Graphite, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are often collectively referred to as “graphene-related materials.” But they are not different names for the same thing. Differences in structural integrity (whether the continuous sp² network is interrupted), oxygen-containing functional group content, and sheet morphology (monolayer/few-layer/stacked) directly determine how the material actually behaves in your hands—electrical conductivity, ease of dispersion/film formation, degree of functionalization, and ultimately the application scenarios (device films, composite fillers, membrane separation, energy-storage electrodes, conductive inks, etc.).
Put them on one line first: a “relationship map”
1. Graphite: many layers of “carbon atom sheets” stacked together (like a book).
2. Graphene: one page torn from the book — a single-atom-thick, sp² carbon honeycomb lattice.
3. Graphene oxide (GO): that “page” is strongly oxidized and decorated with many oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl/epoxy/carboxyl, etc.). The continuous sp² network is disrupted, so it becomes more hydrophilic and dispersible, but its conductivity drops sharply.
4. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO): oxygen-containing groups on GO are “removed as much as possible” so the sp² network partially recovers and conductivity rebounds; however, residual oxygen/defects typically remain, so it still falls short of “perfect graphene.”
Notes
1. GO is usually not obtained by first making single-layer graphene and then oxidizing it. More commonly, graphite is oxidized to graphite (graphitic) oxide, which is then exfoliated.
2. A common lab/industrial route is: graphite (multilayer stacks) → oxidize to graphite oxide (bulk layered solid) → exfoliate to GO (monolayer/few-layer sheets). One classic route is the Hummers / modified Hummers method to prepare graphite oxide.
3. Oxidation of GO is not just “adding functional groups”; it often introduces holes, fractures, and changes in lateral size, so it is not as ideal as “a clean page with stickers.”
1) Graphene
Module | Key information |
Definition | IUPAC: Graphene is an allotrope of carbon with a structure of a one-atom-thick planar honeycomb (hexagonal) lattice of sp²-bonded carbon atoms. |
Structural essence | The two-dimensional limit of a continuous sp² π-conjugated network; ideally low-defect and with an intact lattice. |
Core features | Electronic: Intrinsic, ideal monolayer graphene is often described as “zero bandgap”; however, in nanoribbons (quantum confinement), with substrates/strain/bandgap engineering, an effective bandgap can appear or transport can change markedly. Mechanical/thermal/optical: Often highlighted for “limit” properties (high strength/high thermal conductivity/high single-layer transparency). Note that these are typically upper-bound narratives for high-quality samples/near-ideal states. |
Advantages | When you need extreme electrical/thermal performance or more device-grade lattice/interface controllability (e.g., CVD monolayer/few-layer), graphene offers the highest theoretical ceiling. |
Disadvantages | Difficult to disperse and hard to process from solution (tends to agglomerate and restack). Many “graphene powders” are actually few-layer aggregates/nanoplatelets (e.g., graphene nanoplatelets); batch variation and insufficient characterization can seriously undermine reproducibility. |
Common research uses | Transparent conductive / flexible electronics and interfacial layers; sensors; thermal interface materials and composite reinforcement fillers; conductive catalyst supports / 2D interface engineering. |
Methodology: “minimum characterization set” | Layer number & lateral size (AFM/TEM); defects (Raman); residual contamination & structure (XPS/elemental analysis); electrical properties (sheet resistance/conductivity). ISO/consensus-style characterization documents emphasize distinguishing monolayer/bilayer/nanoplatelets and reporting a structured characterization sequence appropriate for powders vs dispersions. |
2) GO (Graphene Oxide)
Module | Key information |
Definition | GO generally refers to an oxidized product in which abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl/epoxy/carboxyl/carbonyl, etc.) are introduced onto carbon sheets. The sp² network is significantly disrupted, making it more hydrophilic, easier to disperse, and easier to chemically modify. |
Key process background (often overlooked but critical) | A common experimental route is to oxidize graphite to graphitic/graphite oxide and then exfoliate it to obtain a GO dispersion; a classic method is the Hummers method (for preparing graphitic oxide). |
Structural characteristics (why “heterogeneity” is the norm) | GO is often described as a highly heterogeneous system of sp² aromatic islands + sp³/oxidized regions; functional group distribution, defect density, lateral size, and layer number depend strongly on synthesis and post-treatment conditions. |
Core features | Dispersibility/processability: More likely to form stable dispersions in water and some polar solvents, facilitating coating, filtration-based film formation, and composites. Note: Increased salt/ionic strength, pH changes, and divalent cations (Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺) can strongly weaken electrostatic stabilization and trigger flocculation. Functionalizability: Functional groups provide entry points for covalent/noncovalent modification (grafting, layer-by-layer assembly, composites, loading/anchoring). |
Advantages | The “most readily materialized” 2D carbon platform: film formation, composites, and surface chemistry tuning are straightforward; its layered structure is advantageous for membrane/barrier/channel design. |
Disadvantages | Conductivity drops markedly: because the sp² conjugation is disrupted, GO is often described as electrically insulating or weakly conductive (depending on oxidation degree). |
Common research uses | Separation membranes / water treatment / gas barriers; interface reinforcement and barrier enhancement in polymer/ceramic composites; sensing/biointerfaces (requires strict controls for impurities and sheet size); a chemically designable carbon platform for loading and assembly. |
Methodology: “minimum characterization set” | C/O ratio & functional groups (XPS/FTIR); defects (Raman); lateral size/layer number (AFM/TEM); dispersion stability (zeta potential/particle size); impurities/residues (ionic/metal). |
3) rGO (Reduced Graphene Oxide)
Module | Key information |
Definition | rGO is obtained by chemical/thermal/electrochemical reduction of GO: oxygen-containing groups decrease, sp² domains grow, and conductivity recovers, but residual oxygen and defects typically remain. |
Key reminder | rGO is often a “graphene-like material” and is difficult to fully restore to high-quality single-crystal graphene. Evaluating rGO hinges on the combined extent of deoxygenation + defect repair. |
Common reduction routes | Chemical reduction (e.g., ascorbic acid/hydrazine/borohydrides/HI, etc.), thermal reduction, solvothermal/hydrothermal, electrochemical reduction, etc. Different routes lead to different residual oxygen/defect profiles and conductivity. |
Advantages | Conductivity improves substantially versus GO, while remaining relatively easy to form films/composites. For many engineering and research purposes where device-grade graphene is unnecessary, rGO is very practical. |
Disadvantages (reproducibility-sensitive points) | Strong method dependence: different reduction methods/degrees can cause large variations in C/O ratio, defect density, stacking level, and conductivity. |
Common research uses | Energy-storage electrodes and conductive scaffolds (batteries/supercapacitors); conductive coatings/inks/EMI shielding; electrocatalyst supports and conductive-network construction. |
Methodology: “minimum characterization set” | Reduction degree (XPS C/O, functional group changes); defects (Raman ID/IG); electrical properties (sheet resistance/conductivity); stacking/porosity (XRD/BET); dispersion changes (often more hydrophobic and more prone to agglomeration). |
Note | Raman ID/IG does not necessarily decrease during GO → rGO; it often increases. Interpret jointly with XPS (C/O, functional groups) and sheet resistance/conductivity to avoid equating “stronger D band” with simply “worse/better.” |
4) Side-by-side comparison: the “core differences” among the three
Dimension | Graphene | Graphene Oxide, GO | Reduced Graphene Oxide, rGO |
Structural essence | One-atom-thick, continuous sp² honeycomb lattice | sp² network is oxidatively disrupted; rich oxygen functional groups; structurally heterogeneous | sp² partially restored, but residual oxygen/topological defects are common; hard to return to intrinsic graphene |
Electrical signature | For device-grade/high-quality films: mobility may be discussed; for powder networks: sheet resistance/percolation dominates | Often weakly conductive to near-insulating (depends on oxidation degree) | Conductivity recovers significantly, but is strongly affected by residual oxygen/defects and restacking |
Dispersion/processing (must specify medium) | Hard to disperse in water; prone to agglomeration; some organic solvents/surfactant systems can help | Easy to disperse in water/polar solvents; easy to form films | Typically more hydrophobic than GO and more prone to restacking; becomes “processable” mainly with modification/stabilizers |
Chemical modification | Covalent/noncovalent modification possible, but covalent routes often introduce sp³ defects and sacrifice intrinsic advantages | Many functional-group entry points; easiest to functionalize/assemble/composite | Modifiable, but sites/uniformity are more complex; often anchored via defects/residual oxygen |
Typical uses | High-quality thin-film devices, extreme thermal/electrical performance, interfacial physics (powders more often used for composites/conductive fillers) | Membranes, barrier/separation, composite interfaces, functional platform | Energy/electrochemistry, conductive networks, coatings/inks/EMI and other engineering uses |
5) Terminology boundaries
Term | What it actually refers to | Why you must distinguish it |
graphite / graphitic oxide | A multilayer oxidized graphite-like layered solid, often made via Hummers-type methods | In many papers, this is the true precursor of GO (before full exfoliation) |
graphene oxide (GO) | Typically exfoliated monolayer/few-layer oxygenated carbon sheets (as dispersion or powder) | “Same name, different material” can cause huge differences in conductivity, sheet size, impurities |
graphene nanoplatelets / few-layer graphene | Few-layer graphene nanoplatelets (not the same as monolayer graphene) | Many commercial powders fall here; properties differ markedly from “monolayer graphene,” so ISO/characterization-style reporting is needed |
rGO | Reduced product of GO (graphene-like) | Not equivalent to high-quality graphene; reduction method and degree must be reported |
Functionalization and doping: not “more advanced,” but “more usable / more controllable”
Functionalization (carboxyl/hydroxyl/amino/thiol/silane, etc.) and heteroatom doping (N/B/S/P, etc.) are not merely “labeling graphene.” The real purpose is to turn graphene from a material that has a high performance ceiling but is hard to process and reproduce into an engineering material that can disperse in a system, adhere, load active species, and deliver repeatable interfacial effects.
1. Functionalization is closer to compatibility and interface engineering: making it easier to enter aqueous/polar systems, or forming stronger interfacial bonding with resins/substrates (improving stress transfer, reducing agglomeration, reducing migration/exudation).
2. Doping is closer to electronic-structure and active-site engineering: modifying local charge distribution/defect states to introduce sites better suited for electrochemistry or catalysis (but with more variables and harder mechanistic attribution).
How to choose
1. If you want better dispersion / better adhesion / better compatibility → choose functionalization first (carboxyl/hydroxyl/amino/thiol/silane), then balance conductivity vs strength.
2. If you want electrocatalysis/energy-storage active sites and reaction selectivity → choose doping or co-doping (N/S/P/B…), and prepare a more complete characterization chain.
3. Beware of “the more functional groups the better” or “the higher the doping the better”: excessive covalent modification introduces sp³ defects and reduces intrinsic electrical/thermal performance; doped materials also tend to show stronger batch-to-batch variation.
Dispersions / slurries / inks and composite devices
Once the target shifts from “studying intrinsic material properties” to “making electrodes/coatings/conductive films/printed patterns/devices,” success is often determined less by “how pure the material is” and more by whether it can disperse stably, form films, achieve low resistance after drying/annealing, and maintain a consistent processing window across batches. This is precisely the value of dispersion/slurry/ink and composite-device products: they standardize upfront the most time-consuming and reproducibility-limiting steps (dispersion, formulation, rheology, loading), enabling rapid baseline samples.
How to choose
1. For electrode slurry preparation (batteries/supercapacitors) → prioritize NMP/DMF slurries and confirm compatibility with binder systems (PVDF/CMC/SBR, etc.).
2. For coated/sprayed conductive films → check solvent system + solids content + dispersant residue first, then evaluate sheet resistance after drying/annealing.
3. For printing (screen/gravure/flexo/3D printing) → key factors are viscosity and rheology window, whether particle/sheet size clogs meshes, and post-drying adhesion and conductivity.
4. For ready-to-test electrocatalysis benchmarks → composites (Pt/Pd/oxides/alloys@graphene/rGO) can establish controls fastest, but you must confirm metal loading and particle-size distribution, dispersion medium, and electrode-fixing method; otherwise “powder shedding/migration” can distort data.
5. For devices / transparent conductors / sensing → the key for film/chip products is not simply “whether it is monolayer,” but transfer and contamination control (e.g., PMMA residues) and consistency of device processing.
Graphene-Related Product Classification Tables
Graphene-Related Products: Classification Overview
Primary category | Coverage | Typical forms | Best-fit tasks | Key checkpoints for selection |
1. Bulk graphene material library | High-purity/industrial grade; large-size (physical methods); microflakes/nanoplatelets/high specific surface area; graphene tubes; high-conductivity grades; 3D/thermally expanded forms, etc. | Powders, microflakes, nanoplatelets, tubes, 3D structures | Conductive/thermal pathways, EMI shielding, mechanical reinforcement, electrode scaffolds | Lateral size & layer count (bridging ability/percolation threshold); purity/ash content (impurities affect electrochemistry/color); specific surface area (activity/adsorption); dispersibility (poor dispersion caps performance) |
2. GO & rGO precursor library | GO sols/solutions/powders/pastes; rGO and derivatives such as sulfonated/aminated forms | Aqueous dispersions, sols, powders, pastes | Water-based film formation/coatings; secondary functionalization; membranes/adsorption; rGO as conductive scaffold | GO: concentration/monolayer fraction/stability. rGO: reduction route → differences in defects & functional groups (affects conductivity/activity). Derivatives: functional-group type & salt form (e.g., sodium salt) determine solubility, ionic transport, compatibility |
3. Functionalization & doping library | Carboxyl/hydroxyl/amino/thiol, silane; N/B/S/P and co-doping; Pt doping | Powders or dispersions | Composite interface strengthening; adsorption/coupling; active-site engineering for electrocatalysis/energy storage | Functional-group loading (too low = no effect; too high may reduce conductivity); doping type governs selectivity; silanes/amines strongly influence adhesion to resins/substrates and dispersion strategy |
4. Dispersion/slurry/ink process library | Water/NMP/DMF/ethanol dispersions; printing inks; 3D-printing inks; photonic-annealing inks | Dispersions, slurries, inks | Direct coating/spraying/printing/slurry making; rapid implementation | Solvent compatibility (with resin/electrode system); dispersant residues (may raise resistance/affect electrochemistry); solids content & viscosity (printability/film formation); drying/annealing window (final conductivity) |
5. Macro-structure & device library | Graphene paper/free-standing films; monolayer films (with PMMA); FET chips; graphene on Ni foam; aerogels/foams | Sheets, films, chips, 3D scaffolds | Device validation, flexible electronics, structural electrodes, lightweight conductive scaffolds | Films: transfer & contamination control (PMMA residues affect electrical properties); paper: thickness/porosity affect resistance & wetting; foam/aerogel: mechanical strength & resilience; Ni foam: match current collector and loading process |
6. Composites/catalyst-support library | Fe₃O₄, Mn₃O₄, TiO₂, Pt/Pd, PtCo, PtPd…; CNT–graphene aerogels, etc. | Ready-to-use dispersions or composites | Electrocatalysis/electrochemical benchmarking; magnetic separation/adsorption | Metal loading & particle-size distribution (directly set activity); dispersion medium (e.g., acetone) and system compatibility; whether solvent exchange/secondary immobilization is needed (otherwise powders can shed/migrate on electrodes) |
Task → Recommended Product Route
Task / scenario | First-choice product family | Second choice / supplement | Why this choice | Minimum parameters to confirm |
Conductive fillers / EMI shielding / conductive coatings (engineering-oriented) | Bulk graphene microflakes/nanoplatelets/high-conductivity grades | Ready-made aqueous/solvent dispersions or printing inks | In engineering, performance is often dictated by whether a stable conductive network forms; size/layer count/dispersion state is usually more sensitive than “nominal purity” | Lateral size & layer count; dispersion medium/dispersant; solids content/viscosity (coating process) |
Thermal conductivity / thermal management composites | Plate-like graphene (microflakes/nanoplatelets) / large-size | 3D graphene / thermally expanded forms (porous scaffolds) | Thermal transport relies more on sheet bridging and orientation; larger sheets can reduce interfacial thermal resistance but are harder to process/disperse | Lateral size; form (powder/sheet/3D); compatibility with matrix (functionalized or not) |
Mechanical reinforcement (resins/coatings) | Functionalized graphene (carboxyl/hydroxyl/amino/thiol) or silane-modified | GO (for interface/layered reinforcement) | Reinforcement depends on interfacial bonding + stress transfer; functionalization is easier to make effective than bare graphene, but too many groups can sacrifice conductivity | Functional-group loading; dispersion medium; resin reactivity/compatibility |
Water-based film formation / membranes / adsorption | Aqueous GO dispersion (sol/solution/colloid) | Amino-functionalized GO; re-dispersed GO powder | GO has many groups and good electrostatic stability, making it better for water-phase films; also common for adsorption/membrane separation | Concentration; monolayer fraction/stability; sensitivity to salts/ionic strength (flocculation risk) |
Electrode slurry prep (energy storage) | NMP/DMF slurries or high-surface-area microflakes; CNT composite slurries | rGO/doped graphene (as active sites) | Slurry processing fails most often due to inhomogeneous dispersion + binder/solvent incompatibility; ready-made slurries quickly establish a baseline; CNT composites help build conductive frameworks | Slurry solvent system; solids content/viscosity; surface area/lateral size; dispersant level |
Electrocatalysis / benchmarking | Ready-made metal/oxide/alloy composites (Pt/Pd/PtCo…) or Pt-doped graphene | Doped/co-doped graphene (N/S/P/B) | The fastest route is “buy-and-test”; doping supports mechanism/active-site engineering but adds variables | Metal loading/support type; dispersion medium; need for immobilization/solvent swap; dopant type |
Devices / transparent conductors / sensors | Monolayer graphene films (with PMMA) / FET chips | Dispersions with defined sheet resistance (for conductive-film verification) | Device routes hinge on process consistency and contamination control; films/chips offer the lowest process barrier | Substrate & transfer layer (PMMA); size/integrity; cleaning/annealing needs; sheet resistance (if provided) |
Fluorescent / optoelectronic probes | GQDs (aqueous dispersion or powder) | Different sizes for control comparisons | Key variables are size/surface states/solvent system, which determine emission and stability; powders ease solvent switching | Size information; solvent/concentration; storage & photostability (light protection needed or not) |
Aladdin Graphene/Graphene Oxide Full-Line Selection Guide: From Bulk Materials and GO/rGO Precursors to Functionalization & Doping, Dispersions/Inks, and Composite Devices
Selection roadmap
What you’re trying to solve (define the task first) | Which table to check first | Why start there | Typical product forms you’ll end up choosing |
Conductivity / thermal conduction / EMI shielding / composite reinforcement (general engineering use) | Table 1 | Bulk graphene materials & structural forms/devices | You need to lock in the “platform material” first—lateral size, layer count, and structural form largely set the upper performance limit. | High-purity/industrial-grade graphene; microflakes/nanoplatelets; high-conductivity grades; 3D/thermally expanded forms; graphene paper/foam, etc. |
Water-based film formation, coatings, membrane materials, adsorption, or downstream chemical modification | Table 2 | GO / rGO series | GO/rGO are the most common entry points for solution processing and secondary functionalization, and they determine whether stable dispersion and film formation are feasible. | GO sols/solutions/powders/pastes; rGO; sulfonated rGO; aminated rGO, etc. |
Interfacial bonding / compatibility tuning, or active-site engineering for electrocatalysis and energy storage | Table 3 | Functionalized & doped graphene | Functional groups and dopant types directly control whether the material disperses well, adheres strongly, and/or becomes more electrochemically active. | Carboxylated/hydroxylated/aminated/thiolated graphene; silane-modified graphene; N/B/S/P doping and co-doping; Pt-doped graphene, etc. |
Go straight to processing: slurry making / coating / spraying / printing / 3D printing / photonic annealing, or ready-to-use composite catalysts | Table 4 | Dispersions/slurries/inks & composites | These products eliminate the dispersion and loading steps, giving you the fastest path to a testable, process-ready baseline. | Water/NMP/DMF/ethanol dispersions and slurries; printing inks; 3D-printing inks; Pt/Pd/oxide composite dispersions, etc. |
Table 1 | Bulk Graphene & Structural Forms/Devices (powders/sheets/paper/films/aerogels/chips/quantum dots)
Category | Aladdin Cat. No. | Product name | CAS No. | Specification / purity | Key features or applications |
Bulk graphene | Industrial-grade powder/sheets | I494525 | Industrial-grade Graphene | — | ≥97%, Diameter: ＜6 μm; Number of floors: ＜10 | For scalable use (conductive/thermal/reinforcement); size and layer count provided for composite and coating formulation-window evaluation |
Bulk graphene | Physical-method high-purity powder (ultra-large size) | G196543 | Graphene Powder (Physical Method) | — | ≥99.7%, Thickness: ＜3 nm, Diameter: 8080 μmμm | Ultra-large size + thin layers help build efficient conductive/thermal pathways and reinforcement; suitable for high-end composites, thermal/EMI, and baseline comparisons |
Reduced graphene | Chemical reduction (large lateral size) | G196552 | Large-Lateral-Size Chemically Reduced Graphene | 7782-42-5 | Diameter: 1–100 μm | Strong ability to form conductive networks; often used for conductive fillers, conductive coatings, and energy-storage electrodes |
Graphene sheets/microflakes | Nanomicroplates (larger particle size) | G434040 | Graphene Nanoplatelets | 7782-42-5 | Particle size 25 μm, surface area 20–25 m²/g | Typical GNP filler; for thermal conduction, conductivity, mechanical reinforcement composites and shielding materials |
Graphene sheets | Industrial-grade powder | G139805 | Graphene Sheets | 7782-42-5 | Industrial grade, ≥90% | Cost-effective conductive/thermal/reinforcement filler; for composites and shielding/coating applications |
Graphene | High-purity powder | G302114 | Graphene | 1034343-98-0 | High purity, ≥98% | Better as a reference material and for demanding research; for mechanism studies and device/electrode benchmarking |
Graphene | Ultra-high monolayer fraction, high purity | S491698 | High-Purity Graphene | 7782-42-5 | Monolayer ratio ＞99.8%, thickness 0.8–1.2 nm, diameter 0.8–3 μm | Very high monolayer fraction supports 2D conductive/thermal networks; for advanced conductivity, devices, and high-consistency studies |
Graphene microflakes | High specific surface area | G684181 | Graphene Microflakes | 1034343-98-0 | Specific surface area: 750 m²/g | High surface area benefits adsorption/electrochemically active interfaces; used for supercapacitors/batteries and electrocatalyst supports |
Graphene sheets | High-purity nanoplatelets | G139804 | Nano Graphene Sheets | 7782-42-5 | ≥99.5% | High purity reduces impurity interference; suitable for high-performance composites, conductivity/thermal conduction, and research comparisons |
Bulk graphene | High-conductivity grade | H494564 | High-Conductivity Graphene | — | ≥98% | Designed for conductive-network formation (fillers/coatings/electrodes); for formulations sensitive to resistance/conductivity |
Graphene sheets/nanoplatelets | Powder | G476441 | Graphene Nanoplatelets | — | Powder | General-purpose nanoplatelet filler; for conductivity/thermal conduction/reinforcement, shielding, and coating modification |
Carbon nanostructure | Graphene tubes | G196718 | Graphene Tubes | — | ≥98%, Specific surface area: 1300–1500 m²/g | Ultra-high surface-area porous/tubular carbon; for adsorption, energy-storage electrodes, catalyst supports, and conductive networks |
3D/expanded form | Thermally expanded | G196550 | Thermally Expanded Graphene | 7782-42-5 | — | Porous/expanded structure benefits adsorption and conductive networks; for conductive/thermal fillers, adsorption, and matrix reinforcement |
3D graphene | 3D structure | G494572 | Three-Dimensional Graphene | — | — | 3D porous conductive scaffold; used for supercapacitor/battery electrodes, adsorption, and conductive supports/composite frameworks |
Macroscopic form | Graphene paper | G434037 | Graphene Paper | 7782-42-5 | Sheet size 30 cm × 34 cm, thickness 200 μm | Free-standing conductive sheet; for electrode current collection/flexible conductors, EMI shielding, and thermal management components |
Macroscopic form | Free-standing graphene paper | S494562 | Free-Standing Graphene Paper | — | — | Free-standing conductive sheet for electrode sheets, EMI shielding, conductive/thermal components, and secondary processing |
Film | Monolayer graphene (on copper foil) | M466389 | Monolayer Graphene Film | 1034343-98-0 | 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm on copper foil | Common form of CVD monolayer graphene before transfer; for devices, transparent conductors, sensing, and fundamental research |
Film / device-grade | Monolayer film (on copper foil) | M485380 | Monolayer Graphene Film | — | 1 cm × 1 cm on copper foil, with PMMA coating | Typical CVD monolayer graphene for transfer/device processing; PMMA aids transfer; for sensing, transparent conductors, and basic device research |
3D scaffold | Graphene on nickel foam | N494532 | Graphene on Nickel Foam | — | Thickness 1–1.2 mm | 3D current collector/scaffold; suitable for direct electrode fabrication (electrodeposition/active-material loading); for electrocatalysis and energy-storage electrode-structure studies |
Aerogel/foam | Ultralight aerogel | U498182 | Ultralight Graphene Aerogel | — | — | Ultra-low-density porous structure; for adsorption, thermal insulation/damping, lightweight conductive scaffolds, and functional filling |
Aerogel/foam | Highly elastic foam | H497445 | Highly Elastic Graphene Aerogel (Graphene Foam) | — | — | Resilient porous conductive scaffold; for flexible sensors, compressible electrodes, cushioning/energy absorption, and wearable conductive structures |
Aerogel/foam | Magnetic aerogel | M494529 | Magnetic Graphene Aerogel | — | — | Combines porous scaffold with magnetic response; for magnetic separation adsorption, pollutant removal, and recyclable catalyst/adsorbent materials |
Aerogel/foam | CNT-doped composite aerogel | C498195 | CNT-Doped Graphene Aerogel | — | — | CNTs provide bridged conductive networks + graphene scaffold; for high-conductivity porous materials, electrode supports, adsorption, and sensing |
Device/chip | Graphene FET chip | G475809 | Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Chip | — | S10 | Direct for device testing/sensor validation; reduces process barriers from material to device |
Graphene quantum dots | Luminescent powder | G433456 | Graphene Quantum Dots | 7440-44-0 | Blue-emitting, powder | Common in fluorescence labeling/sensing/imaging and optoelectronics; also for luminescent composites and probe systems |
Graphene quantum dots | Solution | G196611 | Graphene Quantum Dots | — | 1 mg/mL, size 3–6 nm | Small-size GQDs are common for emission/sensing; for fluorescent probes, sensing, bioimaging, and optoelectronics |
Graphene quantum dots | Aqueous dispersion | G196538 | Graphene Quantum Dots Aqueous Dispersion | — | — | Better for bio/environment/water-phase sensing; used for fluorescent sensing, labeling, and water-phase composites |
Graphene quantum dots | Powder | G196537 | Graphene Quantum Dots Powder | — | — | Easier storage/shipping and secondary formulation; for dispersing into various solvents/polymer systems |
Graphene quantum dots | Solution (larger size) | G196610 | Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) | — | 1 mg/mL, size: 15 nm | Larger size may change emission/absorption; for size-effect comparisons and luminescent composite development |
Table 2 | Graphene Oxide (GO) / Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Series (sols/solutions/powders/pastes/functionalized)
Category | Aladdin Cat. No. | Product name | CAS No. | Specification / purity | Key features or applications |
Graphene oxide | Sol/colloid system | G139812 | Graphene Oxide Sol | 7782-42-5 | GO content: 1–3 wt% | Convenient for aqueous processing and film formation; suitable for coatings, membranes, and composite dispersions |
Graphene oxide | Industrial-grade solution | I489798 | Industrial-Grade Graphene Oxide Solution | 7782-42-5 | Single layer ratio ＞95%, 0.8–1.2 nm | Industrial grade for scalable dispersion; for coating, composite dispersion, paper/membrane precursor systems |
Graphene oxide | Nano-colloid (aqueous dispersion) | G466392 | Graphene Oxide Nanocolloid | 7782-42-5 | 2 mg/mL, aqueous dispersion | Stable aqueous dispersion supports film formation/composites; for membranes, coatings, fiber/hydrogel composites |
Graphene oxide | Reagent-grade solution | G196547 | Reagent-Grade Graphene Oxide Solution | 7782-42-5 | 1 mg/mL | Better for reproducible lab formulations/comparisons; for coating, dispersion, and modification-reaction precursor systems |
Graphene oxide | Powder (high purity) | G139803 | Graphene Oxide Powder | 7782-42-5 | ≥99% | Easy weighing and secondary dispersion; for GO dispersions, membranes, reduction/modification, and composites |
Graphene oxide | Paste (non-exfoliated) | G476412 | Graphene Oxide | — | paste, non-exfoliated | More of a precursor/intermediate; for further exfoliation, modification, membrane formation, or composite routes |
GO-related | Graphene oxide (unspecified) | G405792 | Graphene Oxide | — | — | Name indicates GO/oxide-form products; commonly used for dispersion preparation, modification reactions, and composite precursors |
Graphene oxide | Aqueous dispersion | G405797 | Graphene Oxide | — | 10 mg/mL, aqueous dispersion | High-concentration aqueous dispersion for coating/film formation/composites; for membranes, coatings, adsorption, and precursor routes |
Functionalized GO | Amino-functionalized (aqueous) | G466384 | Graphene Oxide, Amino-Functionalized | — | 1 mg/mL, dispersed in H₂O | Amino sites enable reactions/coupling with resins/crosslinking systems; for interface strengthening, adsorption, sensing, and bioconjugation |
Doped GO | N-doped GO | G196546 | Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide | 7782-42-5 | — | Combines oxygen functional groups with N dopant sites; suitable for further reduction/functionalization and electrochemical studies |
rGO | Chemically reduced rGO | R487602 | Reduced Graphene Oxide | — | Chemical reduction, monolayer, size 1–5 μm | rGO balances conductivity with defects/functional groups; for conductive scaffolds in electrodes, composite reinforcement, catalyst supports |
Functionalized rGO | Tetraethylenepentamine functionalized | R485331 | Reduced Graphene Oxide | — | Tetraethylenepentamine functionalized | Polyamine sites improve chelation/adsorption and reactivity; for heavy-metal adsorption, interface strengthening, catalyst supports, aqueous composites |
rGO derivative | Sulfonated rGO (sodium salt) | S477872 | Sulfonated Reduced Graphene Oxide | — | Sodium salt | Sulfonate groups improve hydrophilicity/ionic conduction/dispersion; for aqueous conductive composites, ion exchange/membranes, interface modification |
Table 3 | Functionalized & Doped Graphene (functional groups/heteroatoms/fluorination/silanes/metal loading)
Category | Aladdin Cat. No. | Product name | CAS No. | Specification / purity | Key features or applications |
Functionalized graphene | Carboxylated (nano small size) | G196556 | Carboxylated Graphene (Nano Small Size) | 7782-42-5 | Diameter: 50–200 nm; Single layer ratio: ＞98%; Carboxyl ratio: 8.0 wt% | Surface carboxyl groups improve hydrophilicity/dispersion and interfacial bonding; for toughening composites, sensing/bioconjugation, aqueous-system modification |
Functionalized graphene | Hydroxylated (nano small size) | G196553 | Hydroxylated Graphene (Nano Small Size) | 7782-42-5 | Diameter: 50–150 nm; Single layer ratio: ＞98%; Hydroxyl ratio: 12 wt% | Hydroxyl increases polarity/compatibility; for water-based/polar resin composites, coatings, and interface modification |
Functionalized graphene | Aminated (nano small size) | G196559 | Aminated Graphene (Nano Small Size) | 7782-42-5 | Diameter: 1–5 μm; Single layer ratio: ＞80%; Amine ratio: 4.0 wt% | Amines enable reactions with epoxies/isocyanates or electrostatic adsorption; for resin reinforcement, adsorption, and functional interface construction |
Functionalized graphene | Thiolated | G196555 | Thiolated Graphene | 7782-42-5 | Single layer ratio: ＞80%; Thiol ratio: 4.0 wt% | Thiols interact strongly with metals/surfaces; for adsorption, anchoring metal nanoparticles, sensing, and interface modification |
Graphene derivative | Fluorinated graphene | F302112 | Fluorinated Graphene | 51311-17-2 | F content: ~53%, size: 4–10 μm | Fluorination brings hydrophobic/low-surface-energy behavior and electrical changes; for lubrication, self-cleaning coatings, and functional composite studies |
Doped/loaded graphene | Pt-doped | G489426 | Pt-Doped Graphene Powder | 7782-42-5 | Pt content: 40–50 wt% | Noble-metal-loaded conductive support; for electrocatalysis/electrochemistry research and catalyst benchmarking |
Surface-modified graphene | Silane-modified | G477237 | Graphene | — | Silane-modified | Improves compatibility and interfacial bonding with silicon-based/inorganic systems or certain resins; for composites, coatings, and interface engineering |
Doped graphene | N-doped | G139802 | Nitrogen-Doped Graphene | 7782-42-5 | ≥98% | N doping tunes electronic structure and defect sites; for electrocatalysis/energy storage and sensing research |
Doped graphene | N-doped | N487618 | Nitrogen-Doped Graphene | — | — | N doping tunes electronic structure/defect sites; for electrocatalysis, energy-storage electrodes, gas/electrochemical sensing |
Doped graphene | S-doped | S487613 | Sulfur-Doped Graphene | — | — | S doping alters surface chemistry and active sites; for electrocatalysis/energy storage and interface-chemistry studies |
Doped graphene | B-doped | B487610 | Boron-Doped Graphene | — | — | B doping introduces p-type characteristics and defect sites; for electrocatalysis, sensing, and conductive-composite tuning |
Doped graphene | P-doped | P487617 | Phosphorus-Doped Graphene | — | — | P doping can improve active sites and electrolyte affinity; common in ORR/OER/HER electrocatalysis and energy-storage studies |
Co-doped graphene | N/S co-doped | N487616 | Nitrogen/Sulfur Co-Doped Graphene | — | — | Co-doping often yields richer active sites and stronger tunability; for electrocatalysis and energy-storage performance comparisons |
Co-doped graphene | N/P co-doped | N487615 | Nitrogen/Phosphorus Co-Doped Graphene | — | — | N/P synergy tunes charge distribution and defects; for electrocatalysis, energy storage, and conductive-network enhancement studies |
Co-doped graphene | B/N co-doped | B487614 | Boron/Nitrogen Co-Doped Graphene | — | — | B/N synergy tunes electronic structure; for active-site engineering comparisons in electrocatalysis and sensing |
Table 4 | Dispersions/Slurries/Inks & Composites (solvent systems/printing & 3D printing/nanocomposites/masterbatches)
Category | Aladdin Cat. No. | Product name | CAS No. | Specification / purity | Key features or applications |
Graphene dispersion | NMP slurry | G139801 | Graphene NMP Slurry | 7782-42-5 | Graphene content: 1–1.5 wt%; dispersant: 0.2–0.3 wt% | Fits organic-solvent systems for coating/slurry making; used for electrodes, conductive coatings, ink precursor systems |
Graphene dispersion | Aqueous slurry | G139800 | Graphene Aqueous Slurry | 7782-42-5 | Graphene content: 1–1.5 wt%; dispersant: 0.2–0.3 wt% | Low-VOC water-based system; for aqueous coatings, conductive inks, aqueous composites |
Graphene dispersion | Dispersion liquid | G139799 | Graphene Dispersion | 7782-42-5 | Graphene content: 0.4–0.6 wt%; dispersant: 0.4–0.6 wt% | Easy direct addition and dilution; for conductive modification, spray/dip coating processes |
Industrial graphene dispersion | High-solids aqueous slurry | G492369 | Industrial Nano Graphene Platelets Aqueous Slurry | 7782-42-5 | Industrial NGP content: 5 wt%; dispersant: 0.15 wt% | Higher solids aid scale-up; for aqueous conductive coatings/composites |
Industrial graphene dispersion | NMP slurry | G1491746 | Industrial Nano Graphene Platelets NMP Slurry | 7782-42-5 | Industrial NGP: 1–5 wt%; dispersant: 1–1.5 wt% | For organic-system slurry/coating; used for electrode slurries, solvent-based coatings, ink systems |
Composite slurry | Graphene + CNT aqueous composite | G139808 | Industrial NGP–CNT Composite Aqueous Slurry | 7782-42-5 | GNP+CNTs: 1–5 wt%; GNP:CNTs = 1:1; dispersant: 0.2–1.0 wt% | GNP provides in-plane conduction/thermal transport; CNTs form bridged networks; for conductive coatings, electrode frameworks, high-reliability conductive composites |
Graphene dispersion | DMF slurry | G494546 | Graphene DMF Slurry | — | ≥98%, Thickness: 0.55–3.74 nm; Diameter: 0.5–3 μm; Number of floors: ＜10 | For DMF-based slurry/coating; thickness/layer count/size provided for reproducible formulation and comparisons |
Graphene dispersion | Ethanol slurry | G494548 | Graphene Ethanol Slurry | — | ≥98%, Thickness: 0.55–3.74 nm; Diameter: 0.5–3 μm; Number of floors: ＜10 | Ethanol supports lower-toxicity/fast-evaporation processing; for spraying, coating, solvent-based formulations, rapid film formation |
Graphene dispersion | DMF dispersion (sheet resistance provided) | G466084 | Graphene Dispersion | — | 1 mg/mL in DMF; sheet resistance 4.8 kΩ/sq (inch²) | With sheet-resistance metric for direct conductive-film/coating selection; for device-precursor dispersions and thin conductive layers |
Graphene dispersion | NMP dispersion (high concentration) | G466335 | Graphene Dispersion | — | 10 mg/mL, dispersed in NMP | NMP is common for electrode/coating slurries; high concentration supports direct formulation and dilution; for energy-storage electrodes and conductive coatings |
Ink/printing | Photonic-annealing graphene ink | G485796 | Graphene Ink for Spin Coating/Spray Coating and Photonic Annealing | — | For spin coating, spray coating, photonic annealing | Integrated choice for spin/spray + photonic annealing; for rapid preparation of conductive patterns and thin conductive films |
Composite ink | Graphene/PEDOT:PSS | G475364 | Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Mixed Ink | — | Dispersion in DMF | Synergy of conductive polymer + graphene (flexible conductive and process-friendly); for flexible electronics, conductive coatings, device electrode layers |
Ink/printing | Aqueous printable graphene ink | G478442 | Graphene Ink in Water | — | Flexographic/gravure/screen printing | For printing processes (flexo/gravure/screen); for scalable patterned conductive traces and flexible electronics |
Ink/printing | Gravure graphene ink | G485653 | Graphene Ink | — | For gravure; contains ethyl cellulose + terpineol; gravure printable | Formulated for gravure (binder/solvent specified); for roll-to-roll conductive patterns and functional coatings |
Ink/printing | 3D-printing graphene ink | D487607 | 3D-Printing Graphene Ink | — | — | For direct-write/jetting/3D printing of conductive patterns; for flexible electronics, sensing, rapid prototyping |
Masterbatch/filler | Graphene nanoplatelets/PP pellets | G487609 | Graphene Nanoplatelets/Polypropylene Pellets | — | — | Masterbatch-style feedstock for plastics processing; for PP conductivity/reinforcement/thermal modification and engineering applications |
Nanocomposite | Fe₃O₄/graphene | F466180 | Fe₃O₄/Graphene Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | Magnetic oxide + conductive graphene support; for magnetic separation, adsorption/catalysis, electrochemical composite research |
Nanocomposite | Mn₃O₄/rGO | M466187 | Mn₃O₄/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | Transition-metal oxide + rGO conductive scaffold; for energy-storage electrodes and electrochemical studies |
Nanocomposite | PtCo/graphene | P466186 | PtCo/Graphene Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | Noble-metal alloy loaded support; for electrocatalysis/electrochemical performance evaluation and benchmarking |
Nanocomposite | PtCo/rGO | P466182 | PtCo/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | rGO provides conductivity and anchoring; for electrocatalysis and carrier-effect comparison studies |
Nanocomposite | PtPd/graphene | P466185 | PtPd/Graphene Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | Bimetal systems are common in electrocatalysis/sensing; graphene improves dispersion and conductivity |
Nanocomposite | TiO₂/graphene | T466188 | TiO₂/Graphene Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, dispersion (in acetone) | Semiconductor oxide + conductive carbon; for photocatalysis/electrochemistry and functional coatings |
Nanocomposite | Pd/graphene (dispersion) | P466184 | Palladium/Graphene Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | Typical noble-metal catalyst support; for hydrogenation/coupling catalysis and electrocatalysis comparisons |
Nanocomposite | Pt/graphene (dispersion) | P466183 | Platinum/Graphene Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | Pt on conductive support; for electrocatalysis (HER/ORR, etc.) and electrochemical benchmarking |
Nanocomposite | Pt/rGO (dispersion) | P466181 | Platinum/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite | — | 10 mg/mL, acetone dispersion | rGO offers stronger conductive scaffold and anchoring; for electrocatalysis benchmarking and support-effect comparisons |
Note: The items above are representative Aladdin catalog numbers. For additional specifications, please refer to the full product tables at the end of the article or search the website using CAS number/product name.
Aladdin: https://www.aladdinsci.com/