1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene - CP, ≥98% , CAS No.100-00-5

CAS: 100-00-5 Cat. No.: C108539 Molecular Weight: 157.55 Beilstein Registry Number: 508691 EC Number: 202-809-6
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GRADE & PURITY CP ? Chemically Pure grade — moderate purity above technical grade but below analytical. Use for general lab reactions where ultra-low impurities aren't critical. ≥98%
Synonyms
BIDD:ER0244 | NCGC00259840-01 | p-Nitrochlorobenzene | p-nitro-chlorobenzene | 4-chlorophenyl nitrate | ghl.PD_Mitscher_leg0.919 | p-Nitrochlorobenzol | Q4637187 | 1-Cloro-4-nitrobenzene | 4-Chloro-1-nitrobenzene | CVL66U249D | NCGC00090707-03 | p-Nitrocl
Storage
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25g
C108539-25g
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100g
C108539-100g
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Why this grade

CP, ≥98% CP for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.

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Storage & shipping

Room temperature Ships FedEx DG Service Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.

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Quality documents

SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.

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Literature proof

Cited in 98 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.

Specifications

Synonyms
BIDD:ER0244 | NCGC00259840-01 | p-Nitrochlorobenzene | p-nitro-chlorobenzene | 4-chlorophenyl nitrate | ghl.PD_Mitscher_leg0.919 | p-Nitrochlorobenzol | Q4637187 | 1-Cloro-4-nitrobenzene | 4-Chloro-1-nitrobenzene | CVL66U249D | NCGC00090707-03 | p-Nitrocl
Specifications & Purity
CP, ≥98%
Storage
Room temperature
Shipped In
FedEx DG Service
This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.
Grade
CP
Purity
≥98%
Names and Identifiers
Pubchem Sid488180452
Pubchem Sid Urlhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/488180452
Canonical SmilesC1=CC(=CC=C1[N+](=O)[O-])Cl
IUPAC Name1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene
InChIKeyCZGCEKJOLUNIFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
INCHI1S/C6H4ClNO2/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)8(9)10/h1-4H
Isomeric SMILES C1=CC(=CC=C1[N+](=O)[O-])Cl
WGK Germany 2
RTECS CZ1050000
UN Number 1578
Packing Group II
Molecular Weight 157.55
Beilstein 508691
Reaxy-Rn 508691
Reaxys-RN_link_address https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=508691&ln=

Documentation

📋 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Comprehensive hazard, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance document.

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✅ Certificate of Analysis (COA)

Lot-specific quality data. Enter your lot number to retrieve the exact COA.

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📊 Datasheet

Quick-reference summary of product specifications and applications.

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🔬 Specification Sheet

Full quality attributes and acceptance criteria for this grade.

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Advanced Data

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

KingdomOrganic compounds
SuperclassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
SubclassNitrobenzenes
Intermediate Tree Nodes Not available
Direct ParentNitrobenzenes
Alternative Parents Nitroaromatic compounds  Chlorobenzenes  Aryl chlorides  Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds  Organic oxoazanium compounds  Organopnictogen compounds  Organonitrogen compounds  Organochlorides  Organic oxides  Hydrocarbon derivatives  
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
Substituents Nitrobenzene - Nitroaromatic compound - Chlorobenzene - Halobenzene - Aryl chloride - Aryl halide - C-nitro compound - Organic nitro compound - Organic 1,3-dipolar compound - Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound - Allyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound - Organic oxoazanium - Organic nitrogen compound - Organochloride - Organohalogen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organopnictogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
DescriptionThis compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nitrobenzenes. These are compounds containing a nitrobenzene moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a carbon bearing a nitro group.
External Descriptors an organic chloride - an oxidized nitroaromatic compound
3D Structure
Interactive Chemical Structure Model





Associated Targets(Human)
VDR Tclin Vitamin D receptor (26531 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
ALB Tchem Serum albumin (2651 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
GMNN Tbio Geminin (128009 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
CBX1 Tbio Chromobox protein homolog 1 (92434 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
Associated Targets(non-human)
Salmonella typhimurium (15756 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
Plasmodium falciparum (966862 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
GCN5 Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 (89 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
Nfe2l2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (214 Activities)
Activity TypeRelationActivity valueUnitsAction TypeJournalPubMed IddoiAssay Aladdin ID
Mechanisms of Action
Certificates(CoA,COO,BSE/TSE and Analysis Chart)
C of A & Other Certificates(BSE/TSE, COO):
Analytical Chart:

Find and download the COA for your product by matching the lot number on the packaging.

3 results found

Lot NumberCertificate TypeDateItem
F1804032Certificate of AnalysisDec 22, 2025 C108539
G2404601Certificate of AnalysisApr 24, 2024 C108539
B2303776Certificate of AnalysisFeb 17, 2023 C108539
Chemical and Physical Properties
SolubilityInsoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, ether, and carbon disulfide.
SensitivityMoisture sensitive.
Flash Point(°F)255.2 °F
Flash Point(°C)127℃
Boil Point(°C)242°C
Melt Point(°C)82-84°C
Molecular Weight157.550 g/mol
XLogP32.400
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count2
Rotatable Bond Count0
Exact Mass156.993 Da
Monoisotopic Mass156.993 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area45.800 Ų
Heavy Atom Count10
Formal Charge0
Complexity126.000
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
The total count of all stereochemical bonds0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count1
Documents & Articles
Citations of This Product
References
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56. Zhenchao Liu, Yanchao Shen, Xiaobai Li, Qiang Shi, Baijun Liu, Toshihiko Matsumoto.  (2017)  Synthesis and properties of the novel polyimides containing cyano and biphenyl moieties.  HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS,      [PMID:] [10.1177/0954008317744033]
57. Xu Xiangyang, Gao Xinyi, Jin Jie, Vidonish Julia, Zhu Liang.  (2017)  A novel bioelectrode and anaerobic sludge coupled system for p-ClNB degradation by magnetite nanoparticles addition.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH,  24  (19): (16220-16227).  [PMID:28540545] [10.1007/s11356-017-9047-9]
58. Dandan Wu, Yanqiao Zhang, Ming Wen, Hao Fang, Qingsheng Wu.  (2017)  Fe3O4/FeNi Embedded Nanostructure and Its Kinetic Law for Selective Catalytic Reduction of p-Nitrophenyl Compounds.  INORGANIC CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:28426207] [10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00304]
59. Miaomiao Liu, Weiqiang Tang, Zhaohui Xie, Hongbo Yu, Hongfeng Yin, Yisheng Xu, Shuangliang Zhao, Shenghu Zhou.  (2017)  Design of Highly Efficient Pt-SnO2 Hydrogenation Nanocatalysts using Pt@Sn Core–Shell Nanoparticles.  ACS Catalysis,      [PMID:] [10.1021/acscatal.6b03109]
60. Wu Guanglei, Li Junli, Wang Kuikui, Wang Yiqun, Pan Chen, Feng Ailing.  (2017)  In situ synthesis and preparation of TiO2/polyimide composite containing phenolphthalein functional group.  JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS,  28  (9): (6544-6551).  [PMID:] [10.1007/s10854-017-6343-6]
61. Xiang Li, Minghua Zhou, Yuwei Pan, Liting Xu, Zhuoxuan Tang.  (2017)  Highly efficient advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on pre-magnetization Fe0 for wastewater treatment.  SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2016.12.050]
62. Xiaoxiang Cheng, Heng Liang, Fangshu Qu, An Ding, Haiqing Chang, Bin Liu, Xiaobin Tang, Daoji Wu, Guibai Li.  (2016)  Fabrication of Mn oxide incorporated ceramic membranes for membrane fouling control and enhanced catalytic ozonation of p-chloronitrobenzene.  CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.127]
63. Wen-Qiang Zhang, Xiu-Li Wang, Gui-Cheng Liu, Li Chen, Yu-Zhong Wang.  (2016)  Thermal transition behaviors, solubility, and mechanical properties of wholly aromatic para-, meta-poly(ether-amide)s: effect on numbers of para-aryl ether linkages.  RSC Advances,  (87): (84284-84293).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C6RA11163G]
64. Yuwei Pan, Minghua Zhou, Xiang Li, Liting Xu, Zhuoxuan Tang, Xuejie Sheng, Bing Li.  (2016)  Highly efficient persulfate oxidation process activated with pre-magnetization Fe0.  CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.001]
65. Wenliang Sun, Yuan Meng, Qinrui Fu, Fei Wang, Guojie Wang, Wenhua Gao, Xiaochun Huang, Fushen Lu.  (2016)  High-Yield Production of Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Its Uses as a Catalyst Support for Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics.  ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,      [PMID:27023711] [10.1021/acsami.6b01008]
66. Xiaofeng Ning, Sugang Meng, Xianliang Fu, Xiangju Ye, Shifu Chen.  (2016)  Efficient utilization of photogenerated electrons and holes for photocatalytic selective organic syntheses in one reaction system using a narrow band gap CdS photocatalyst.  GREEN CHEMISTRY,  18  (12): (3628-3639).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C6GC00572A]
67. Lina Yao, Fei Yan, Bin Su.  (2016)  Highly ordered surfactant micelles function as the extraction matrix for direct electrochemical detection of halonitrobenzenes at the ppb level.  ANALYST,  141  (7): (2303-2307).  [PMID:26887641] [10.1039/C5AN02439K]
68. Xinhuan Lu, Yang chen, Zhenshuang Zhao, Hao Deng, Dan Zhou, Changcheng Wei, Renfeng Nie, Qinghua Xia.  (2016)  Highly selective one-step hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to cyclohexylamine over the supported 10% Ni/carbon catalysts doped with 3‰ Rh.  RSC Advances,  (19): (15354-15361).  [PMID:] [10.1039/C5RA27202E]
69. Qing Gong, Xinguo Zheng, Shiming Gong, Heng Zhang, Lulu Liu, Yinghan Wang.  (2016)  Synthesis of novel soluble rubbing-resistant polyimides used as liquid crystal vertical alignment layers.  LIQUID CRYSTALS,      [PMID:] [10.1080/02678292.2015.1073380]
70. Shiming Gong, Ming Liu, Zhen Sun, Senlin Xia, Yinghan Wang.  (2014)  Synthesis and characterisation of novel soluble polyimides for the application as liquid crystal vertical alignment layers.  LIQUID CRYSTALS,      [PMID:] [10.1080/02678292.2014.951698]
71. Wan-Qian Guo, Shuang Guo, Ren-Li Yin, Yuan Yuan, Nan-Qi Ren, Ai-Jie Wang, Dong-Xu Qu.  (2014)  Reduction of 4-chloronitrobenzene in a bioelectrochemical reactor with biocathode at ambient temperature for a long-term operation.  Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jtice.2014.09.009]
72. Zhuo Longhai, Kou Kaichang, Wang Yiqun, Yao Pan, Wu Guanglei.  (2014)  Synthesis of soluble and thermally stable polyimides with phthalimide as pendent group from pyridine-containing triamine.  JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE,  49  (14): (5141-5150).  [PMID:] [10.1007/s10853-014-8222-3]
73. Wenjing Niu, Lijuan Wang, Ligai Bai, Gengliang Yang.  (2013)  The fabrication of monolithic capillary column based on poly (bisphenol A epoxy vinyl ester resin-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and its applications for the separation of small molecules in high performance liquid chromatography.  JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A,      [PMID:23726080] [10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.076]
74. Jie Shen, Ying Zhang, Wenqiu Chen, Wenhao Wang, Zushun Xu, Kelvin W. K. Yeung, Changfeng Yi.  (2013)  Synthesis and properties of hyperbranched polyimides derived from novel triamine with prolonged chain segments.  JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY,  51  (11): (2425-2437).  [PMID:] [10.1002/pola.26628]
75. Shen Jie, Zhang Ying, Huang Mingfu, Wang Wenhao, Xu Zushun, Yeung Kelvin W. K., Yi Changfeng, Xu Ming.  (2012)  Study on preparation and properties of novel reactive phenolic hydroxyl-containing polyimides.  JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH,  19  (5): (1-9).  [PMID:] [10.1007/s10965-012-9857-x]
76. Qingshan Zhao, Dejian Xu, Libo Wang, Shihao Cui, Qinlian Liu, Xuan Han, Zhiyuan Wang, Hui Ning, Mingbo Wu.  (2025)  A core-shell confinement strategy towards single-atom Fe-N/S-C bifunctional catalyst for selective nitroarene reduction and olefin epoxidation.  JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.178488]
77. Yufen Wang, Yantao Wang, Yongqing Ma, Asma Mohmmad Elsharif, Chen Zhang, Weiran Yang, Christophe Len.  (2024)  A transition-metal-free catalytic reduction of benzylic alcohols and alkenes and N-formylation of nitroarenes mediated by iodide ions and formic acid.  NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:] [10.1039/D4NJ03772C]
78. Zitao Shen, Zhuo Wang, Pengfei Ye, Lihong Guo, Sheng Peng, Yuefan Liu, Yongsheng Cui, Juan Zheng, Gangfeng Ouyang.  (2025)  Highly hydrophobic calixarene polymers for efficient enrichment of polar nitrobenzene compounds.  TALANTA,      [PMID:39778492] [10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127555]
79. Yaqi Qu, Hualiang An, Xinqiang Zhao, Yanji Wang.  (2024)  Insight into the roles of HEPES and ethanol in one-pot preparation of ZrO2@Pt catalyst for efficient selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene.  CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2024.153949]
80. Zhengsong Hu, Yiquan Chen, Jie Xu, Jiajia Hao, Haifeng Bao, Xiufang Li, Renchuan You, Ze Xiong, Hengquan Yang, Haolan Xu.  (2024)  In-situ generation and stabilization of gas bubbles for multiphase catalysis.  JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE,      [PMID:39681019] [10.1016/j.jcis.2024.12.069]
81. Yuan Ziwei, Wang Zhe, Wang Shaopo, Yu Jingjie, Li Chen, Chang Jing.  (2024)  Mechanism of ozone catalysis by transition metal hydroxyl oxides: From reactive oxygen species to surface structural hydroxyl.  Desalination and Water Treatment,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100823]
82. Fengliang Cao, Wanxin Ni, Qingshan Zhao, Libo Wang, Song Xue, Yanpeng Li, Debin Kong, Mingbo Wu, Linjie Zhi.  (2024)  Precisely manipulating the local coordination of cobalt single-atom catalyst boosts selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes.  APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.123762]
83. Feng Guo, Ke Xu, Zhao Ke, Hao Zhang, Guangtao Qian, Hui Li, Dandan Li.  (2024)  Preparation and characterization of thermo-processable poly(benzimidazole imide)s with soluble and high heat-resistance containing N-phenyl-benzimidazole.  POLYMER,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.polymer.2024.127017]
84. Jia Xu, Tao Li, Wei E. Huang, Ning-Yi Zhou.  (2024)  Semi-rational design of nitroarene dioxygenase for catalytic ability toward 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene.  APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY,      [PMID:38709097] [10.1128/aem.01436-23]
85. Mingyuan Jian, Kecan Dou, Deqiong Xie, Gaomei Tu, Weidong Zhu, Fumin Zhang.  (2024)  Synthesis of MXene supported Co nanoparticle catalyst for efficient catalytic transfer hydrogenation of nitro compounds with formic acid.  NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:] [10.1039/D3NJ05864F]
86. Libo Wang, Dejian Xu, Zhiyuan Wang, Fengliang Cao, Shihao Cui, Hui Wang, Honghao Liu, Xiaojie Tan, Qingshan Zhao, Mingbo Wu.  (2025)  Vacancy-directed Pt-N3Cl1 coordination engineering via flash joule heating for chemoselective nitroarene hydrogenation.  CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2025.166366]
87. Liqi Dong, Zilong Liu, Yingna Wang, Yuanpei Lan, Chaoyi Chen, Wei Zhang.  (2023)  Ni-based nanocatalyst protected by ultrathin mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon layer with hollow structure for the efficient transfer hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes.  Molecular Catalysis,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113339]
88. Zhijun Li, Mingyang Zhang, Xiuli Dong, Siqi Ji, Lili Zhang, Leipeng Leng, Honghong Li, J. Hugh Horton, Qian Xu, Junfa Zhu.  (2022)  Strong electronic interaction of indium oxide with palladium single atoms induced by quenching toward enhanced hydrogenation of nitrobenzene.  APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121462]
89. Shuangyu Xiong, Luminita Marin, Lian Duan, Xinjian Cheng.  (2019)  Fluorescent chitosan hydrogel for highly and selectively sensing of p-nitrophenol and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol.  CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS,      [PMID:31521279] [10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115253]
90. Jiaxin Li, Ganceng Yang, Yanqing Jiao, Hongyan Sun, Jiaqi Wang, Yue Liu, Chungui Tian, Haijing Yan, Honggang Fu.  (2025)  Charge redistribution of Mo-incorporated Fe2Ni2N customizes potential-determining step for highly selective electroreduction of nitrobenzene to azoxybenzene.  APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125358]
91. Xiaoxiang Cheng, Heng Liang, An Ding, Xuewu Zhu, Xiaobin Tang, Zhendong Gan, Jiajian Xing, Daoji Wu, Guibai Li.  (2017)  Application of Fe(II)/peroxymonosulfate for improving ultrafiltration membrane performance in surface water treatment: Comparison with coagulation and ozonation.  WATER RESEARCH,      [PMID:28772142] [10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.062]
92. Xiaoxiang Cheng, Daoji Wu, Heng Liang, Xuewu Zhu, Xiaobin Tang, Zhendong Gan, Jiajian Xing, Xinsheng Luo, Guibai Li.  (2018)  Effect of sulfate radical-based oxidation pretreatments for mitigating ceramic UF membrane fouling caused by algal extracellular organic matter.  WATER RESEARCH,      [PMID:30114556] [10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.018]
93. Liwu Gan, Xiaoying Feng, Suxin Zhou, Jinglin Chen, Juan Zheng, Gangfeng Ouyang.  (2025)  Core-shell MOF@COFs with hierarchical pores for synergistic extraction of Cl/Br-substituted organic pollutants.  TALANTA,      [PMID:40199122] [10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128091]
94. Jiayi Li, Shiwei Wang, Zhihao Yu, Haojian Zhang, Lin Zhu, Chunzheng Wu, Hongbo Yu.  (2025)  Catalytic Enhancement Through Interfacial Engineering: Ir-MoOx Nanocrystals on Silica for Nitroaromatic Hydrogenation.  INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH,      [PMID:] [10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00455]
95. Fan Fan, Jiao He, Junyu Chen, Xinjian Cheng.  (2025)  Polymeric fluorescent probes for the detection and removal of 4-nitrophenol.  JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY A-CHEMISTRY,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.117008]
96. Qian Hu, Shanli Wang, Kaixing Fu, Guangpeng Yang, Licong Xu, Wenbin Jiang, Minghua Wu, Wangyang Lu, Xiaomin Zhu, Jinming Luo.  (2025)  Highly Selective Singlet Oxygen Generation via an Asymmetric Co–O–Fe Dual-site for Enhanced Water Treatment: Importance of Switching the Ozone Activation Pathway.  Engineering,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.eng.2025.12.016]
97. Xiangxing Zeng, Zetong Ma, Zhiyong Zhen, Jing Li, Wanyi Tan, Rui Chen, Zhongke Yuan, Shaolin Lu, Yuzhao Yang, Cheng Wang, Xudong Chen.  (2026)  Fluorine-free bismaleimide triazine resin of ultra-low dielectric loss for high-frequency communication.  EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114606]
98. Nabi Bux, Danruo Luo, Shan Qian, He Guo, Sadam Hussain Tumrani, Razium Ali Soomro, Guodong Zhang, Qiuling Ma, Jian Zhou, Tiecheng Wang.  (2026)  Dual heteroatom engineering-modulated cobalt catalysts for peracetic acid activation realized superior sulfadiazine degradation in water.  JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT,      [PMID:41763053] [10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129149]
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