reminder: ε and λmax can vary slightly with pH/ionic strength/salt form. For strict quantification, follow the supplier’s or method’s specified conditions (and ensure consistent cuvette path length and dilution factors).

C. Engineering/quality-control metrics (most relevant for PCR/library prep)

1. In highly amplification/extension-sensitive workflows (PCR, sequencing library prep), engineering-level attributes of dNTPs are often more critical than concentration alone: whether they are DNase/RNase-free (no nuclease contamination), sterile/low bioburden, and free of inhibitory impurities (e.g., contaminating dNDP/dNMP, metal ions, excess salts, etc.). These issues can cause degradation, reduced amplification efficiency, higher background, or batch-to-batch variability. Therefore, molecular biology grade dNTPs are commonly labeled DNase/RNase-free and sterile (some also include endotoxin testing), making them better suited for standardized amplification and library construction (see Table 2 below).

Three hard rules for use & storage (to avoid “looks concentrated, but performs poorly”)

1. Aliquot and store at −20 °C; minimize freeze–thaw cycles: repeated freeze–thaw can cause degradation, concentration drift, and batch variability.

2. Use only nuclease-free water or method-specified buffers for preparation/dilution: avoid nuclease or metal-ion introduction from containers or water sources; for sensitive systems, prioritize molecular biology grade consumables.

3. Record conditions clearly: document salt form (Na⁺/NH₄⁺, etc.), pH, concentration, and solvent; when quantifying by A260, ensure consistent path length and dilution factors.

Practical tip: For highly sensitive workflows (PCR/library prep), prioritize molecular biology grade dNTPs labeled DNase/RNase-free and sterile (some with endotoxin testing) (corresponding to Table 2 below) to improve reproducibility and standardization.

D. Biological “performance metric”: balance of the intracellular dNTP pool

1. The intracellular total amount + relative balance among the four dNTPs is crucial. Imbalance can increase misincorporation, alter replication kinetics, reduce genome stability, and correlate with elevated mutation rates.

What do they do? (From “DNA building blocks” to “cellular regulation”)

Function 1: Direct substrates for DNA replication and repair

a) DNA’s monomeric units are deoxynucleotide units (A/C/G/T). They link via the sugar–phosphate backbone, while bases drive pairing and information encoding.

Function 2: A key metabolic node converting ribonucleotides to deoxynucleotides

a) To synthesize deoxynucleotides, a central step is converting ribonucleoside diphosphates → deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase (RNR)—described by KEGG as providing the essential deoxyribonucleotides required for DNA synthesis.

b) Within dNTP biosynthesis, “T” has a highly dedicated core pathway: dUMP is converted to dTMP by thymidylate synthase (TYMS), then phosphorylated stepwise to dTTP, serving as the main supply node for DNA “T”. Meanwhile, cells typically keep dUTP low via dUTPase to reduce the risk of uracil misincorporation into DNA; this also explains the in vitro strategy of dUTP + UNG for anti-contamination PCR.

Function 3: An indirect regulator of replication fidelity and cellular state

a) Fluctuation/imbalance in the dNTP pool can influence genome stability and mutation spectra; thus, dNTP metabolism is also an important background variable in tumor biology and antimetabolite-drug research.

Application overview: where are they mainly used?

1. Molecular biology and diagnostics: PCR/qPCR, sequencing, NGS library preparation, isothermal amplification, etc. (a core consumable is the dNTP mix).

2. Sequencing and labeling tools:

a) ddNTPs (dideoxy; lacking 3′-OH) are used for the chain-termination sequencing concept

b) Various fluorescent/biotin/alkyne-modified dNTPs are used for incorporation labeling, imaging, and capture/enrichment

c) (In vivo vs in vitro tip: avoid choosing the wrong BrdU/BrdUTP)

“Polymerase incorporation in vitro” and “cell proliferation labeling in vivo” are two different logics: BrdUTP is more commonly used for in vitro polymerase incorporation (e.g., probe preparation, in vitro replication/labeling), whereas in cell-based experiments, BrdU/EdU—as nucleosides—are more commonly used: they enter cells first, then are phosphorylated stepwise to the triphosphate form before being incorporated into newly synthesized DNA.

Simple mnemonic: BrdUTP = in vitro-biased; BrdU/EdU = in vivo/cell-biased.

3. Biochemistry and drug research: kinetics and inhibitor studies of DNA polymerases/repair enzymes; and disease-mechanism research related to dNTP metabolism (with the dNTP pool as a key phenotype/background variable).

A “from fundamentals to applications” classification framework

Classification axis	Subclass	Representative examples	One-sentence intuition
By number of phosphates (most used, most standard)	dNMP / dNDP / dNTP	dAMP, dADP, dATP…	More phosphates = more “activated”; DNA synthesis directly uses dNTPs
By base (information letters)	A / T / G / C	dATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP	The four letters define pairing rules and genetic information
By ring system (chemical structure)	Purines / pyrimidines	Purines: A, G; pyrimidines: C, T	Two-ring vs one-ring affects pairing and stacking behavior
By “natural vs tool-like”	Natural dNTPs / tool analogs	dNTP vs ddNTP, labeled dNTPs	Tool analogs enable “termination, labeling, selective incorporation”
By the sugar 2′ position (DNA vs RNA)	deoxy (2′-H) / ribo (2′-OH)	dNTP vs NTP	2′-OH makes RNA more prone to certain hydrolysis/reactions; DNA is more alkali-stable

Aladdin Deoxynucleotide Representative Products: Panoramic Selection Table

Deoxynucleotide Product Selection Navigation

What are you doing / what situation are you facing (define the task first)	Which table to check first	Typical representative products	Why start here	Selection tips
Nucleotide metabolism / kinase / NDPK and other enzyme assays: need substrates, intermediates, or standards (dNMP/dNDP/dNTP)	Table 1 | Basic natural deoxynucleotides	dAMP/dCMP/dGMP/dTMP/dUMP; dADP/dCDP/dGDP/dTDP; dATP/dCTP/dGTP/dTTP/dUTP (powders/salts or conventional solutions)	Table 1 gives the most complete coverage of natural forms + metabolic pathway levels, ideal for mechanism, kinetics, controls, and quantitation	Choose by phosphate level first: polymerase substrates → dNTP; kinase/intermediate studies → dNMP/dNDP. For fast dispensing, prioritize ready-to-use 10 mM formats (Moligand™/solutions).
PCR / library prep / primer extension and other molecular biology reactions: prioritize stability, low contamination, and batch consistency	Table 2 | Molecular biology grade dNTP solutions	UltraPure dCTP/dGTP/dTTP (100 mM); dGTP (100 mM); dUTP (100 mM)	Table 2 emphasizes DNase/RNase-free, sterile, and (for some) endotoxin-tested, better suited for sensitive amplification and standardized workflows	For routine PCR/extension: prioritize UltraPure / molecular biology grade 100 mM. For carryover-prevention systems: use dUTP (with UNG) to replace or partially replace dTTP (based on your strategy).
dUTP/UNG carryover-prevention PCR, or introducing U into DNA (for downstream processing/recognition)	Table 2 (priority) + Table 1 (supplement)	dUTP (100 mM) (Table 2); powder/salt dUTP (e.g., dUTP sodium salt in Table 1)	Table 2 provides a more “instrument-friendly” ready-to-use high-concentration solution; Table 1 supplements additional formats/specs	If the system is highly sensitive / high consistency required: prioritize Table 2. If you need method development, enzyme controls, or flexible formulation: Table 1 powders/salts are convenient for custom concentrations.
Sanger sequencing / chain-termination experiments / polymerase mechanism studies: need “incorporate-and-stop” nucleotides	Table 3 | Special-use (ddNTPs)	ddCTP (10 mM), ddGTP (10 mM), and ddGTP powders/salts (2′,3′-dideoxy)	ddNTPs are a functionally distinct class; selecting them separately from standard dNTPs is clearer	Chain-termination assays are sensitive to concentration/ratios: prioritize ready-to-use 10 mM for control; design the ratio vs corresponding dNTP carefully.
DNA replication labeling / nascent DNA tracking (BrdU or analog incorporation) or probe preparation	Table 3 | Special-use (modified/labeled dNTPs)	5-BrdUTP sodium salt	These “base analogs” are for functional incorporation, not the standard “buy the four dNTPs” logic	Confirm polymerase compatibility first. Your goal is labeling/recognition, not improved amplification performance.
Epigenetic modification studies: introduce 5fC sites in DNA or perform chemical readout/reactions	Table 3 | Special-use (modified dNTPs)	5-Formyl-dCTP	A dedicated modified-base tool—going straight to Table 3 saves time	Ensure compatibility with your downstream readout (chemical derivatization/sequencing/antibody-based routes differ). Validate with small-scale compatibility tests first.
Difficult amplification of GC-rich / strong secondary-structure templates: want higher amplifiability and less stalling/mismatch risk (method optimization)	Table 3 | Special-use (functional dNTPs)	7-Deaza-dGTP (10 mM)	A special dGTP analog designed to address amplification challenges—not a standard dNTP purchase	Optimize via small replacement/addition gradients (based on your system). Record conditions carefully for reproducibility.
Need downstream coupling to fluorophores/biotin/probes: introduce a “linkable handle” (primary amine) into DNA	Table 3 | Special-use (conjugation-handle dNTPs)	Aminoallyl-dUTP sodium salt	Value lies in subsequent chemical coupling, distinct from standard dUTP usage	Focus on coupling chemistry match (e.g., NHS-ester dyes). Incorporation ratio affects amplification efficiency vs labeling density—balance both.
Only need “the four basic dNTP powders/salts” for self-prep, enzyme assays, or controls (no emphasis on molecular biology grade labels)	Table 1 | Basic natural deoxynucleotides	dATP/dCTP/dGTP/dTTP/dUTP (powders/salts)	Better for custom concentration prep, standards, and mechanism/metabolic-pathway controls	For highly sensitive PCR/library prep, Table 2 molecular biology grade solutions are usually recommended; Table 1 is oriented toward research/method development and formulation flexibility.
Need fast pipetting / high-throughput (don’t want to freshly prepare): want fixed-concentration solutions ready to run	Table 1 (10 mM solutions) or Table 2 (100 mM solutions)	Table 1: 10 mM in DMSO/Water (incl. Moligand™); Table 2: 100 mM molecular biology grade	Two routes map to “research/enzyme fast prep” vs “molecular biology standardization”	Choose by workload intensity: enzyme assays/screening can use 10 mM; PCR/library prep often uses 100 mM, making working-solution prep easier and improving consistency.

Table 1 | Basic Natural Deoxynucleotides (dNMP / dNDP / dNTP: Powders/Salts & Conventional Ready-to-Use)

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification / Purity	Product features or application (deoxynucleotide-related)
dNMP (monophosphate) powder/salt	42155-08-8	D122990	2′-Deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate disodium salt	≥98%	dUMP: a key substrate in the thymidylate synthesis pathway (for thymidylate synthase/metabolism studies); also commonly used as an enzymology/analytical reference standard.
dNMP (monophosphate) ready-to-use solution	42155-08-8	D423905	2′-Deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate disodium salt	10 mM in DMSO	Ready-to-use dUMP solution: convenient for rapid setup/high-throughput dispensing; used as a substrate or control in metabolic enzyme reactions (e.g., thymidylate synthesis-related).
dNMP (monophosphate) powder/salt	1032-65-1	D119528	2′-Deoxycytidine-5′-monophosphate	≥99%	dCMP: substrate for nucleotide metabolism/kinases; standard for quantitative analysis and enzymatic kinetics.
dNMP (monophosphate) ready-to-use solution	1032-65-1	D420411	2′-Deoxycytidine-5′-monophosphate	10 mM in DMSO	Ready-to-use dCMP solution: substrate for enzyme assays such as deoxycytidylate kinase; for nucleotide metabolism studies and method controls.
dNMP (monophosphate) powder/salt	33430-62-5	T169655	2′-Deoxythymidine monophosphate disodium salt	≥99%	dTMP: substrate for thymidylate kinase; commonly used in nucleotide metabolism, enzymatic kinetics, and analytical standards.
dNMP (monophosphate) ready-to-use solution	33430-62-5	T423443	2′-Deoxythymidine monophosphate disodium salt	10 mM in Water	Ready-to-use aqueous dTMP: easy direct addition; for thymidylate kinase studies/controls.
dNMP (monophosphate) powder/salt	33430-61-4	D588762	2′-Deoxyguanosine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate	≥98%	dGMP: substrate for guanylate kinase; for nucleotide metabolism studies, enzymatic kinetics, and analytical standards.
dNMP (monophosphate) ready-to-use solution (Moligand™)	33430-61-4	D1500459	2′-Deoxyguanosine-5′-monophosphate disodium salt	Moligand™, 10 mM in Water	dGMP Moligand™ ready-to-use solution: suitable for high-throughput/rapid dispensing; for guanylate kinase-related enzymology and pathway studies.
dNMP (monophosphate) powder/salt (Moligand™)	653-63-4	D113455	2′-Deoxyadenosine-5′-monophosphate	Moligand™, ≥98%	dAMP Moligand™: standardized reagent for enzymology/screening; used in deoxyadenylate kinase-related research and quantitative controls.
dNMP (monophosphate) ready-to-use solution (Moligand™)	653-63-4	D425305	2′-Deoxyadenosine-5′-monophosphate	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	dAMP Moligand™ 10 mM: ready-to-use for fast preparation/dispensing; for enzymatic substrates or method controls.
dNMP (monophosphate) ready-to-use solution (Moligand™)	2922-74-9	D1500852	2′-Deoxyadenosine-5′-monophosphate disodium salt	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	dAMP disodium ready-to-use solution: improved solubility and formulation convenience; for kinase/metabolism research and high-throughput dosing.
dNMP (monophosphate) powder/salt	2922-74-9	D735125	Deoxyadenosine monophosphate disodium salt	≥97%	dAMP (disodium): substrate for nucleotide metabolism/kinases and an analytical control; commonly used in enzymology, standards, and in vitro phosphorylation/isomerization studies.
dNDP (diphosphate) powder/salt	95648-78-5	D122992	2′-Deoxythymidine-5′-diphosphate trisodium salt	≥98%	dTDP: intermediate in dNTP synthesis; used in NDPK/kinase enzyme assays and nucleotide pool analysis controls.
dNDP (diphosphate) powder/salt	102783-74-4	D119530	2′-Deoxyguanosine-5′-diphosphate sodium salt	≥98%	dGDP: intermediate in dGTP synthesis/interconversion pathways; for NDPK/kinase systems, metabolism studies, and reference controls.
dNDP (diphosphate) powder/salt	72003-83-9	D119527	2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-diphosphate sodium salt	≥98%	dADP: deoxyadenosine diphosphate intermediate; for NDPK/kinase systems, nucleotide metabolism, and analytical controls.
dNDP (diphosphate) powder/salt	151151-32-5	D119529	2′-Deoxycytidine 5′-diphosphate sodium salt (dCDP)	≥96%	dCDP: intermediate in dCTP synthesis; for NDPK/kinase reactions, metabolism studies, and reference standards.
dNTP (triphosphate) powder/salt	74299-50-6	A112854	Deoxyadenosine triphosphate sodium salt (dATP)	≥98%	dATP: DNA polymerase substrate; for PCR, primer extension, in vitro DNA synthesis/repair, and sequencing library prep.
dNTP (triphosphate) powder/salt	102783-51-7	D105435	Deoxycytidine triphosphate sodium salt	≥98%	dCTP: DNA polymerase substrate; for PCR, DNA synthesis/repair, sequencing/library prep, and in vitro replication systems.
dNTP (triphosphate) powder/salt	93919-41-6	D112856	2′-Deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate trisodium salt	≥98%	dGTP: direct DNA polymerase substrate; for PCR, DNA synthesis/repair, primer extension, sequencing/library prep, etc.
dNTP (triphosphate) powder/salt	18423-43-3	D112858	2′-Deoxythymidine-5′-triphosphate trisodium salt, dihydrate	≥96%	dTTP: direct DNA polymerase substrate; for DNA synthesis/repair, primer extension, PCR/sequencing, etc.
dNTP (triphosphate) powder/salt	102814-08-4	D122994	2′-Deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate sodium salt	≥95%	dUTP: DNA polymerase substrate; commonly used in dUTP/UNG carryover-prevention PCR (replacing part/all of dTTP), and in DNA repair-related studies.

Table 2 | Molecular Biology Grade Ready-to-Use High-Concentration dNTP Solutions (Common for PCR/Library Prep)

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification / Purity	Product features or application (deoxynucleotide-related)
dNTP (triphosphate) high-purity ready-to-use solution (UltraPure/UltraBio™)	102783-51-7	U759854	UltraPure dCTP (100 mM)	BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, endotoxin tested, UltraBio™, molecular biology grade, sterile, for DNA and RNA applications, ≥99%, 100 mM	High-purity dCTP 100 mM: suitable for PCR/RT-PCR, sensitive enzyme reactions, and library prep; DNase/RNase-free, endotoxin tested, sterile—reduces degradation and contamination risk.
dNTP (triphosphate) high-purity ready-to-use solution (UltraPure/UltraBio™)	93919-41-6	U759851	UltraPure dGTP (100 mM)	BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, endotoxin tested, UltraBio™, molecular biology grade, sterile, for DNA and RNA applications, ≥99%, 100 mM	High-purity dGTP 100 mM: for demanding PCR/sequencing/library prep; low contamination and low degradation risk, improving reaction consistency.
dNTP (triphosphate) high-purity ready-to-use solution (UltraPure/UltraBio™)	18423-43-3	U759852	UltraPure dTTP (100 mM)	BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, endotoxin tested, UltraBio™, molecular biology grade, sterile, for DNA and RNA applications, ≥99%, 100 mM	High-purity dTTP 100 mM: ideal for qPCR/high-sensitivity amplification and library prep; DNase/RNase-free and sterile—reduces background and batch variation.
dNTP (triphosphate) ready-to-use solution (molecular biology grade)	93919-41-6	D745296	dGTP (100 mM)	BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, molecular biology grade, sterile, for DNA and RNA applications, ≥99%, 100 mM	dGTP 100 mM: ready-to-use high-concentration solution for PCR/polymerase reactions and DNA/RNA-related applications (e.g., dNTP-requiring reverse transcription systems).
dNTP (triphosphate) ready-to-use solution (molecular biology grade)	102814-08-4	D745475	dUTP (100 mM)	BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, molecular biology grade, sterile, for DNA and RNA applications, ≥99%, 100 mM	dUTP 100 mM: for dUTP/UNG carryover-prevention PCR, primer extension, and labeling systems; DNase/RNase-free and sterile—suited for sensitive reactions.

Table 3 | Special-Use Deoxynucleotides (Chain-Terminating ddNTPs + Modified/Labeled dNTPs)

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification / Purity	Product features or application (deoxynucleotide-related)
ddNTP (chain terminator) powder/salt	68726-28-3	D337265	2′,3′-Dideoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate sodium salt	—	ddGTP (2′,3′-dideoxy): lacks the 3′-OH; incorporation causes chain termination; used for Sanger sequencing, termination/primer extension assays, and polymerase mechanism studies.
ddNTP (chain terminator) ready-to-use solution	132619-66-0	C759810	ddCTP (10 mM)	BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, molecular biology grade, sterile, for DNA and RNA applications, ≥99%, 10 mM	ddCTP: chain-terminating nucleotide (no 3′-OH); for Sanger sequencing/termination reactions and polymerase selectivity/mechanism studies; ready-to-use 10 mM.
ddNTP (chain terminator) ready-to-use solution	68726-28-3	G759818	ddGTP (10 mM)	BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, molecular biology grade, sterile, for DNA and RNA applications, ≥99%, 10 mM	ddGTP: chain-terminating nucleotide; for Sanger sequencing, primer extension termination assays, and polymerase kinetics studies; ready-to-use 10 mM.
Modified/labeled dNTP (functionalized/base analog)	102212-99-7	B1423969	5-BrdUTP sodium salt	—	5-BrdUTP: a thymidine (dTTP) analog that can be incorporated into DNA; used for BrdU/anti-BrdU antibody-based labeling of nascent DNA, replication studies, and probe preparation.
Modified/labeled dNTP (functionalized/epigenetic modification)	2409156-19-8	F1424738	5-Formyl-dCTP	—	5-Formyl-dCTP: used to introduce 5-formyl-C (5fC) sites into DNA for epigenetic modification studies, base-chemistry reactions, and readout mechanism research.
Modified/labeled dNTP (functionalized, ready-to-use solution)	101515-08-6	D759857	7-Deaza-dGTP (10 mM)	Animal-origin-free, DNase/RNase/protease-free, BioReagent, DNase/RNase-free, PCR reagent, molecular biology grade, sterile, ≥99%, 10 mM	7-Deaza-dGTP: a dGTP analog often used to reduce amplification difficulty for GC-rich/high secondary-structure templates (improves PCR amplifiability); molecular biology grade, ready-to-use.
Modified/labeled dNTP (conjugation handle)	936327-10-5	A463125	Aminoallyl-dUTP sodium salt	≥85%, lyophilized powder	Aminoallyl-dUTP: can be incorporated into DNA to introduce a primary-amine “handle” for coupling to NHS-ester fluorophores/biotin, etc.; used for probe preparation, microarray labeling, FISH, and more.

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