Source of content: general zoology lab guide.
Operation method
Experiments on the classification of ichthyoplankton
Principle
1. to become familiar with the characteristics of each of the major orders of fishes; 2. to recognize common representative species and economically valuable species; 3. to learn the classification of the order Ichthyophthora.
Materials and Instruments
Fish specimens Move I. General Measurements and Common Terminology of Fishes Caveat 1. The external form and structure of fish is one of the bases for classifying fish, so it is important to know the terminology and measurements. 2. Care should be taken of the specimens and they should not be destroyed; when some internal structures have to be observed, it is necessary to do so under the guidance of the teacher. Common Problems I. Assignment 1. write a list of fish specimens observed. For more product details, please visit Aladdin Scientific website.
Dissecting trays Dissectors Measuring tape
Full length: the length from the end of the muzzle to the end of the caudal fin.
Body length: the length from the end of the muzzle to the base of the caudal fin.
Body height: the vertical height of the highest part of the trunk.
Head length: length from the end of the muzzle to the posterior edge of the gill cover bone (excluding the gill membrane).
Carapace length: length from the posterior margin of the gill cover bone to the anus.
Tail length: length from anus to base of caudal fin.
Snout length: length from the anterior end of the maxilla to the anterior margin of the eye.
Eye diameter: the largest diameter of the eye.
Eye spacing: the straight line distance between the eyes.
Mouth cleft length: length from the end of the muzzle to the corner of the mouth.
Postocular head length: length from the posterior margin of the eye to the posterior margin of the gill cover bone.
Caudal peduncle length: length from the posterior end of the anal fin base to the base of the caudal fin.
Caudal peduncle height: the vertical height of the lowest part of the caudal peduncle.
Cheek: the posterior underside of the eye and the middle portion of the gill cover bone.
Chin: the portion of the chin between the lower jaw and the place where the gill membrane lodges.
Isthmus: the part posterior to the chin that separates the two gill cavities.
Throat: the part between the gill membrane and the pectoral fins.
Abdomen: the ventral surface of the trunk.
Pectoral: posterior to the throat and before the base of the pectoral fins.
Scale pattern: number of lateral line scales, number of upper lateral line scales, number of lower lateral line scales.
Lateral line scales: number of scales with holes from above the gill cover to the tail.
Upper lateral line scales: the number of scales that run diagonally from the beginning of the dorsal fin to the lateral line scales.
Number of lower lateral line scales: the number of scales from the beginning of the anal fin diagonally to the lateral line scales.
Flippers and spines: The fins are made up of flippers and spines. Flippers are soft and segmented, with branching fins if they branch at the end and unbranched fins if they do not branch at the end. Flipper spines are hard, and those consisting of left and right halves are pseudospines, while those that cannot be divided into left and right halves are true spines.
Fin style: D is generally used for dorsal fin, A for anal fin, C for caudal fin, P for pectoral fin, and V for ventral fin. Roman numerals are used to indicate the number of fin spines, and Arabic numerals are used to indicate the number of fin rays. A half-line in the fin style indicates that the fin spines are attached to the fin rays, a comma indicates separation, and a one-line in the middle of the Roman or Arabic character indicates range.
Water spout: the openings behind each eye in cartilaginous fishes, connected to the pharynx, and derived from the degeneration of the first pair of gill slits during embryonic life.
Eyelids and transient membranes: fish do not have true eyelids; the skin of the head can change into a transparent membrane as it passes over the eye; mullet have fatty eyelids, called
The eyelids of the mullet have fat, called fat eyelids. In some sharks, the skin folds around the eye can form a movable eyelid called an epiphora.
Flipper foot: In males of cartilaginous fishes, a copulatory organ formed by the medial extension of the ventral fin, supported by cartilage.
Adipose fin: a cortical fin without fin support behind the dorsal fin.
Position of the mouth: Scleractinians can be divided into preoral, infraoral and supraoral depending on the location of the mouth and the length of the upper and lower jaws.
(1) Pre-mouth position - the mouth cleft opens in front of the muzzle, such as carp. (ii) Inferior oral position - the oral fissure opens to the ventral surface, such as the sturgeon family of fish. ③ Supraoral position - the mouth fissure opens upward, as in the warbler red .
Ventral Prongs: the prongs that rise from the anus to the midline of the abdomen in front of the base of the ventral fins, or to the midline of the abdomen in front of the base of the pectoral fins; the former is called incomplete ventral prongs, and the latter is called complete ventral prongs.
Prismatic scales: scales that protrude in an angular fashion from the lateral line or abdomen in some fish.
Axillary scales: the upper corners of the pectoral fins and the outer sides of the ventral fins, with enlarged special scales known as axillary scales.
Types of caudal fins: the caudal fins of scleractinian fishes are diverse in their appearance.
Classification of Fishes
1. Elasmobranchii (Plate Gills)
(1)Elasmobranchii General Order Search List
Eyes lateral; gill slits open on both sides of the head; pectoral fins normal, not fused to the side of the body and head ...... Sharkiformes (Selachomorpha)
Eyes superiorly positioned; gill slits open I:1 on ventral side of head; pectoral fins fused to side of head and body ............... Total Sharkiformes (Batomorpha)
(2) Retrieval table for the order Skateiformes
Gill slits 6 to 7; dorsal fin 1 ........................... Six gills Carcharhiniformes (Hexanchiforroem)
Gill slits 5; dorsal fin 2
with an anal fin
Anterior fin with a hard spine ........................... Heterodontifomem (tiger sharks) .........
No hard spines in front of fins ........................... ............ Mako Sharks (Carcharhiniformes)
Anal fin; scleractinian spines either present or absent ........................... ...Squaliformes (Horned Sharks)
(3) ①Six-gill Sharks
Heptranchias platycephalus (Flathead Hanna Shark) - Body in the shape of a long pike with a broadly flattened head. Each has seven gill pores. The caudal fin is long, with a narrow upper caudal lobe and a wide lower caudal lobe. The dorsal surface of the body is gray with small black spots, and the ventral surface is white.
② Mako Sharks
Eyes with transient membrane or transient folds. Hammerhead hammerhead shark (Sphyrna zygaena) - The frontal bones of the head protrude to the left and right sides, resembling a hammerhead. Eyes are located at the ends of the lateral projections of the head. Spouting pores disappear. Nostrils telescoped.
(iii) Squaliformes
Two dorsal fins and five to six gill slits located anterior to the base of the pectoral fins. Squalus breuirostris (short-nosed horn shark) - Head broadly flattened. The nostrils are small. Spouting pores rather large, kidney-shaped. Eyes large, long oval, without transient membranes.
(4) Retrieval table of the general order of skate forms
No large hair appliance between the side of the head and the pectoral fins
Tail stout, with caudal fin; 2 dorsal fins; no caudal spines ........................ ...... Rajiformes (skates)
Tail generally small and whiplike, caudal fin generally reduced or absent; dorsal fin 1 or absent; often with caudal spines ...... Myliobatiformes Large hair generator between lateral cephalic and pectoral fins ........................... T0rpecliniformes (electric ray)
(5) ①Rays
Plowhead skate (Phinobatos RtanuLatus) - long, flat snout with triangular protrusion. Spouting pores are small and located behind the eyes. The nostrils are narrow and quite close to the mouth. Mouth flat and horizontal, labial folds well developed.
②Rayiformes
Red (Dasyatis akajei) - Body plate flat and broad. The snout is broad and short, with an obtuse anterior end. No dorsal and anal fins, small ventral fin. Tail elongated and whip-like, with caudal spines, poisonous.
③Electric skate order
Electric skate (Narcine SP.) - Body disk rounded, wider than long. With well-developed ovoid hair appliances between the side of the head and the pectoral fins. Eyes small, prominent. Spinneret margins elevated. Anterior angle of ventral fin rounded, one dorsal fin, caudal fin broad.
2. Holothuroidea (Holocephali)
Gill slits 4 pairs, covered by a membranous gill cover, posteriorly with a common gill pore. Body surface smooth and scale-free. Dorsal fins 2, fin spines can be erected, no water-spraying solenoid. Pectoral fins very large, tail elongated. The pectoral fins are very large, and the tail is elongated. Males have a pair of ventral prehensile fins and a frontal fin, in addition to the fin feet. Example: Chinaeara phantasma. 3.
3. Actinopterygii (Spine-fin subclass)
Each fin is supported by dermal radial fin rays. Body covered with sclerotized, rounded or pectinate scales, or naked without scales. The species are extremely numerous, and may be selected for observation in experiments according to the circumstances.
(1) Sturgeoniformes
Body fusiform, oral-ventral position, crooked tail, body naked or by 5 rows of hard scales, only the tail with dorsal fins, kissing hairy Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) - body by 5 rows of hard scales, 4 tentacles in front of the mouth, the dorsal fin is located in the back of the ventral fin, with water spray holes.
(2) Herringiformes
1 dorsal fin, ventral ventral fin, all fins without sclerotized spines. Body covered with rounded scales, without lateral lines.
Herring (Iishaelongata) - Body long and broad, very laterally compressed. Ventral margin with serrated prismatic scales. Mouth superior, lower jaw prominent. Anal fin base long, ventral very small, occasional fin base with axillary scales. Rounded scales are thin and easy to fall off. Economically important fish.
Shad (Macrura reeuesii) - The body is elongated oval with sharply ribbed scales on the abdomen. The mouth is anteriorly positioned, with a conspicuous notch in the central part of the maxillary margin. Lipophthalmos, tail deeply forked. Ventral fin small, even fin base with axillary scales. A valuable fish.
Engraulis japonica - elongated body, rounded abdomen. No angular scales, large oral fissures, maxilla longer than the mandible. There is a long scale in the axil, about as long as the pectoral fin, and two large scales on each side of the base of the caudal fin. Produced on the coast of China and very abundant.
Coilia ectenes - The body is laterally compressed and long, tapering towards the caudal end, with conspicuous angular scales on the "belly". The maxilla extends posteriorly to the base of the pectoral fin. The anal fin is long and connected to the caudal fin, and the upper pectoral fin has six free filiform bars. It is a valuable fish in China.
(3) Salmoniformes
The body shape and characteristics are similar to those of Herringiformes. Often has adipose fins with lateral lines.
Hemp salmon (OncorhynchusKeta) - Large mouth with oblique slits and sharp teeth. The dorsal fin is followed by a blubber fin. The tip of the muzzle is prominent and slightly curved, gradually bulging behind the head to the base of the dorsal fin. The body is covered with small round scales and is a valuable economic fish.
Plecoglissits altivPlis - The body is long, narrow and laterally compressed. The head is small, with the end of the muzzle drooping downward, forming a muzzle hook, which, when the mouth is closed, is placed just inside the concavity of the lower jaw. The head is scaleless and the body is densely covered with fine, rounded scales. The lateral line is well developed, with the posterior bases of the adipose and anal fins opposite each other.
Large silverfish (Salauc acuticeps) - Body elongated, translucent, rounded anteriorly and laterally compressed posteriorly. Body smooth, with a line of scales at the base of the anal fin in males only. The anal fin is large, with a long base, and the adipose fin is opposite the basal end of the anal fin.
(4) Order Eels
Body clavate, extant species without ventral fin, gill holes narrow, dorsal and anal fins without spines, very long, often associated with the caudal fin.
Eel (Anguilla japoniea) - body extended into a cylinder, with pectoral fins, odd fins connected to each other, scales reduced.
(5) Carpiformes
One dorsal fin, ventral fin ventral. Each fin without true spines, with pseudospines. Body covered with rounded scales or naked. Swimbladder tubular, with Weber's apparatus. Most species have pharyngeal teeth but no jaw teeth, mostly freshwater fishes.
Cyprinids (Mylopharyngadon piceus) - The body is long and slightly cylindrical, with a greenish-black dorsal, lateral, and even fins. The head is slightly flattened. The mouth is terminal, without antennae, with hypopharyngeal teeth, which are molar-like.
Grass carp (Ceanopharyngodov idellus) - Body is prolonged with a rounded abdomen. The body is teal with a grayish abdomen. Pharyngeal teeth laterally compressed and grooved, comb-like.
Hypophtalmichthys molitrix (Hypophtalmichthys molitrix) - The body is laterally flattened with well-developed ventral ribs from the thorax to the anus. The eyes are small and positioned very low. Body silvery white, without markings. Hypopharyngeal teeth in 1 row, flattened into arytenoid shape. Gill rakers spongy and interconnected, scales small.
Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) - Dorsal body color is darker with irregular black spots. Ventral ribs are incomplete, only from the base of the ventral fin to the front of the anus. Pectoral fins large, head large and moist. Hypopharyngeal teeth in 1 row, gill rakers fine but not interconnected, scales small.
Cyprinus carpio - Body tall and laterally compressed, abdomen rounded. The posterior margin of the longest spine in the dorsal and anal fins is serrated. The mouth has two pairs of tentacles. Hypopharyngeal teeth in 3 rows, the inner ones are molar-shaped. Caudal fin deeply forked.
Carassius auratus - The body is laterally compressed, with a bulging and thick dorsal surface and a rounded abdomen. The posterior margin of the longest spine in the dorsal and anal fins is serrated. Mouth without tentacles. Hypopharyngeal teeth in 1 row, laterally compressed. Caudal fin fork shallow.
Megslobrama pekinensis - The body is laterally compressed and the overall outline is oblong. The ventral ribs run from the base of the ventral fin to the anus. The head is short and small and the mouth is small and terminal. Dorsal fin with spines and anal fin without spines. Hypopharyngeal teeth in 3 rows with small hooked ends.
Misgurrnus anguillicaudatus - The body is prolonged and cylindrical. There are irregular black spots on the side of the body. Head small, mouth inferior, mouth whiskers 5 pairs. Caudal peduncle laterally compressed and thin. Flippers are tiny and deep in the skin.
Redfin (Culter erythropterus) - Body long and laterally compressed. Dorsal surface of head straight. Ventral ribs from base of pectoral fins to anus. Mouth small, positioned, slit almost perpendicular to body axis. Hypopharyngeal teeth in 3 rows, tips hooked. Pectoral fins long, their ends close to the ventral fin.
Silver catfish (Xenocvpris argentea) - Body elongate, laterally compressed, abdomen rounded, with a very short elevated line only in front of the anus. Head small, conical. Mouth small, hypoglossal, transverse in the shape of a "a". Hypopharyngeal teeth in 3 rows, inner rows of teeth laterally flattened, tip hooked. The back of the body is gray-black, and the sides and abdomen are silvery white.
(6) Catfish
The body is naked without scales. There are several pairs of tentacles. Generally has adipose fins. Pectoral and dorsal fins often have a strong fin spine.
Catfish (Parasilurus asotus) - The body is more rounded and chubby before the ventral fins, then gradually flattens later. The mouth is large and broad. There are 2 pairs of whiskers, of which the maxillary whiskers are longer. The dorsal fin is very small and tufted, the anal fin is long and connected to the caudal fin at the posterior end.
Pseudobagrus fulvidracn - Flat anteriorly, laterally compressed posteriorly. Mouth inferior, whiskers flat and long, 4 pairs. The body is not scaly and the lateral line is flat. Dorsal and pectoral fins with powerful spines, their posterior margins serrated, with blubber fins.
(7) Jawed Acropora
Pectoral fins positioned dorsally, fins without spines, lateral line low and close to the abdomen.
Yylosus amasfomella - The body is elongated and laterally compressed, the dorsal and ventral margins of the carapace are straight and almost parallel to each other. Oral fissure very long, both jaws extended forward into rostrum. Round scales are thin and small, irregularly arranged. The dorsal fin is located caudally.
Swallow Skate (Cypselurus rondelltii) - The body is slightly pike-shaped with a short snout and large eyes. Rounded scales are very large and the pectoral fins are well developed and glide over the water when spread. The ventral fin is large, the caudal fin is forked, and the lower lobe is long. The back of the body is greenish-black, and the lower part is silvery white.
(8) Codiformes
The body is covered with rounded scales, each fin has no spines, the swim bladder has no tubes, and the ventral fin is throaty. It is an important target of fishery.
Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) - the body is elongate, slightly laterally compressed. Body covered with small round scales. Head large, mouth anterior, chin with a short whisker. 3 dorsal fins, 2 anal fins, caudal fin truncate. It is a marine benthic carnivorous fish.
(9) Echinodermata
The snout is mostly prolonged into a tube and the mouth is anteriorly positioned. Many species are covered with bony plates. The dorsal, anal and pectoral fin rays are unbranched. Dorsal fins 1 or 2, first dorsal fin often composed of free spines.
Hippocampus (Hippoc ampus japom cll) - Body laterally compressed, covered with annular bony plates. The head is at a right angle to the trunk and the tail is quadrangular and may be curled. Gill pores are slit-like. There is no caudal fin and the base of the dorsal fin is elevated.
(10) Mulletiformes
Body covered with rounded or pectinate scales. There are 2 separated dorsal fins, the first dorsal fin consists of a fin spine, the second dorsal fin consists of a spine and a number of fin rays, and the ventral fin consists of a spine and five fin rays.
Mugil cephalus (Mugil cephalus) - The body is long oval. Eyes are large with well-developed eyelids. Anal fin with 8 divergent fin rays. 7 dark longitudinal stripes on both sides of the body. No lateral lines. Harbor bred for coastal areas.
(11) Gynostomatidae
The body shape resembles that of an eel. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins are joined together, fins without spines, no even fins. The left and right gill slits move to the ventral surface of the head and join together to form a transverse slit.
Eel (Monopters alba) - Body is cylindrical, smooth and scale-free, yellowish brown. Gill holes are joined together on the ventral surface as a transverse slit. No pectoral and ventral fins, dorsal, anal and caudal fins are degenerated. It is a common freshwater food fish.
(12) Perciformes
Ventral fin pectoral or laryngeal. Dorsal fins 2, first dorsal fin usually composed of fin spines. Body covered with pectinate scales, swim bladder without tube. Mainly marine fishes, with a wide variety of species.
Siniperca fhuatsi - The body is laterally compressed and dorsally elevated, yellowish-brown and spotted, with a large head and mouth, protruding mandibles, and sharp teeth. The scales are pectinate, the ventral fins are pectoral, the dorsal fin has 12 hard spines anteriorly, the anal fin has 3 hard spines, and the gill cover bones have 2 spines posteriorly.
Tilapia (Carassius auratus) (Tilapia mossambia) - introduced to China from foreign countries, has now become one of the cultured fish species in China. The body is long oval, laterally compressed, covered with pectinate scales, and the lateral line is interrupted into two before and after; fertilized eggs hatch in the mouth of the parent fish.
True seabream (Pagrosomus major)-the body is light red, with spots, the body is laterally flattened, the back of the bulge is large; head is large; the front end of the upper jaw with "canine teeth" 4, on both sides of the "molars" 2 rows, the lower jaw with "molar teeth" 2 rows, the lower jaw with "canine teeth" 2 rows, the lower jaw with "molar teeth" 2 rows. The head is large; the front of the upper jaw has 4 "canine teeth" and 2 rows of "molars" on both sides, and the front of the lower jaw has 1 "canine tooth" and 2 rows of "molars" on both sides. It is a valuable fish.
Yellow croaker (Pseudoscsciaena crDca) and small yellow croaker (P-polyactis) - the body is golden yellow. Body oblong, with four or six fine pores on the chin; bony ribs on the top of the head; dorsal and anal fins covered with many rows of small scales. The otoliths are large; the two are distinguished by the fact that the lesser yellowtail has larger scales and a slightly thicker and shorter caudal peduncle, more than twice as long as high. The greater yellowfin has smaller scales, and the caudal peduncle is more than three times as long as high.
Striped bass (Trichiurus haumela) - Silver-white body, scale-less, banded in length, tail ending in a thin whip; mouth large, lower jaw longer than upper jaw; dorsal fin very long, anal fin rays reduced or made up of detached short spines, ventral fin reduced. Teeth strong and sharp in both jaws.
Pneumatophorus japonicus - body stubby, with two elevated crests at the base of the caudal fin; eyes large, high, with well-developed blubbery eyelids; two dorsal fins, the first dorsal can be folded in the dorsal groove, and the second dorsal and anal fins are each followed by five small fins; the dorsum of the body is greenish-blue, with transverse and mottled stripes on the dorsum.
(13) Platyhelminthes
Adults are asymmetrical, with both eyes shifted to the same side, fins usually without spines, no swim bladder, dorsal and anal fins are usually very long, ventral fins are pectoral or laryngeal, and they are benthic; juveniles are symmetrical, with the eyes located on both sides. They are economically important fish with large production.
Woody flounder (. Pleuronichthys C0rutus) - both eyes are on the right side of the body. The body is ovoid, the head is small, and the muzzle is short. The eyes are large and prominent, with narrow interocular distance. Mouth small. Ventral fin symmetrical.
Toothfish (pat-alichthys olivaceus) - Body ovoid, laterally compressed, eyes on the left side of the head, mouth large, margins of the anterior gill cover bones free. The side with the eye is pectinated, the scales are small, the ventral fins are asymmetrical, and the dorsal fin begins above the upper eye. The meat is tasty and of great economic value.
Semi-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) has one body laterally compressed in a tongue-like shape, with three lateral lines on the eye-bearing side extending to meet the head, covered with pectinate scales; the eye-less side is covered with rounded scales; the mouth is small, with left-right asymmetry; the muzzle extends to form a hooked protuberance that wraps the lower jaw; there is no pectoral fin, and the ventral fin is absent on the eye-less side.
(14) Pureiformes
Body short, maxilla fused to premaxilla to form a special rostrum, dorsal and anal fins opposite. The gill pores are small. Some species have air sacs that inflate; generally no ventral fins, pectoral when present.
River Pure (Fugu spp) - Body oval, bluntly rounded anteriorly, tapering caudally; mouth small, telic, lips well developed, one pair of plate-like incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws; gill pores are an arcuate slit located anteriorly to the pectoral fins; body densely covered with small spines; dorsal fin positioned posteriorly, opposite the anal fins, no ventral fins, caudal fin truncated flat on the posterior end: dorsal side of the body grayish-brown, ventral side The dorsal surface of the body is grayish brown, the ventral surface is white, and the lateral surface of the body is slightly yellowish brown. Recognition of common representative and economic species
Observe and record the names and taxonomic positions of all dipped specimens.
2. Write a finding list of representative fishes in the order Cypriniformes observed.