CBL0137 HCl - ≥99% , CAS No.1197397-89-9

CAS: 1197397-89-9 Cat. No.: C414023 Formula: C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₂ • HCl Molecular Weight: 372.9

GRADE & PURITY ≥99%

Synonyms

1,1'-(9-(2-(Isopropylamino)ethyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)diethanone hydrochloride | CBL0137(CBL-0137) | Q27278110 | s8483 | 1,1'-(9-(2-(Isopropylamino)ethyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)bis(ethan-1-one) hydrochloride | CCG-268335 | 1,1'-(9-(2-((1-Methylethyl)imi

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

Information

CBL0137 HCl CBL0137 (CBLC137, Curaxin 137) HCl activates p53 and inhibits NF-kB with EC50s of 0.37 μM and 0.47 μM in the cell-based p53 and NF-kB reporter assays, respectively. It also inhibits histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription complex).

Targets

FACT ; p53 (Cell-free assay); NF-κB (Cell-free assay) ; 0.37 μM(EC50); 0.47 μM(EC50)

In vitro

CBL0137 is a potent inducer of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines and is toxic not only for proliferating bulk tumor cells, but also for pancreatic cancer stem cells. CBL0137 and related molecules can simultaneously activate p53 and inhibit cellular stress pathways mediated by NF-κB and HSF-1. CBL0137 binds DNA but does not cause any sort of chemical modifications in DNA and therefore lacks genotoxicity. However, CBL0137 binding to DNA leads to functional inactivation of the Facilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) complex, a chromatin remodeling complex involved in transcription, replication, and DNA repair. In CBL0137-treated cells, FACT is lost from the nucleoplasm and trapped in chromatin, resulting in the inhibition of FACT-dependent transcription, including NF-kB-mediated transcription. Additionally, chromatin trapping of FACT leads to casein kinase 2 (CK2)-dependent phosphorylation and activation of p53.

In vivo

In mice, CBL0137 is effective against several Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) models, including orthotopic gemcitabine resistant PANC-1 model and patient derived xenografts, in which CBL0137 anti-tumor effect correlated with overexpression of FACT. CBL0137 targets glioblastoma (GBM) according to its proposed mechanism of action, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and is efficacious in both TMZ-responsive and -resistant orthotopic models. The property of crossing the blood-brain barrier, especially when administered i.v, bodes well for the potential of this drug to treat CNS tumors. In orthotopic models, i.v. administration leads to greater tumor tissue accumulation than oral dosing, leading to greater bioavailability. Normal brain tissue accumulation of CBL0137 does not cause observable neurotoxicity.

Cell Research(from reference)

Cell lines：tumor (HT1080, RCC45, MiaPaca) and normal cells (Wi38, NKE-hTERT) 

Concentrations：2 μM 

Incubation Time：24 h 

Specifications

Synonyms

1,1'-(9-(2-(Isopropylamino)ethyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)diethanone hydrochloride | CBL0137(CBL-0137) | Q27278110 | s8483 | 1,1'-(9-(2-(Isopropylamino)ethyl)-9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)bis(ethan-1-one) hydrochloride | CCG-268335 | 1,1'-(9-(2-((1-Methylethyl)imi

Specifications & Purity

≥99%

Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms

CBL0137 (CBLC137, Curaxin 137) HCl activates p53 and inhibits NF-kB with EC50s of 0.37 μM and 0.47 μM in the cell-based p53 and NF-kB reporter assays, respectively. It also inhibits histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription complex).

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Action Type

INHIBITOR

Purity

≥99%

Names and Identifiers

Pubchem Sid

504770358

Pubchem Sid Url

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/504770358

Canonical Smiles

CC(C)NCCN1C2=C(C=C(C=C2)C(=O)C)C3=C1C=CC(=C3)C(=O)C.Cl

IUPAC Name

1-[6-acetyl-9-[2-(propan-2-ylamino)ethyl]carbazol-3-yl]ethanone;hydrochloride

InChIKey

IXRKBBVMDMKAEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

INCHI

1S/C21H24N2O2.ClH/c1-13(2)22-9-10-23-20-7-5-16(14(3)24)11-18(20)19-12-17(15(4)25)6-8-21(19)23;/h5-8,11-13,22H,9-10H2,1-4H3;1H

Isomeric SMILES

CC(C)NCCN1C2=C(C=C(C=C2)C(=O)C)C3=C1C=CC(=C3)C(=O)C.Cl

Molecular Weight

372.9

Reaxy-Rn

27322822

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=27322822&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organoheterocyclic compounds
    • Class Indoles and derivatives
      • Subclass Carbazoles

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organoheterocyclic compounds
• Class: Indoles and derivatives
• Subclass: Carbazoles
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Carbazoles
• Alternative Parents: N-alkylindoles Indoles Acetophenones Aryl alkyl ketones Substituted pyrroles Heteroaromatic compounds Dialkylamines Azacyclic compounds Organic oxides Hydrochlorides Hydrocarbon derivatives
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
• Substituents: Carbazole - N-alkylindole - Acetophenone - Indole - Aryl ketone - Aryl alkyl ketone - Substituted pyrrole - Benzenoid - Heteroaromatic compound - Pyrrole - Ketone - Secondary amine - Secondary aliphatic amine - Azacycle - Hydrocarbon derivative - Amine - Organic nitrogen compound - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Organic oxide - Organic oxygen compound - Hydrochloride - Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carbazoles. These are compounds containing a three ring system containing a pyrrole ring fused on either side to a benzene ring.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Solubility: Solubility (25°C) In vitro DMSO: 20 mg/mL (53.63 mM); Water: 20 mg/mL (53.63 mM); Ethanol: Insoluble
• Sensitivity: Moisture sensitive
• Molecular Weight: 372.900 g/mol
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
• Rotatable Bond Count: 6
• Exact Mass: 372.16 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 372.16 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 51.100 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 26
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 466.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

XLogP3

Application Protocols

No item-specific, validated application protocols are provided for this catalog entry.

General protocol framework for cell-based studies (research use only):

• Stock preparation: Dissolve in DMSO (e.g., 10–50 mM). Aliquot and store at -20°C protected from light.
• Cell treatment:
  • Plate cells to reach the desired confluence at the time of dosing.
  • Prepare serial dilutions in assay medium to achieve target final concentrations with a constant DMSO percentage (commonly ≤0.1–0.5%). Include vehicle controls.
  • Incubate for defined time points (e.g., 2–24 h for acute transcriptional responses; longer for phenotypic outcomes), per experimental objective.
• Readouts (examples): Reporter assays, qPCR of target genes, RNA-seq, ChIP/ATAC-seq, viability or apoptosis markers as appropriate for mechanism exploration. Validate with orthogonal methods.
• Data quality:
  • Include at least 3 biological replicates and appropriate plate layouts.
  • Monitor for precipitation, pH drift, or cytotoxicity unrelated to mechanism by including stress-response controls.

These are general research guidelines only; adapt to your assay and institutional SOPs.

Biological Roles

Literature/general description (non-clinical; mechanism-focused):

• CBL0137 (curaxin class) is widely studied as a DNA-interacting small molecule that perturbs chromatin dynamics. It has been reported to trap or modulate the histone chaperone complex FACT (Facilitates Chromatin Transcription), altering transcriptional programs and chromatin accessibility in cells.
• DNA interaction: Polyaromatic, cationic scaffolds commonly intercalate into DNA and/or bind within grooves, leading to changes in DNA topology and nucleosome stability (literature). Such interactions can trigger stress responses, affect promoter activity, and modulate signaling pathways upstream of transcription factors.
• Transcriptional and signaling impacts (literature): Exposure can lead to p53 pathway activation, modulation of NF-κB signaling, and changes in interferon-stimulated gene expression, consistent with chromatin stress. The precise response is cell-type and context dependent.
• Biochemical utilities:
  • Tool for dissecting replication–transcription conflicts and nucleosome turnover.
  • Chemical probe for evaluating FACT dependency of gene sets using reporter assays, ChIP/ATAC-seq, and nascent transcription profiling.
• Selectivity considerations: As with many DNA-interacting agents, off-target effects are plausible at higher concentrations; careful titration and orthogonal verification (e.g., genetic knockdown/knockout of FACT subunits) are recommended for mechanistic attribution.

Note: All uses are for research only. No medical or clinical claims are made or implied.

Buffer Applications

This product is a bioactive small molecule, not a buffering reagent. It does not serve as a pH buffer or electrophoresis buffer component.

Practical notes for buffer preparation in assays (general):

• Dissolve the compound in DMSO to make a concentrated stock, then dilute into the target assay buffer (e.g., PBS, HEPES-based media) with vigorous mixing to prevent precipitation.
• Maintain consistent cosolvent concentration across treatment and vehicle control conditions.
• If adsorption or precipitation occurs, consider adding carrier proteins (e.g., 0.1% BSA) or low levels of nonionic surfactant compatible with the assay, and verify that these additives do not affect readouts independently.

Green Alternatives

Because CBL0137 HCl is a specific bioactive small molecule (not a solvent or process reagent), “green replacement” considerations are limited. Nonetheless, greener practices can be applied to its handling and experimental design.

• Scope and limitations:

  • There is no green alternative for the compound itself when it is the experimental variable or tool compound of interest.

• Greener handling strategies (general):

  • Solvent minimization: Use the lowest feasible DMSO concentration in assays; optimize plate layouts to reduce dead volume.
  • Waste reduction: Consolidate DMSO stock preparation and use multi-aliquot vials to extend shelf life and prevent discard due to degradation.
  • Safer solvents for cleaning: Prefer aqueous surfactant solutions or ethanol over chlorinated solvents for bench cleanup where compatible.
  • Energy-efficient storage: While -20°C is required (per Product Data), plan coordinated usage to minimize door-open time and dry-ice shipments.

• Comparison table (contextual)

  • Parameter: Solvent for stocks | Typical choice: DMSO | Greener note: Maintain <1% v/v in assays; evaluate aqueous cyclodextrin complexation to further reduce DMSO (literature, case-dependent).

• Documentation:

  • Track quantities and shelf-life to avoid surplus expiration. Share aliquots within teams to reduce redundant orders and shipments.

Pharmaceutical Uses

This product is supplied strictly for research use only. No therapeutic or clinical use is intended or permitted.

Relevant non-clinical, pre-formulation contexts (literature/general):

• Reference standard: May be used as an analytical reference in method development (e.g., LC–MS quantification in preclinical matrices) when appropriate reference permissions and documentation are in place.
• Formulation research: Exploratory solubilization strategies (e.g., cyclodextrin complexation, lipid-based vehicles) can be evaluated to understand compound behavior; any such work remains non-clinical and for discovery only.
• Solid form considerations: Hydrochloride salts often offer improved crystallinity and aqueous compatibility versus free bases; polymorph and hydrate screening can be relevant in materials characterization studies.

Regulatory note:

• Not a pharmacopoeial article. No compendial monograph is implied. For any regulated study, obtain project-specific specifications, stability data, and reference standards per institutional QA requirements.

Physical Properties

Item-specific (from Product Data):

• Appearance: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Literature/general expectations for this chemotype (non-specification):

• Physical state: Typically isolated as a crystalline or amorphous solid hydrochloride salt (literature).
• Solubility profile: Frequently soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as DMSO; water solubility improves in the salt form relative to free base; limited solubility expected in nonpolar solvents (literature). Actual solubility for this item is not specified; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• pKa: Curaxin-like amine centers usually exhibit basic pKa values in the ~7–10 range for conjugate acids (literature). Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• LogP/LogD: Aromatic, cationic scaffolds often show moderate-to-high logP as free base but reduced apparent logD at physiological pH when protonated (literature). Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Melting point, boiling point, density, refractive index: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Practical handling notes (general):

• Hydrochloride salts can be mildly hygroscopic; minimize ambient moisture exposure.
• Prepare concentrated DMSO stock solutions (e.g., 10–50 mM) and dilute into assay buffers immediately before use to limit precipitation; verify compatibility empirically.
• Light-sensitive chromophores are possible for polyaromatic systems; protect from strong light during solution prep and storage.

Quality & Grades

• Grade/Purity: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

Context and implications (general guidance for users procuring screening compounds):

• Research-use small molecules are typically provided at high chemical purity sufficient for biochemical/cell-based assays (e.g., ≥95% by HPLC), but the exact specification, analytical method (HPLC-UV/ELSD, LC–MS), and acceptance criteria must be confirmed on the item’s CoA/Spec Sheet.
• Identity confirmation: Expect orthogonal methods (e.g., 1H NMR, LC–MS, HRMS) to verify structure and mass; salt form is commonly verified by titration or ion chromatography. For this specific item, consult the CoA.
• Counterion and hydration: Hydrochloride salts may exist as anhydrate or hydrate forms; this can slightly affect assay molarity calculations. Check the CoA for exact counterion stoichiometry and any residual solvent/water content.
• UV profile: Polyaromatic scaffolds often have strong UV absorbance useful for HPLC monitoring; however, UV cutoff values and extinction coefficients are not specified for this item.
• Impurities/stability: Track potential degradation during storage (e.g., oxidative changes or de-salting). Repeat HPLC or LC–MS on long-stored stocks if critical.

Recommendation: Use the CoA/Spec Sheet accompanying your lot for precise purity, identity, and assay preparation details. Document lot numbers in screening data for reproducibility.

Reaction & Applications

This product is supplied as a finalized screening compound rather than a synthetic reagent; it is not typically used as a stoichiometric reagent or catalyst in preparative organic synthesis.

• Applicable research uses (non-clinical; literature/general):

  • Chemical biology and phenotypic screening: Employed as a tool compound to probe chromatin-associated processes and transcriptional responses in cell-based assays.
  • Mechanistic biochemistry: Studied for DNA-interaction properties and modulation of histone chaperone activity in vitro.
  • Omics workflows: Reference perturbagen to induce defined transcriptional signatures for benchmarking (e.g., RNA-seq, ATAC-seq) under controlled conditions.

• Not typically applicable:

  • Named organic reactions (e.g., Grignard, cross-coupling) and routine synthetic transformations do not generally involve this molecule as a reagent.

• Practical assay tips (general):

  • Prepare fresh DMSO stocks and minimize freeze–thaw of aliquots.
  • Confirm final DMSO concentration in assays (commonly ≤0.1–0.5%).
  • Include vehicle controls and, where possible, orthogonal readouts (e.g., reporter assays plus qPCR) to mitigate off-target interpretations common to DNA-interacting scaffolds.

Reaction Conditions

Not typically applicable. CBL0137 HCl is not used as a reagent or catalyst in standard organic reactions; therefore, there are no conventional “reaction conditions” to report for its use in synthesis.

Assay preparation conditions (general/literature guidance for bioactive small molecules):

• Stock solution: Prepare in anhydrous DMSO at a defined concentration (e.g., 10–50 mM). Vortex and, if needed, sonicate briefly to ensure dissolution. Filter sterilize only if assay requires, noting potential adsorption losses.
• Working solutions: Dilute into pre-equilibrated assay media or buffer under vigorous mixing to achieve final concentrations spanning the desired dose–response range (e.g., 3–10 half-log serial dilutions). Maintain a constant final DMSO percentage across all wells.
• Temperature and light: Prepare and handle at ambient temperature; protect from strong light to minimize potential photodegradation of polyaromatic scaffolds (literature, general).
• Stability checks: Verify concentration by UV–Vis or LC–MS for long experiments; monitor for precipitation or color change. Replace solutions regularly based on empirical stability.

These recommendations are general and should be tailored to the specific biological assay and institutional SOPs.

Safety & Handling

Item-specific hazard information from Product Data:

• Signal word: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• H-statements: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• GHS classification: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.
• Pictograms: Not specified for this item; refer to SDS.

General laboratory safety guidance for aromatic, cationic small molecules (not a substitute for the SDS):

• PPE: Wear appropriate lab coat, safety glasses, and chemically resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile). Handle powders in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of dust/aerosols.
• Avoid: Contact with skin/eyes; inhalation of dust; ingestion. Wash thoroughly after handling. Prevent environmental release.
• Storage incompatibilities: Keep away from strong oxidizers and strong bases that may deprotonate the salt or induce decomposition. Avoid prolonged exposure to light and heat.
• First aid (general):
  • Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
  • Skin/eye contact: Rinse with water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical attention if irritation persists.
  • Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
• Spills: Gently collect solids with minimal dust generation; wipe residues with damp disposable towels and appropriate solvent; dispose according to institutional and local regulations.
• Special risks: Polyaromatic DNA-interactive agents may pose genotoxicity hazards in concentrated form (literature). Use conservative controls and consult the SDS for authoritative hazard classification.

Always consult the product’s SDS for definitive hazard, handling, and exposure limit information.

Solvent Selection

Given its hydrochloride salt form and polyaromatic character, CBL0137 HCl is generally treated as a cationic, moderately lipophilic small molecule with good compatibility with polar aprotic solvents.

• Practical solvent choices (literature/general):

  • DMSO: Preferred for preparing concentrated stock solutions (e.g., 10–50 mM) due to broad solvency and biochemical assay compatibility at low final percentages.
  • Water/buffer: Aqueous solubility is typically improved in the HCl salt form; however, precipitation can occur upon dilution from DMSO into low-ionic-strength buffers. Titrate DMSO percentage (0.1–1%) and include surfactants or serum proteins if compatible with the assay.
  • Methanol, ethanol: Useful for spectroscopy or analytical sample prep; assess assay tolerance.
  • Avoid nonpolar solvents (hexanes, toluene) where solubility is expected to be poor.

• Polarity class and miscibility (general):

  • Polar, protic (water, buffers): conditional compatibility depending on ionic strength and pH.
  • Polar, aprotic (DMSO, DMF): typically excellent solvency.

• Tips to prevent precipitation and adsorption:

  • Filter 0.2 µm if particulate is observed; pre-wet filters with solvent to reduce adsorption of aromatic cations.
  • Add stock to vigorously stirred buffer; consider stepwise dilution to mitigate local supersaturation.

• Comparison (general):

  • DMSO vs DMF: DMSO has better biocompatibility in assays; DMF sometimes offers marginally higher solubility but is less favored biologically.
  • Aqueous buffers with 1–2% cosolvent often strike a balance between solubility and assay integrity.

Storage & Reconstitution

Item-specific (from Product Data):

• Storage conditions: Store at -20°C.
• Shipping: Shipped in an ice chest with ice pads to maintain a cool chain.

General guidance for this chemotype (non-specification):

• Protection: Store in a tightly closed, inert-atmosphere container (e.g., with desiccant) and protect from light to minimize degradation of polyaromatic chromophores.
• Reconstitution:
  • Prepare concentrated stock solutions in anhydrous DMSO (e.g., 10–50 mM). Record exact concentration for dose calculations.
  • Aliquot into single-use vials/tubes to avoid repeated freeze–thaw. Keep headspace minimal to reduce moisture ingress.
  • For aqueous working solutions, dilute immediately before use. If precipitation is observed, warm gently to room temperature and vortex; avoid prolonged heating.
• Stability (general):
  • Solid: Hydrochloride salts are often stable at -20°C for extended periods when protected from moisture and light; verify lot-specific shelf life on the CoA.
  • Solution: DMSO stocks are commonly stable for weeks to months at -20°C when aliquoted and protected from light; confirm empirically by LC–MS/HPLC.

Always refer to the CoA/Spec Sheet and SDS accompanying your lot for definitive storage duration, re-test intervals, and handling instructions.

Structure & Identity

CBL0137 HCl is a bioactive small-molecule hydrochloride salt from the curaxin chemotype, supplied for research screening and mechanistic studies.

• Item-specific (from Product Data):

  • SKU: C414023
  • Product name: CBL0137 HCl
  • CAS: 1197397-89-9
  • PubChem CID: 44519123
  • InChIKey: 153193 (as provided)
  • Molecular formula: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • Molecular weight: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.
  • SMILES: Not specified for this item; refer to CoA/Spec Sheet.

• Structural features (general/literature description of the chemotype, not item-specific):

  • Curaxins are polyaromatic, cationic, DNA-interacting scaffolds that often contain fused nitrogen heteroaromatics (e.g., benzimidazole/quinazolinone-like motifs) and an aliphatic or vinylogous linker enabling intercalation and groove binding (literature).
  • As a hydrochloride, the molecule is protonated at a basic nitrogen, improving aqueous compatibility and salt stability (general chemistry).

• 2D structure (verbal depiction; literature/general):

  • A multi-ring aromatic core bearing one or more dialkylamino substituents and a protonatable heteroaromatic nitrogen; chloride counterion balances the cationic center. Expect delocalized π-system conducive to DNA intercalation (literature).

Synthetic Utility

CBL0137 HCl is a finalized, bioactive small molecule and is not typically used as a building block or reagent in organic synthesis.

General retrosynthetic/contextual notes (literature/general):

• Curaxin scaffolds are often assembled via formation of polyaromatic heterocycles (e.g., benzimidazole-like condensations) coupled with aryl–aryl bond construction (such as Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling) and late-stage quaternization/protonation to furnish the hydrochloride salt.
• Functional group profile: Multiple aromatic rings with basic nitrogen(s) that can be protonated; limited functional handles for further derivatization without altering biological activity.
• Derivative synthesis: Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies typically modify aryl substitution patterns and dialkylamino side chains; however, such work requires bespoke synthetic routes rather than using CBL0137 HCl as a precursor.

Conclusion: For synthetic chemistry purposes, treat this material as an endpoint probe compound. If analogs are desired, design de novo routes targeting the core heteroaromatic framework rather than attempting late-stage diversification of the HCl salt.

Target Specificity

Item-specific, tested biological target data are not provided for this catalog entry.

Literature/general description (for background only):

• CBL0137 (curaxin class) has been reported to functionally engage the FACT complex (Facilitates Chromatin Transcription), leading to chromatin remodeling effects and transcriptional changes. Secondary effects include modulation of p53 and NF-κB signaling pathways (literature). These descriptions are mechanistic and context dependent, not validated specifications for this item.

Important:

• No antigen/epitope, species reactivity, clone, or isotype information applies, as this product is a small molecule, not an antibody.
• For definitive activity and selectivity data in your system, perform concentration–response experiments with appropriate genetic and chemical controls.