aladdin - Periodic Table

Atomic Mass	114.818
Electron Configuration	[Kr]5s24d105p1
Oxidation States	+3
Year Discovered	1863

Atomic Mass	114.818
Electron Configuration	[Kr]5s24d105p1
Oxidation States	+3
Year Discovered	1863

Identifiers

Element Name	Indium
Element Symbol	In
InChI	InChI=1S/In
InChIKey	APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties

Atomic Weight	114.818(1) 114.818 114.8 114.818(1)
Electron Configuration	[Kr]5s²4d¹⁰5p¹
Atomic Radius	Van der Waals Atomic Radius :193 pm (Van der Waals) Empirical Atomic Radius :155pm (Empirical) Covalent Atomic Radius :142(5) pm (Covalent)
Oxidation States	+3 3, 2, 1, -1, -2, -5 (an amphoteric oxide)
Ground Level	²P°_1/2
Ionization Energy	5.786 eV 5.7863558 ± 0.0000005 eV
Electronegativity	Pauling Scale Electronegativity :1.78(Pauling Scale) Allen Scale Electronegativity :1.656(Allen Scale)
Electron Affinity	0.3eV 0.2eV
Atomic Spectra	Lines Holdings Levels Holdings
Physical Description	Solid
Element Classification	Metal
Element Period Number	5
Element Group Number	13
Density	7.31 grams per cubic centimeter
Melting Point	429.75 K (156.60°C or 313.88°F) 156.6°C
Boiling Point	2345 K (2072°C or 3762°F) 2072°C
Estimated Crustal Abundance	2.5×10^-1 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance	2×10^-2 milligrams per liter

History

The name derives from the term "indigo" for the indigo-blue line in the element's spark spectrum. It was discovered in 1863 by the German physicist Ferdinand Reich and the German metallurgist Hieronymus Theodor Richter, while examining zinc blende. They isolated indium in 1867.

Indium was discovered by the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter in 1863. Reich and Richter had been looking for traces of the element thallium in samples of zinc ores. A brilliant indigo line in the sample's spectrum revealed the existence of indium. Indium is about as abundant as silver but is much easier to recover since it typically occurs along with zinc, iron, lead and copper ores.

From the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world's supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually.

Historical Atomic Weights

Year	Atomic Weight (uncertainty) [u]	Reference
2011	114.818(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-13-03-02
1991	114.818(3)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199264101519
1969	114.82(1)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197021010091
1955	114.82	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01595a001
1934	114.76	https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9340000499
1909	114.8	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01931a001
1905	115	https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01979a001
1902	114	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01370337

Historical Isotopic Abundances

Year	Isotope	Abundance (uncertainty)	Reference
2013	¹¹³In	0.042 81(52)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
2013	¹¹⁵In	0.957 19(52)	https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
1997	¹¹³In	0.0429(5)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1997	¹¹⁵In	0.9571(5)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010217
1979	¹¹³In	0.043(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1979	¹¹⁵In	0.957(2)	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052102349
1975	¹¹³In	0.043	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075
1975	¹¹⁵In	0.957	https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197647010075

Description

Indium is available in ultra pure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a high-pitched "cry" when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium.

Users

Indium is used to coat the bearings of high speed motors since it allows for the even distribution of lubricating oil. Indium is used to dope germanium to make transistors. It is also used to make other electrical components such as rectifiers, thermistors and photoconductors. Indium can be used to make mirrors that are as reflective as silver mirrors but do not tarnish as quickly. Indium is also used to make low melting alloys. An alloy of 24% indium and 76% gallium is a liquid at room temperature.

It has found application in making low-melting allows; an allow of 24% indium - 76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion.

Sources

Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores.

Compounds

See more information at the Indium compound page.

Element Forms

CID	Name	Formula	SMILES	Molecular Weight
5359967	indium	In	[In]	114.818
105148	indium(3+)	In+3	[In+3]	114.818
6335518	indium-113	In	[113In]	112.904060
5462099	indium-111	In	[111In]	110.90511
6336608	indium-114	In	[114In]	113.904916
6336613	indium-115	In	[115In]	114.9038788
6337038	indium-116	In	[116In]	115.905260
6337559	indium-109	In	[109In]	108.90715
6337711	indium-119	In	[119In]	118.90585
6337544	indium-112	In	[112In]	111.90554
6337562	indium-117	In	[117In]	116.90452
6337618	indium-110	In	[110In]	109.9072
9793721	indium-111(3+)	In+3	[111In+3]	110.90511
15682806	indium(1+)	In+	[In+]	114.818
71510782	indium-113(3+)	In+3	[113In+3]	112.904060

Handling And Storage

There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity; however, care should be taken until further information is available.

Isotopes

Stable Isotope Count	1

Isotopes in Medicine

111In (with a half-life of 2.8 days) is used in indium leukocyte imaging (Fig. IUPAC.49.1), in which white blood cells that are abundant at sites of infection are labeled with 111In to help locate the source of the infection [361], [362], [363].

Fig. IUPAC.49.1: Radionuclide imaging of infection. Leukocytes are white blood cells in the body that protect the body from infection and can be dyed with ¹¹¹In to locate the site of an infection in the body. (Image Source: Love, Charito MD and Palestro, Christopher J. MD., 2004) [363].

[361] M. T. Syrjälä, V. Valtonen, K. Liewendahl, G. Myllylä. J. Nucl. Med.28, 155 (1987).

[362] M. D. Cerqueira, A. F. Jacobson. J. Nucl. Med.30, 703 (1989).

[363] C. Love, C. J. Palestro. J. Nucl. Med.Technol.32, 47 (2004).

Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)

113In is used to produce 113Sn (with a half-life of 115 days) via the reaction 113In (p, n) 113Sn, and 113In is used to produce the radioisotope 110In (with a half-life of 1.15 h) [364], [365].

[364] F. E. Fakhari. Separation and Purification of 111In from Irradiated Cadmium Targets by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Method for Medical Applications, Deutsche National Bibliothek (2014), Feb. 26; http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2006/0132/view.html.

[365] M. Mostafa, A. A. El Sadek, H. El Said, M. A. El Amir. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci.10, 1 (2009).

Isotope Mass and Abundance

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
^113In	112.904 060(2)	0.042 81(52)
^115In	114.903 878 77(8)	0.957 19(52)

Isotope	Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]	Abundance (uncertainty)
¹¹³In	112.90406184(91)	0.0429(5)
¹¹⁵In	114.903878776(12)	0.9571(5)

Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay

Nuclide	Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]	Half Life and Uncertainty	Discovery Year	Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]
⁹⁶In	95.959109 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]	1 ms >400ns [Estimated]	2016	β⁺ ?; p ?
⁹⁷In	96.949125 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]	36 ms ± 6	2011	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=2.3±1.3%; p ?
⁹⁷In^m	96.949125 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]	0.12 ms ± 0.07	2018	p ?
⁹⁸In	97.942129 ± 0.000327 [Estimated]	30 ms ± 1	1994	β⁺=100%; β⁺p<0.13%
⁹⁸In^m	97.942129 ± 0.000327 [Estimated]	890 ms ± 20	2001	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=44±0.2%
⁹⁹In	98.934110 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]	3.11 s ± 0.06	1994	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=0.29±0.3%
⁹⁹In^m	98.934110 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]	1 s [Estimated]		β⁺ ?; β⁺p ?; IT ?
¹⁰⁰In	99.931101929 ± 0.0000024	5.62 s ± 0.06	1982	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=1.66±0.3%
¹⁰¹In	100.926414025 ± 0.000012519	15.1 s ± 1.1	1988	β⁺=100%; β⁺p<1.7%
¹⁰¹In^m	100.926414025 ± 0.000012519	10 s [Estimated]	2019	β⁺ ?; IT ?
¹⁰²In	101.924105911 ± 0.000004909	23.3 s ± 0.1	1981	β⁺=100%; β⁺p=0.0093±1.3%
¹⁰³In	102.919878830 ± 0.00000964	60 s ± 1	1978	β⁺=100%
¹⁰³In^m	102.919878830 ± 0.00000964	34 s ± 2	1988	β⁺=67%; IT=33%
¹⁰⁴In	103.918214538 ± 0.0000062	1.80 m ± 0.03	1977	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁴In^m	103.918214538 ± 0.0000062	15.7 s ± 0.5	1988	IT=80±0.5%; β⁺=20±0.5%
¹⁰⁵In	104.914502322 ± 0.000011	5.07 m ± 0.07	1975	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁵In^m	104.914502322 ± 0.000011	48 s ± 6	1975	IT≈100%; β⁺ ?
¹⁰⁶In	105.913463596 ± 0.000013125	6.2 m ± 0.1	1962	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁶In^m	105.913463596 ± 0.000013125	5.2 m ± 0.1	1966	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁷In	106.910287497 ± 0.000010363	32.4 m ± 0.3	1949	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁷In^m	106.910287497 ± 0.000010363	50.4 s ± 0.6	1973	IT=100%
¹⁰⁸In	107.909693654 ± 0.000009276	58.0 m ± 1.2	1949	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁸In^m	107.909693654 ± 0.000009276	39.6 m ± 0.7	1955	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁹In	108.907149679 ± 0.000004261	4.159 h ± 0.010	1948	β⁺=100%
¹⁰⁹In^m	108.907149679 ± 0.000004261	1.34 m ± 0.06	1966	IT=100%
¹⁰⁹Inⁿ	108.907149679 ± 0.000004261	210.0 ms ± 0.9	1963	IT=100[gs=100,m=0]
¹¹⁰In	109.907170674 ± 0.000012402	4.92 h ± 0.08	1939	β⁺=100%
¹¹⁰In^m	109.907170674 ± 0.000012402	69.1 m ± 0.5	1962	β⁺=100%
¹¹¹In	110.905107236 ± 0.000003675	2.8048 d ± 0.0001	1947	ε=100%
¹¹¹In^m	110.905107236 ± 0.000003675	7.7 m ± 0.2	1966	IT=100%
¹¹²In	111.905538718 ± 0.000004563	14.88 m ± 0.15	1947	β⁺=62±0.4%; β^-=38±0.4%
¹¹²In^m	111.905538718 ± 0.000004563	20.67 m ± 0.08	1953	IT=100%
¹¹²Inⁿ	111.905538718 ± 0.000004563	690 ns ± 50	1976	IT=100%
¹¹²In^p	111.905538718 ± 0.000004563	2.81 us ± 0.03	1976	IT=100%
¹¹³In	112.904060451 ± 0.000000202	Stable	1934	IS=4.281±5.2%
¹¹³In^m	112.904060451 ± 0.000000202	1.6579 h ± 0.0004	1939	IT=100%
¹¹⁴In	113.904916405 ± 0.000000323	71.9 s ± 0.1	1937	β^-=99.50±1.5%; β⁺=0.50±1.5%
¹¹⁴In^m	113.904916405 ± 0.000000323	49.51 d ± 0.01	1939	IT=96.75±2.4%; β⁺=3.25±2.4%
¹¹⁴Inⁿ	113.904916405 ± 0.000000323	43.1 ms ± 0.6	1958	IT=100[gs=0,m=100]
¹¹⁵In	114.903878772 ± 0.000000012	441 Ty ± 25	1924	IS=95.719±5.2%; β^-=100%
¹¹⁵In^m	114.903878772 ± 0.000000012	4.486 h ± 0.004	1961	IT=95.0±0.7%; β^-=5.0±0.7%
¹¹⁶In	115.905259992 ± 0.000000236	14.10 s ± 0.03	1937	β^-≈100%; ε=0.0237±4.3%
¹¹⁶In^m	115.905259992 ± 0.000000236	54.29 m ± 0.17	1945	β^-=100%
¹¹⁶Inⁿ	115.905259992 ± 0.000000236	2.18 s ± 0.04	1950	IT=100[gs=0,m=100]
¹¹⁷In	116.904515729 ± 0.000005239	43.2 m ± 0.3	1937	β^-=100%
¹¹⁷In^m	116.904515729 ± 0.000005239	116.2 m ± 0.3	1940	β^-=52.9±1.5%; IT=47.1±1.5%
¹¹⁸In	117.906356705 ± 0.000008322	5.0 s ± 0.5	1949	β^-=100%
¹¹⁸In^m	117.906356705 ± 0.000008322	4.364 m ± 0.007	1964	β^-=100%
¹¹⁸Inⁿ	117.906356705 ± 0.000008322	8.5 s ± 0.3	1969	IT=98.6 3[gs=0,m=98.6]; β^-=1.4±0.3%
¹¹⁹In	118.905851622 ± 0.000007847	2.4 m ± 0.1	1949	β^-=100%
¹¹⁹In^m	118.905851622 ± 0.000007847	18.0 m ± 0.3	1973	β^-=97.4±0.4%; IT=2.6±0.4%
¹¹⁹Inⁿ	118.905851622 ± 0.000007847	130 ns ± 15	1974	IT=100%
¹¹⁹In^p	118.905851622 ± 0.000007847	265 ns ± 10	2002	IT=100%
¹²⁰In	119.907967489 ± 0.000042953	3.08 s ± 0.08	1958	β^-=100%
¹²⁰In^m	119.907967489 ± 0.000042953	46.2 s ± 0.8	1960	β^-=100%
¹²⁰Inⁿ	119.907967489 ± 0.000042953	47.3 s ± 0.5	1960	β^-=100%
¹²¹In	120.907852778 ± 0.000029435	23.1 s ± 0.6	1960	β^-=100%
¹²¹In^m	120.907852778 ± 0.000029435	3.88 m ± 0.10	1974	β^-=98.8±0.2%; IT=1.2±0.2%
¹²¹Inⁿ	120.907852778 ± 0.000029435	7.3 us ± 2	2002	IT=100%
¹²²In	121.910282458 ± 0.000053741	1.5 s ± 0.3	1963	β^-=100%
¹²²In^m	121.910282458 ± 0.000053741	10.3 s ± 0.6	1979	β^-=100%
¹²²Inⁿ	121.910282458 ± 0.000053741	10.8 s ± 0.4	1979	β^-=100%
¹²³In	122.910435252 ± 0.00002129	6.17 s ± 0.05	1960	β^-=100%
¹²³In^m	122.910435252 ± 0.00002129	47.4 s ± 0.4	1960	β^-=100%
¹²³Inⁿ	122.910435252 ± 0.00002129	1.4 us ± 0.2	2004	IT=100%
¹²³In^p	122.910435252 ± 0.00002129	>100 us	2010	IT=100%
¹²⁴In	123.913184873 ± 0.000032808	3.12 s ± 0.09	1964	β^-=100%
¹²⁴In^m	123.913184873 ± 0.000032808	3.67 s ± 0.03	1974	β^-≈100%; IT ?
¹²⁵In	124.913673841 ± 0.0000019	2.36 s ± 0.04	1967	β^-=100%
¹²⁵In^m	124.913673841 ± 0.0000019	12.2 s ± 0.2	1974	β^-=100%
¹²⁵Inⁿ	124.913673841 ± 0.0000019	9.4 us ± 0.6	1998	IT=100%
¹²⁵In^p	124.913673841 ± 0.0000019	5.0 ms ± 1.5	1998	IT=100%
¹²⁶In	125.916468202 ± 0.0000045	1.53 s ± 0.01	1974	β^-=100%
¹²⁶In^m	125.916468202 ± 0.0000045	1.64 s ± 0.05	1970	β^-=100%
¹²⁶Inⁿ	125.916468202 ± 0.0000045	22 us ± 2	2003	IT=100%
¹²⁷In	126.917466040 ± 0.000010736	1.086 s ± 0.007	1975	β^-=100%; β^-n<0.03%
¹²⁷In^m	126.917466040 ± 0.000010736	3.618 s ± 0.021	1974	β^-=100%; β^-n=0.70±0.4%
¹²⁷Inⁿ	126.917466040 ± 0.000010736	1.04 s ± 0.10	2004	β^-=100%; β^-n ?
¹²⁷In^p	126.917466040 ± 0.000010736	9 us ± 2	2004	IT=100%
¹²⁸In	127.920353637 ± 0.000001419	816 ms ± 27	1975	β^-=100%; β^-n=0.038±0.3%
¹²⁸In^m	127.920353637 ± 0.000001419	23 us ± 2	1988	IT=100%
¹²⁸Inⁿ	127.920353637 ± 0.000001419	720 ms ± 100	1986	β^-=100%; IT ?; β^-n ?
¹²⁸In^p	127.920353637 ± 0.000001419	>0.3 s	2020	β^-≈100%; IT ?; β^-n ?
¹²⁹In	128.921808534 ± 0.000002116	570 ms ± 10	1975	β^-=100%; β^-n=0.23±0.7%
¹²⁹In^m	128.921808534 ± 0.000002116	1.23 s ± 0.03	1976	β^-≈100%; IT ?; β^-n=3.6±0.4%
¹²⁹Inⁿ	128.921808534 ± 0.000002116	11.2 us ± 0.2	2003	IT=100%
¹²⁹In^p	128.921808534 ± 0.000002116	670 ms ± 100	2004	β^-≈100%; IT ?
¹²⁹In^q	128.921808534 ± 0.000002116	110 ms ± 15	2004	IT≈100%; β^- ?
¹³⁰In	129.924952257 ± 0.000001921	273 ms ± 5	1973	β^-=100%; β^-n=0.93±1.3%
¹³⁰In^m	129.924952257 ± 0.000001921	540 ms ± 10	1973	β^-=100%; β^-n=1.80±0.7%
¹³⁰Inⁿ	129.924952257 ± 0.000001921	540 ms ± 10	1986	β^-=100%; β^-n=1.80±0.7%
¹³⁰In^p	129.924952257 ± 0.000001921	4.6 us ± 0.2	2003	IT=100%
¹³¹In	130.926972839 ± 0.000002367	261.5 ms ± 2.8	1976	β^-=100%; β^-n=2.25±2.1%
¹³¹In^m	130.926972839 ± 0.000002367	328 ms ± 15	1984	β^-=100%; β^-n=2.25±2.1%; IT ?
¹³¹Inⁿ	130.926972839 ± 0.000002367	322 ms ± 41	1984	β^-=100%; β^-n=12±0.7%; IT ?
¹³¹In^p	130.926972839 ± 0.000002367	669 ns ± 34	2009	IT=100%
¹³²In	131.932998444 ± 0.000064447	202.2 ms ± 0.2	1973	β^-=100%; β^-n=12.3±0.4%; β^-2n ?
¹³³In	132.938067 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	163.0 ms ± 1.6	1996	β^-=100%; β^-n=90±0.3%; β^-2n ?
¹³³In^m	132.938067 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	167 ms ± 11	1996	β^-=100%; β^-n=93±0.3%
¹³⁴In	133.944208 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	136 ms ± 4	1996	β^-=100%; β^-n≈65%; β^-2n<4%
¹³⁴In^m	133.944208 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]	3.5 us ± 0.4	2019	IT=100%
¹³⁵In	134.949425 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	103 ms ± 3	2002	β^-=100%; β^-n= ?; β^-2n ?
¹³⁶In	135.956017 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]	86 ms ± 9	2015	β^-=100%; β^-n ?; β^-2n ?
¹³⁷In	136.961535 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]	70 ms ± 40	2015	β^-=100%; β^-n ?; β^-2n ?

Information Sources

1. PubChem
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
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https://www-nds.iaea.org/disclaimer.html

In
https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/
3. IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)
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http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm

Indium
https://www.ciaaw.org/indium.htm
4. Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy
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Please see citation and linking information https https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice

Indium
https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele049.html
5. Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy
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https://about.lanl.gov/lanl-resources/web-policies/

Indium
https://periodic.lanl.gov/49.shtml
6. NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory
LICENSE
https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer

Indium
https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=49
7. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)
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Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
8. PubChem Elements
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https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html

Indium