innate immunity

Inflammasomes are important cytoplasmic signaling complexes of the innate immune system that sense infection, cellular injury, and metabolic abnormalities. They activate inflammatory Caspases, promote the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and drive Gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis. Inflammasomes such ...

The interferon (IFN) pathway is one of the central signaling systems in host antiviral defense, innate immune activation, and immune homeostasis. Its biological essence is not a single ligand triggering a single receptor, but a multilayered network composed of “pathogen sensing - IFN induction ...

Intracellular nucleic acids are not static carriers of genetic information, but rather dynamic molecular systems that continuously undergo synthesis, processing, modification, transport, recognition, degradation, and reutilization.

Invertebrate oxygen carrier proteins are often large oligomeric complexes, combining stable metal-binding sites with abundant surface epitopes. Beyond oxygen transport, they are commonly used as strong immunogens, antigen carriers, and immune response-enhancing modules in immunology and vaccine ...

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a double-stranded RNA molecule typically 20–25 nt in length. Within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, siRNA directs post-transcriptional gene silencing by promoting target mRNA cleavage and degradation or by suppressing translation, thereby reducing protein ...