Sodium chloride solution - UltraBio™, Suitable for molecular biology, Ultra pure, ~5 M in H2O , CAS No.7647-14-5

CAS: 7647-14-5 Cat. No.: S433740 Summenformel: NaCl Molekulargewicht: 58.44 Beilstein Registry Number: 3534976 EG-Nummer: 231-598-3

QUALITÄT & REINHEIT UltraBio™, Suitable for molecular biology, Ultra pure, ~5 M in H2O

Synonyms

Sea water | Sodium chloride (NaCl) | Entsol | Natriumchlorid [German] | Cleanoz | Halite | Sodium chloric | Sodium chloride [USP:JAN] | Sodium-36 chloride | Saline Mist | Top flake | CCRIS 982 | Purex | Sodium chloride 0.9% in sterile plastic container |

Storage

Room temperature

Spezifikationen

Synonyme

Sea water | Sodium chloride (NaCl) | Entsol | Natriumchlorid [German] | Cleanoz | Halite | Sodium chloric | Sodium chloride [USP:JAN] | Sodium-36 chloride | Saline Mist | Top flake | CCRIS 982 | Purex | Sodium chloride 0.9% in sterile plastic container |

Spezifikationen & Reinheit

UltraBio™, Suitable for molecular biology, Ultra pure, ~5 M in H2O

Storage

Room temperature

Note

Suitable for molecular biology, Ultra pure, UltraBio™

Namen und Kennungen

Kanonisches Lächeln

[Na+].[Cl-]

IUPAC Name

sodium;chloride

InChIKey

FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M

INCHI

1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1

Isomere SMILES

[Na+].[Cl-]

WGK Deutschland

1

RTECS

VZ4725000

Molekulargewicht

58.44

Beilstein

3534976

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Inorganic compounds
  • Superclass Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
    • Klasse Alkali metal salts
      • Subclass Alkali metal chlorides

• Kingdom: Inorganic compounds
• Superclass: Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
• Klasse: Alkali metal salts
• Subclass: Alkali metal chlorides
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Alkali metal chlorides
• Alternative Parents: Inorganic sodium salts Inorganic chloride salts
• Molecular Framework: Not available
• Substituents: Alkali metal chloride - Inorganic chloride salt - Inorganic sodium salt - Inorganic salt
• Beschreibung: This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal chlorides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest halogen atom is Chlorine, and the heaviest metal atom is an alkali metal.
• External Descriptors: inorganic chloride - inorganic sodium salt

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Zugehörige Ziele (menschlich)

CA2 Tclin Carbonic anhydrase II (17698 Activities)

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CA1 Tclin Carbonic anhydrase I (13240 Activities)

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ST14 Tchem Matriptase (677 Activities)

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Carbonic anhydrase (69 Activities)

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Colletotrichum musae (107 Activities)

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Trypanosoma cruzi (99888 Activities)

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Mus musculus (284745 Activities)

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Fusarium verticillioides (912 Activities)

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Lasiodiplodia theobromae (193 Activities)

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Astrosclerin-3 (80 Activities)

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Musa acuminata AAA Group (20 Activities)

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Wirkungsmechanismen

Chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften

• Schmelzpunkt (°C): 800 °C
• Molekulargewicht: 58.440 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Exact Mass: 57.9586 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 57.9586 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 0.000 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 2
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 2.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

XLogP3

Application Protocols

No manufacturer protocols are provided for this item. As a general laboratory reagent, sodium chloride solution is incorporated into many standard procedures; a few literature-style examples are offered for context (not item-specific, adjust to your needs):

• Preparing a working saline wash: Combine buffer base (e.g., 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) with 150 mM NaCl; filter sterilize (0.2 µm) if sterility is required. Store at room temperature or 2–8 °C per buffer stability.
• Brine wash for extraction: Prepare a saturated NaCl solution separately. After aqueous/organic extraction, add an equal volume of brine to the organic layer, shake, vent, and separate. Repeat as needed to reduce water carryover.
• Ion-exchange elution: Prepare elution buffers with step or linear gradients from low salt (e.g., 50 mM NaCl) to high salt (e.g., 1 M NaCl) in your chosen buffer (pH optimized for your analyte). Monitor conductivity to track gradient.

Important: The exact concentration and any sterility/endotoxin attributes of this catalog item are not specified; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet and adapt protocols accordingly. For regulated applications, use validated, traceable solutions.

Biological Roles

Literature/general overview: Sodium chloride is fundamental to biology primarily via its constituent ions.

• Osmotic balance and volume regulation
  • Na+ and Cl− are the dominant extracellular ions in most vertebrates, setting osmolarity and influencing cell volume through aquaporins and ion transporters.
• Electrochemical gradients
  • Na+ gradients across membranes drive secondary active transport (e.g., glucose/Na+ symport) and contribute to action potentials in excitable tissues (with K+ and Cl− fluxes). While these are physiological concepts, laboratory buffers often mimic aspects of these gradients for in vitro assays.
• Protein and nucleic acid interactions
  • Ionic strength modulates macromolecular stability, binding specificity, and aggregation. NaCl screens electrostatics, stabilizing duplex DNA and influencing protein–protein/ligand interactions; excessive salt can promote salting-out via Hofmeister series effects.
• Enzymology
  • Many enzymes exhibit salt-dependent activity profiles; moderate NaCl can reduce nonspecific adsorption to surfaces and matrices, while high concentrations can inhibit or denature sensitive enzymes.
• Microbiology/media formulation
  • NaCl defines tonic strength in many media; in selective media, altered NaCl can impose osmotic stress for phenotype selection (e.g., halotolerance studies).

Note: The present product is for research use only. No clinical or in vivo use is implied. The exact concentration, sterility, and endotoxin levels for this item are not specified; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet to assess suitability for specific biological assays.

Buffer Applications

This product is not a buffer; sodium chloride provides ionic strength but essentially no buffering capacity near neutral pH (literature). It is commonly included in buffer formulations to adjust tonicity and modulate macromolecular interactions.

Practical, literature-based examples (not item-specific):

• Tris-NaCl buffers (TBS): Tris base/HCl (typically 10–50 mM) with 100–200 mM NaCl used for antibody washes and protein blotting; NaCl reduces nonspecific binding.
• PBS (phosphate-buffered saline): Phosphate buffer (10 mM) with ~137 mM NaCl and ~2.7 mM KCl; used for general washing and dilution when buffering is needed. Choose saline alone when phosphate may interfere (e.g., metal-binding studies).
• SSC/SSPE (nucleic acids): Saline–sodium citrate buffers use Na+ to control hybridization stringency. Adjust salt concentration to tune stringency during washes.
• IEC (ion-exchange chromatography) buffers: Start in low-salt (e.g., 0–50 mM NaCl) and elute with gradients up to 1 M NaCl to displace bound analytes.

Preparation and checks (literature/general):

• Prepare with high-purity water; verify conductivity or chloride content when molarity is critical.
• Filter sterilize (0.2 µm) where sterility is required. Confirm pH with a calibrated meter after adding salts and before final volume adjustments.

Note: For this catalog item, concentration, pH, and sterility are not specified; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Green Alternatives

Context: Sodium chloride solution is generally benign, with low toxicity and minimal environmental persistence beyond salinity impacts. “Greener” considerations focus on minimizing resource use, avoiding unnecessary buffering components, and ensuring compatibility with downstream processes (literature/general).

Comparison considerations:

• NaCl solution vs PBS (phosphate-buffered saline)
  • Greener when: Buffering is unnecessary and phosphate release to wastewater should be minimized.
  • Trade-off: No pH buffering; process may require pH control separately.
• NaCl solution vs KCl solution
  • Greener when: Sodium is less problematic than potassium in specific effluent limits (context-dependent). Both salts are low-hazard; choose based on biological relevance and waste streams.
• NaCl solution vs proprietary “stabilized” saline mixes
  • Greener when: Additives (e.g., preservatives, chelators) would complicate waste disposal or interfere with downstream enzymology. Pure NaCl solution minimizes chemical footprint.

Operational green tips (literature/general):

• Prepare only the volume needed and store appropriately to reduce waste from expired solutions.
• Use high-purity water to avoid repeat preparations and reduce failed experiments.
• Where feasible, regenerate containers (clean/sterilize) or select recyclable packaging compatible with your QA system.
• For extraction workups, consider mechanical emulsion-breaking (centrifugation) before resorting to brine to reduce salt load in aqueous waste.

Note: This catalog item’s additive profile and concentration are not specified; review the CoA/Spec Sheet to align with your green chemistry targets.

Pharmaceutical Uses

No therapeutic claims are made; this product is for research use only. The following are literature/general formulation roles of sodium chloride solutions in pharmaceutical and bioprocess contexts (not specific to this item):

• Excipient/tonicity adjuster: NaCl is widely used to adjust osmolality in aqueous formulations to improve physical stability and compatibility of drug products and biologics. Typical ranges target isotonicity (~0.9% w/v), but exact values are formulation-dependent.
• Process solutions: Employed in cleaning, rinsing, and hold solutions where defined ionic strength facilitates protein handling or column regeneration in downstream processing.
• Chromatography: Used in binding/elution buffers for ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography; gradients up to high salt (e.g., 0.5–1.5 M) are common.
• Compatibility notes: Chloride can interact with certain APIs or excipients (e.g., metal-catalyzed oxidation or precipitation of Ag+ as AgCl). Assess chloride sensitivity during preformulation.
• Standards and QC: NaCl solutions of known conductivity/molarity are used to calibrate instrumentation (e.g., conductometers) supporting GMP labs; traceability is required for regulated use.

Important: Pharmacopoeial compliance (USP/EP/JP, particulate/endotoxin limits, sterility, container–closure) and exact concentration specifications are not provided for this item; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet if considering use in development labs. Not for human or veterinary use.

Physical Properties

Item-specific specifications for this solution (e.g., exact NaCl concentration, pH, conductivity, density, refractive index) are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Literature/general properties (for reference only; depend on concentration):

• Appearance: Clear, colorless aqueous solution when properly prepared from high-purity NaCl and water.
• Solute (NaCl) properties (literature)
  • Molecular weight: 58.44 g/mol
  • Solubility in water: ~359 g/L at 25 °C; increases with temperature.
  • LogP: Not applicable; ionic compound (practically insoluble in nonpolar solvents).
• Aqueous solution properties (typical literature ranges)
  • Density: Increases with salinity; e.g., 0.9% w/v (~154 mM) at 20–25 °C has density ~1.005–1.006 g/mL; saturated brine ~1.2 g/mL at 25 °C.
  • Electrical conductivity: On the order of 15–20 mS/cm for ~0.15 M at 25 °C; rises with concentration (nonlinearly).
  • Osmolality: ~308 mOsm/kg for ~0.9% w/v (isotonic) solution.
  • Freezing point: Depression with salinity; ~−0.54 °C for ~0.9% w/v; eutectic brine much lower.
  • Boiling point: Slight elevation relative to water; magnitude depends on molality.
• pH: Near neutral for pure NaCl solutions prepared in CO2-free water; absorbed CO2 can shift pH slightly acidic. Exact pH depends on water quality and gas equilibration (literature).

Practical note: For analytical work, verify concentration-dependent properties (conductivity, density, refractive index) by measurement or the item’s CoA.

Quality and Grades

Item-specific quality designations (from Product Data):

• UltraBio™
• Suitable for molecular biology
• Ultra pure

What these grades generally imply (literature/general guidance; not a specification):

• UltraBio™/Ultra pure: Typically indicates very low levels of ionic, organic, and particulate contaminants, and preparation using high-purity NaCl and water under controlled conditions. For molecular biology, low nuclease (RNase/DNase) and protease activities are expected; microbial bioburden and endotoxin may be controlled depending on the manufacturer’s process. Exact limits are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Suitable for molecular biology: Implies compatibility with nucleic acid and protein workflows where trace contamination (e.g., heavy metals, organics) can interfere with enzymes, PCR, ligation, or sequencing library prep. May be filtered through 0.2 µm and packaged to minimize contamination.

Verification and QC use-cases:

• Enzymatic tolerance: Assess via control reactions (e.g., PCR with a standard template) to confirm absence of inhibitory contaminants in your workflow.
• Conductivity and concentration: Confirm by conductivity or chloride titration (e.g., silver nitrate/Volhard) when exact molarity is critical.

Note: Concentration, pH, UV absorbance background, endotoxin, and microbial/particle specifications are not specified for this item; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet for actual release criteria.

Reaction and Applications

As an aqueous electrolyte, sodium chloride solution is primarily used to control ionic strength, osmotic balance, and activity coefficients rather than to participate directly in chemical transformations. Key laboratory applications (literature/general):

• Biomolecular workflows
  • DNA/RNA handling: Addition of Na+ and Cl− screens electrostatic repulsion among phosphate backbones, influencing hybridization, annealing temperatures, and stringency. Common wash and dilution matrices use ~0.1–0.5 M NaCl depending on context. Exact values must be chosen per protocol.
  • Protein science: Modulates solubility via Hofmeister effects; NaCl can reduce nonspecific binding, adjust column binding/elution (e.g., ion-exchange chromatography), and tune aggregation/precipitation behavior. Typical gradients range from 0 to 1 M.
• Workups and separations
  • Brine washes: A saturated NaCl solution (prepared separately) helps to “salt out” water from organic layers and collapse emulsions during liquid–liquid extraction.
  • Phase behavior: NaCl raises the critical salt concentration for surfactant micellization and affects aqueous biphasic polymer systems (e.g., PEG–dextran partitioning).
• Analytical chemistry
  • Ionic strength adjustment buffers (ISAB) for potentiometric measurements (e.g., ISEs) often employ NaCl to maintain constant ionic strength, improving measurement precision.
  • Conductivity standards may use NaCl solutions of known molarity; verify against traceable standards when needed.
• General wet-chemical uses
  • Chloride as a ligand: In some coordination equilibria, Cl− can influence speciation; use cautiously where chloride-sensitive metals or catalysts are present.

Note: The item’s exact concentration and sterility are not specified; adjust or verify to meet protocol requirements.

Reaction Conditions

Because sodium chloride solution functions primarily as an electrolyte or workup aid, conditions are application-specific. The following literature/general ranges are provided for planning; they are not item-specific specifications:

• Ionic strength modulation in protein/nucleic-acid buffers
  • Typical NaCl concentrations: 50–200 mM for routine washes and enzyme storage; 300–1000 mM for reducing nonspecific interactions or for ion-exchange elutions.
  • Temperature: Usually ambient (20–25 °C); colder temperatures can reduce microbial growth and may stabilize biomolecules. Always check solubility and precipitation behavior of other buffer components when changing temperature.
• DNA/RNA hybridization/stringency
  • Washes commonly step from high salt (e.g., 2×–5× SSC equivalents) to lower salt (0.1×–0.5× SSC) with temperature increases to enhance stringency. Na+ concentration is the dominant contributor.
• Liquid–liquid extraction (brine wash)
  • Use saturated NaCl solution to break emulsions and pre-dry organic layers. Vigorously mix and allow full phase separation; repeat as necessary. Avoid prolonged contact with chloride-sensitive substrates.
• Potentiometry/conductivity
  • Conductivity standards rely on precisely prepared NaCl molarities (e.g., 0.01 M at 25 °C has well-tabulated κ). Use NIST-traceable standards for calibration.

Practical notes:

• Degassing: Generally unnecessary; however, in CO2-sensitive buffers, equilibrate under controlled atmosphere to maintain pH.
• Sterility: For molecular biology, filter sterilize through 0.2 µm and work aseptically when protocols require it.

Reminder: The exact concentration, pH, and sterility of this item are not specified; consult the CoA/Spec Sheet.

Safety and Handling

Authoritative hazard classification for this specific item is not specified; consult the product SDS for definitive information.

General safety information (literature/good laboratory practice):

• GHS/Classification: Sodium chloride solutions at typical laboratory concentrations are often not classified as hazardous. However, classification can vary with concentration and impurities. Always review the SDS and institutional policies.
• Primary hazards: Low inherent toxicity; may cause eye or skin irritation upon prolonged contact. Large spills can affect conductivity/corrosion on equipment.
• PPE: Use standard laboratory PPE—lab coat, safety glasses or face shield, and appropriate chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Avoid contact with eyes and prolonged skin exposure.
• Handling: Work on clean benches to prevent microbial contamination (especially for molecular biology use). Use sterile technique if sterility is required. Avoid introducing metal ions or detergents if downstream applications are sensitive.
• Incompatibilities: Strong dehydrating agents, reactive silver salts (precipitation of AgCl), and strong acids/bases only in the sense of altering pH or ionic strength. Do not mix with reactive halogenation reagents or where chloride can be a nucleophile if chloride-sensitive chemistry is occurring nearby.
• First aid (overview; refer to SDS): Rinse eyes/skin with water for several minutes if contacted. If swallowed in laboratory context, rinse mouth with water; seek medical attention as per institutional policy.
• Storage conditions (from Product Data): Room temperature.
• Environmental: Avoid excessive release to drains; high-salinity effluent can stress biological wastewater treatment (literature).

Solvent Selection

This product is itself an aqueous electrolyte solution rather than a solvent choice for dissolving other compounds. Selection considerations (literature/general):

• Polarity and miscibility: Completely miscible with water; not miscible with nonpolar solvents. The presence of NaCl increases ionic strength and can influence solvation of biomolecules, micelle formation, and phase behavior of aqueous biphasic or extraction systems.
• When to choose plain water vs saline:
  • Choose NaCl solution to set defined ionic strength or osmolarity (e.g., washing steps for nucleic acids/proteins, maintaining membrane integrity of cells in non-biological tests).
  • Choose pure water when ionic strength must be minimized (e.g., certain mass spectrometry ionization preparations) or chloride-sensitive chemistries are performed.
• Comparisons (literature/general)
  • NaCl solution vs PBS: PBS adds buffering (phosphate) and similar ionic strength; use PBS when pH control is needed. Use NaCl solution when buffering ions could interfere (e.g., phosphate-sensitive metal-dependent enzymes or precipitation with Ca2+/Mg2+).
  • NaCl solution vs KCl solution: K+ may better mimic intracellular conditions in some biophysical assays; Na+ is more common for general wash steps and nucleic acid manipulations.
• Extraction/brine usage: Saturated NaCl (“brine,” prepared separately) is commonly used to break emulsions and pre-dry organic layers. This catalog item’s concentration is not specified—prepare brine as needed if your workflow requires saturation.

Note: For applications sensitive to trace metals or organics, pair with high-purity water and materials to maintain the intended quality.

Storage and Reconstitution

• Storage conditions (from Product Data): Room temperature.
• Container considerations (literature/general): Store tightly closed to prevent evaporation and contamination. For molecular biology workflows, maintain aseptic handling and minimize repeated opening. Use chemically compatible containers (e.g., HDPE or borosilicate glass) with low extractables.
• Light/air sensitivity: NaCl itself is not light-sensitive; however, minimize airborne particulate and CO2 exposure if solution composition (pH/ionic strength of buffers combined with NaCl) could drift over time.
• Stability (literature/general): High-purity saline is typically stable for months at room temperature if uncontaminated. Microbial growth is possible, particularly at low salt concentrations; use sterile technique or add preservatives only if compatible with your application.
• Reconstitution: Not applicable—this product is supplied as a solution. If any crystallization or precipitation is observed (e.g., due to evaporation or low temperature), redissolve by gentle warming to ambient temperature and mixing; verify concentration if precise molarity is required.
• Shipping: Not specified for this item; consult logistics documents if temperature control is required by your process.
• Before use checks: Visually inspect for clarity/particulates. For critical work, confirm concentration by conductivity or titration, and verify absence of microbial contamination where sterility matters.

Note: Exact concentration, pH, sterility, and additive profile are not specified for this item; refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet for authoritative details.

Structure and Identity

Brief overview: Sodium chloride solution is an aqueous solution of the inorganic salt NaCl; the exact concentration is not specified for this catalog item.

• Item-specific identifiers (from Product Data)
  • CAS: 7647-14-5
  • CID (PubChem): 5234
  • InChIKey: 77712 (as provided)
  • Grade/Designation: UltraBio™, Suitable for molecular biology; Ultra pure
• Core chemical entity (literature/general)
  • Molecular formula (solute): NaCl (sodium chloride)
  • Molecular weight (solute): 58.44 g/mol (literature)
  • SMILES (solute, dissociated form): [Na+].[Cl-] (literature)
  • InChI (solute, representative): InChI=1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 (literature)
• Structural features (literature/general)
  • In solution, NaCl exists as solvated ions: Na+ (sodium cation) and Cl− (chloride anion), each hydrated by shells of water molecules via ion–dipole interactions.
  • No stereocenters or covalent functional groups; purely ionic character.
  • Extended 3D hydration structure depends on concentration and temperature; at infinite dilution, primary hydration numbers are typically ~4–6 for Na+ and ~6–8 for Cl− (literature ranges).
• 2D description in words (literature/general)
  • A simple binary electrolyte comprised of monatomic ions: a small, hard Lewis acid (Na+) and a soft, polarizable halide base (Cl−), dispersed in water.

Note: The concentration, pH, and any additives/stabilizers are not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Synthetic Utility

In synthetic and preparative chemistry, aqueous sodium chloride solutions are used operationally rather than as reagents in bond-forming steps. Literature/general utilities include:

• Liquid–liquid extraction workups
  • Brine washes: Saturated NaCl solution (prepared separately) reduces water solubility in organic solvents, collapses emulsions, and preliminarily dries the organic phase prior to desiccant use. Particularly useful after aqueous basic or acidic washes.
• Phase and solubility control
  • “Salting out” effects tailor distribution coefficients of moderately polar solutes, improving phase disengagement and recovery yields.
• Electrochemistry
  • Background electrolyte for aqueous electrochemical cells when chloride compatibility exists; note that chloride can be oxidized at anodes to chlorine/hypochlorite under certain conditions—select electrodes and potentials accordingly.
• Catalysis/coordination equilibria
  • Chloride ligation affects speciation of transition-metal complexes (e.g., Pd, Pt, Ru); adding NaCl can shift equilibria toward chloro-complexes or compete with other anions.
• Analytical/sample prep
  • Ionic strength adjustment prior to headspace GC (salting out VOCs) and potentiometric ion-selective electrode measurements (ISAB) often uses NaCl.

Caveats:

• Chloride-sensitive transformations (e.g., certain oxidations, diazonium reactions, Ag/mercury chemistry) may be inhibited or side-react with chloride; avoid NaCl in these contexts.
• For organic synthesis, verify that aqueous waste salinity is acceptable for your facility’s disposal limits.

Note: The concentration of this catalog item is not specified; prepare brine or target molarities as required.

Target Specificity

Not applicable. This product is a chemical solution (sodium chloride in water), not a biological affinity reagent or antibody. No target, epitope, clone, or species specificity data are associated with this item.