Types, Mechanisms of Action, Key Quality Indicators, and Selection and Application of Common Cellulose Ethers in Wall Putty

1 Why Wall Putty Requires Cellulose Ether

1.1 Core Contradictions in Wall Putty Application

Wall putty is a thin-layer leveling material. Although its application thickness is limited, it must simultaneously meet multiple requirements, such as smooth troweling, crack resistance, resistance to powdering, stable adhesion, and easy sanding. After application, the water in the putty is absorbed by the substrate, evaporates into the air, and participates in the hydration or hardening reactions of cement, hydrated lime, gypsum, and other cementitious materials. If water is lost too quickly, the following problems may occur:

On-site appearance	Main cause
Dry troweling feel and difficulty in surface finishing	Excessively rapid loss of surface water
Powdering after drying	Insufficient cementitious reaction or inadequate performance of the binding materials
Insufficient adhesion	Premature water loss at the interface, resulting in inadequate bonding between the substrate and the putty layer
Peeling, surface rolling, and cracking	Uneven water release and unstable wet mortar structure
Sagging and slumping	Insufficient structural support of the slurry and unstable wet-state structure

1.2 Position of Cellulose Ether in the Formulation

In wall putty formulations, cellulose ether is a key functional additive. It is neither the main filler nor the primary binder, but it significantly affects application performance, water retention, open time, and early-stage quality stability.

Formulation component	Main function	Relationship with cellulose ether
Fillers such as ground calcium carbonate, talc powder, and quartz powder	Filling, leveling, and improving sandability	Cellulose ether improves powder wetting, suspension, and troweling stability
Inorganic cementitious materials such as white cement, hydrated lime, and gypsum	Providing strength, water resistance, and hardened structure	Cellulose ether retains water and provides conditions for hydration and hardening
Redispersible Polymer Powder, RDP	Improving adhesion, flexibility, and crack resistance	Cellulose ether improves open time and wet slurry stability, providing a more stable wet-state environment for RDP redispersion, interfacial spreading, and subsequent film formation
Starch ether, bentonite, thixotropic agents, etc.	Improving sag resistance, thixotropy, and application feel	They work together with cellulose ether to regulate the rheology of the wet slurry
Cellulose ether	Water retention, thickening, lubrication, and wet slurry stabilization	A core regulating additive for application performance and early-stage stability

2 Common Types of Cellulose Ethers Used in Wall Putty and Their Differences

2.1 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, HPMC, is one of the most commonly used nonionic cellulose ethers in wall putty and dry-mix mortar. Its molecular structure contains methoxy and hydroxypropyl groups, giving it water solubility, thickening ability, water retention, and thermal gelation characteristics.

The main feature of HPMC is its well-balanced overall performance and broad applicability. It is commonly used in systems such as interior wall putty, water-resistant putty, exterior wall putty, cement-based mortar, tile adhesive, and rendering mortar. For most powder putty formulations, HPMC is a commonly used basic choice.

In wall putty, HPMC mainly performs the following functions:

① Improves water retention and reduces drying and powdering caused by rapid water absorption by the substrate;

② Increases the cohesion of the wet slurry and improves the stability of application thickness;

③ Improves lubricity and makes the movement of the trowel more continuous;

④ Extends open time and reduces premature water loss during application;

⑤ Improves wet slurry stability and reduces bleeding, sedimentation, and segregation.

2.2 Hydroxyethyl Methylcellulose HEMC/MHEC

Hydroxyethyl Methylcellulose, HEMC, also commonly referred to as Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose, MHEC, is also a nonionic cellulose ether. The main difference between HEMC/MHEC and HPMC lies in their substituent groups: HPMC contains hydroxypropyl groups, while HEMC/MHEC contains hydroxyethyl groups.

HEMC/MHEC generally shows good performance in hydration rate, water retention, open time, and wet slurry stability. In cement-based, hydrated lime-based, and exterior wall putty systems, HEMC/MHEC is a category worth focused evaluation when longer open time, better high-temperature application stability, or more stable vertical-surface application performance is required.

HEMC/MHEC is particularly worth considering in the following scenarios:

Application scenario	Reason for selection
Summer or high-temperature application	More stable water retention and open time are required
Exterior wall putty	Good sag resistance, adhesion stability, and application window are required
Highly absorbent substrates	Drying caused by rapid water absorption by the substrate needs to be reduced
Thin-layer, multi-pass application	Stable wet slurry condition and sufficient finishing time are required
Cement-based and hydrated lime-based systems	Good adaptability to alkaline systems is required

HPMC and HEMC/MHEC cannot be simply judged as one being better than the other. HPMC has strong general applicability, while HEMC/MHEC is more worthy of comparative evaluation in high-temperature, exterior wall, and long-open-time systems. The final choice should be based on the actual application performance of the putty formulation.

2.3 Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC

Carboxymethyl Cellulose, CMC, is usually used in the form of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. It is an anionic water-soluble cellulose ether. It provides thickening, water retention, dispersion, and binding effects, has a relatively low cost, and is used in some low-cost putties or systems that are not strongly cement-based.

The key difference between CMC and HPMC or HEMC/MHEC lies in ionicity. HPMC and HEMC/MHEC are nonionic and are relatively stable toward calcium ions and electrolytes in systems such as cement and hydrated lime. CMC is anionic and is more easily affected by calcium ions, salts, electrolyte concentration, and pH. In calcium-containing systems such as cement, hydrated lime, and gypsum, CMC may cause viscosity fluctuations, reduced dissolution stability, flocculation, lump formation, or unstable later-stage performance.

Type	Ionicity	Main characteristics	Application judgment in wall putty
HPMC	Nonionic	Balanced overall performance and broad applicability	Suitable for most interior wall, exterior wall, cement-based, and hydrated lime-based putties
HEMC/MHEC	Nonionic	Good water retention, open time, and high-temperature stability	Suitable for exterior wall, high-temperature, and long-open-time systems
CMC	Anionic	Lower cost, with thickening and water-retention functions	Suitable for low-cost and low-electrolyte systems; caution is required in cement and hydrated lime systems
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose, HEC	Nonionic	Good water solubility and commonly used in water-based systems	More commonly used in paste putties and coating-type systems

3 Mechanisms of Action of Cellulose Ether in Wall Putty

3.1 Water Retention: Controlling the Rate of Water Migration

Water retention is the most important function of cellulose ether in wall putty. After the putty is applied to the wall, if water is rapidly absorbed by the substrate or quickly carried away by air, the hydration or hardening conditions of cement, gypsum, and other cementitious materials become insufficient. The carbonation/hardening of hydrated lime systems and the formation of interfacial binding structures may also be affected. The redispersion and subsequent film-forming conditions of RDP may deteriorate, which can easily lead to surface powdering, insufficient strength, reduced adhesion, and cracking.

After dissolving in water, cellulose ether forms a hydrated polymer structure. Its molecular chains swell and entangle in the aqueous phase, increasing the viscosity and cohesion of the wet slurry and reducing the rapid migration of free water. Water retention does not mean keeping the putty wet for a long time; rather, it allows water to remain for a sufficient period during application and early hardening. A reasonable water-retention state should be reflected in the following: no drying during troweling, no peeling or rolling during finishing, no powdering after drying, and stable interfacial adhesion.

3.2 Thickening: Forming an Appropriate Wet Slurry Structure

The essence of cellulose ether thickening is to increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase and the cohesion of the slurry, so that powders, cementitious materials, and water form a stable wet slurry. Wall putty requires a certain viscosity; otherwise, sedimentation, bleeding, and sagging can easily occur. However, excessively high viscosity may lead to high troweling resistance, sticking to the trowel, difficulty in finishing, and reduced sandability. The thickening effect of cellulose ether is not a matter of “the stronger, the better”; it must be balanced together with powder particle-size distribution, cementitious material dosage, water-to-powder ratio, RDP, and other rheology modifiers.

3.3 Open Time: Jointly Determined by Water Retention, Substrate, and Environment

Open time refers to the period after the putty has been applied during which it can still be adjusted, compacted, and finished. If the open time is too short, the putty dries quickly and application becomes discontinuous. If the open time is too long, drying speed and subsequent sanding may be affected.

Cellulose ether delays excessive water loss by improving water retention and wet slurry stability, thereby extending the open time. However, open time is not determined by cellulose ether alone. It is also related to substrate absorbency, ambient temperature, air humidity, wind speed, application thickness, and the reaction rate of the cementitious materials. For exterior wall putties, summer-application putties, and systems applied on highly absorbent substrates, attention should be paid to the water-retention capacity, high-temperature water retention, thermal viscosity stability, gelation temperature, and viscosity change of the slurry after standing.

3.4 Lubricity: Affecting Troweling Feel and Finishing Quality

The application feel of wall putty is not determined solely by viscosity. A putty with good application feel should be smooth during troweling, continuous under the trowel, non-sticky, non-draggy, and capable of producing a fine finished surface.

Cellulose ether reduces unstable friction during trowel movement by improving water distribution, promoting powder wetting, and forming a hydrated polymer layer. If cellulose ether is not fully dissolved, graininess, lumps, and localized stickiness may occur. If water retention is insufficient, the putty may feel draggy, peel or roll during finishing, and have a short open time.

3.5 Influence on Adhesion and Anti-Powdering Performance

Cellulose ether is not the main binder in wall putty. The adhesion of wall putty mainly comes from cement, hydrated lime, gypsum, RDP, emulsion, or other binding materials. The contribution of cellulose ether to adhesion and anti-powdering performance is mainly achieved indirectly through water retention and improvement of wet slurry condition.

If the water retention of cellulose ether is insufficient, the reaction of cement and hydrated lime may be incomplete, RDP film-forming conditions may deteriorate, and the interface may lose water prematurely, ultimately leading to reduced adhesion and surface powdering. If the dosage of cellulose ether is too high or its viscosity is too high, it may also slow drying, make sanding more difficult, and affect early strength development. A suitable cellulose ether should help cementitious and binding materials perform their intended functions.

4 Key Quality Indicators of Cellulose Ether

4.1 Viscosity

Viscosity is one of the most commonly considered indicators for cellulose ether. It is strongly affected by testing concentration, temperature, instrument, spindle, rotation speed, and dissolution time. Products from different manufacturers with the same nominal viscosity may show different water retention, troweling performance, and open time in actual putty applications.

In wall putty applications, viscosity mainly affects the following:

Affected item	Performance
Thickening ability	Determines wet slurry consistency and troweling resistance
Water-retention ability	Usually related to the rate of water migration
Sag resistance	Affects support during vertical-surface application
Application feel	Excessively high viscosity may cause sticking to the trowel and a heavy troweling feel

4.2 Water-Retention Rate

The water-retention rate directly affects open time, cementitious reaction, adhesion stability, and anti-powdering performance. For cement-based, hydrated lime-based, and exterior wall putties, water-retention rate usually reflects the practical value of cellulose ether better than viscosity alone.

A high water-retention rate does not necessarily mean that the product is suitable for all putties. If water retention is too strong or viscosity is too high, it may lead to slow drying, difficult sanding, or surface stickiness. Therefore, water-retention rate should be evaluated together with application performance, drying speed, and later-stage properties.

4.3 Methoxy, Hydroxypropyl, and Hydroxyethyl Content

The performance differences among cellulose ethers essentially originate from the type, content, and distribution of substituent groups on the molecular chain.

Methoxy groups affect hydrophobic interactions and thermal gelation behavior. Changes in the proportion and distribution of methoxy groups influence molecular aggregation and gelation temperature during heating.

Hydroxypropyl groups are important substituents in HPMC. They can improve water solubility and regulate hydrophilicity and thermal gelation performance. Changes in hydroxypropyl content can affect the dissolution, water retention, and high-temperature performance of HPMC.

Hydroxyethyl groups are important substituents in HEMC/MHEC. They are relatively hydrophilic and help improve hydration ability and wet slurry stability. For exterior wall, high-temperature, and long-open-time systems, the application differences brought by hydroxyethyl structures need to be verified through formulation testing.

4.4 Gelation Temperature and High-Temperature Stability

HPMC and HEMC/MHEC have thermal gelation characteristics. When their aqueous solutions are heated to a certain temperature range, intermolecular hydrophobic interactions increase, and the system may undergo gelation or a sudden change in viscosity. After cooling, it can return to the solution state. Thermal gelation behavior is affected by methoxy, hydroxypropyl, and hydroxyethyl contents as well as substituent distribution.

Gelation temperature is especially important for exterior wall putty and summer application. If the application temperature or wall surface temperature approaches the sensitive temperature range of cellulose ether, wet slurry water retention, open time, and troweling feel may fluctuate. High-temperature application systems should not be evaluated only by room-temperature viscosity; gelation temperature and high-temperature water retention should also be considered.

4.5 Moisture, Ash Content, pH, Particle Size, and Dissolution Performance

In addition to viscosity, water retention, and substituent groups, the following indicators also affect wall putty applications:

Indicator	Influence
Moisture	Affects effective content, storage stability, and dosing accuracy
Ash content and salts	Reflect inorganic residues and washing control; may affect dissolution and system compatibility
pH value	Affects dissolution state and adaptability to cement and hydrated lime systems
Particle size and fineness	Affect dry-mix dispersion and dissolution speed after water addition
Dissolution time	Affects production dispersion, application fineness, and local viscosity stability
Purity and effective content	Affect actual addition efficiency and batch-to-batch stability

5 Main Factors Affecting the Quality Stability of Cellulose Ether

5.1 Degree of Polymerization of Raw Cellulose

The degree of polymerization of raw cellulose affects the molecular weight of the product, and molecular weight further affects viscosity and thickening efficiency. Products with higher molecular weight usually have stronger thickening and water-retention abilities, but may dissolve more slowly and create greater troweling resistance. Products with lower molecular weight provide a lighter application feel, but may have insufficient water retention and sag resistance.

5.2 Uniformity of Etherification Reaction

The quality of cellulose ether depends not only on the total content of substituent groups, but also on whether these substituents are uniformly distributed along the molecular chain. Non-uniform reactions may cause incomplete dissolution, viscosity fluctuations, unstable water retention, and abnormal gelation temperature. In wall putty applications, such issues may appear as inconsistent application feel between batches, lump formation after water addition, obvious graininess in the slurry, localized stickiness, or fluctuations in open time.

5.3 Washing, Neutralization, and Residual Salt Control

After etherification, washing, neutralization, and drying are required. If residual salts, ash, or by-products are too high, product purity, viscosity, and system compatibility may be affected. For cement-based and hydrated lime-based putties, residual salts and ash content may also affect cementitious reactions and wet slurry stability. High-quality cellulose ether should have stable ash content, moisture, pH, and dissolution performance.

5.4 Grinding, Sieving, and Surface Treatment

Grinding and sieving affect particle-size distribution, which in turn affects dry-mix dispersion and dissolution after water addition. Some cellulose ethers undergo surface treatment to improve cold-water dispersibility and delay swelling, thereby reducing lump formation after water addition. For wall putty, good dispersion and dissolution directly affect troweling fineness, application stability, and final surface quality.

5.5 Storage Conditions

Cellulose ether is susceptible to atmospheric humidity. If the package is opened and the product is exposed to a humid environment for a long period, moisture absorption, caking, increased moisture content, and fluctuations in effective content may occur. Moisture variation not only affects dosing accuracy, but also affects dry-mix dispersion and dissolution speed. In putty production, cellulose ether should be kept sealed and moisture-proof, and small-scale formulation verification should be carried out for critical batches.

6 How to Select Cellulose Ether in Wall Putty Formulations

6.1 Selection According to Putty System

Selection of cellulose ether should begin with the type of putty system, followed by viscosity grade and dosage.

Putty type	Main requirements	Cellulose ether selection approach
Ordinary interior wall putty	Smooth troweling, easy sanding, and moderate cost	Select medium-viscosity HPMC, focusing on the balance between application performance and sandability
Water-resistant putty	Water retention, strength, adhesion, and anti-powdering performance	Prefer HPMC or HEMC/MHEC, focusing on water-retention rate and stability in alkaline systems
Exterior wall putty	High-temperature open time, sag resistance, and adhesion stability	Focus on evaluating HEMC/MHEC or high-water-retention HPMC, with attention to high-temperature water retention, thermal viscosity stability, gelation temperature, and sag resistance
Hydrated lime-based putty	Strong alkalinity, calcium ions, carbonation/hardening, and sensitivity of early structural formation	Prefer nonionic HPMC or HEMC/MHEC, and use CMC with caution
Cement-based putty	Hydration, adhesion, sag resistance, and application window	Prefer HPMC or HEMC/MHEC, balancing water retention and application resistance
Paste putty	Storage stability, anti-settling, and compatibility with preservative systems	HEC, HPMC, or combined systems may be evaluated, with attention to storage viscosity change, compatibility with preservative systems, anti-settling performance, and application thixotropy

6.2 Adjustment According to Application Problems

In practical selection, the cause should be inferred from the application problem.

Application problem	Possible cause	Adjustment direction
Putty dries quickly after application to the wall	Insufficient water retention, highly absorbent substrate, or high ambient temperature	Improve water-retention ability and evaluate HEMC/MHEC or high-water-retention HPMC
Sticking to the trowel and heavy troweling feel	Excessively high viscosity, excessive dosage, or unreasonable powder particle-size distribution	Reduce viscosity grade or dosage, and optimize powder particle-size distribution
Sagging on vertical surfaces	Insufficient wet slurry support or inadequate thixotropy	Increase appropriate viscosity and combine with starch ether or thixotropic additives
Peeling or rolling during finishing	Rapid surface water loss, short open time, or incomplete dissolution	Improve water retention and dissolution stability, and adjust the water-to-powder ratio
Powdering after drying	Insufficient water retention, incomplete cementitious reaction, or insufficient binding materials	Optimize water retention, while also checking the cement, hydrated lime, or RDP system
Difficult sanding	Excessive cellulose ether dosage, excessive binding materials, or slow drying	Reduce dosage or viscosity, and optimize the binding system

7 Common Misconceptions in the Application of Cellulose Ether

7.1 Misconception 1: The Higher the Viscosity, the Better the Quality

High viscosity does not equal high quality. Higher viscosity may improve water retention and sag resistance, but it may also cause heavy troweling, sticking to the trowel, slow drying, and difficult sanding. Quality evaluation must consider water retention, dissolution, gelation temperature, particle size, purity, and actual application performance.

7.2 Misconception 2: Products with the Same Viscosity Can Be Directly Replaced

The same nominal viscosity does not mean the same application performance. Products from different manufacturers may differ in substituent content, molecular weight distribution, particle size, surface treatment, and dissolution speed. Direct replacement may cause changes in open time, troweling feel, and water-retention performance.

7.3 Misconception 3: CMC Can Unconditionally Replace HPMC or HEMC/MHEC

CMC has cost advantages and also provides thickening and water-retention effects. However, its anionic nature makes it more sensitive to calcium ions, electrolytes, and pH. In cement-based, hydrated lime-based, and exterior wall putties, it should be carefully evaluated and should not simply replace nonionic cellulose ethers.

7.4 Misconception 4: Cellulose Ether Can Solve All Quality Problems

Cellulose ether can improve water retention and application condition, but it cannot replace the role of cement, hydrated lime, gypsum, RDP, and other binding materials. If putty shows powdering, cracking, or insufficient adhesion, in addition to checking cellulose ether, it is also necessary to examine the quality of cementitious materials, RDP dosage, filler particle-size distribution, water-to-powder ratio, and application conditions.

8 Representative Materials Related to Cellulose Ether Mechanism Research and Wall Putty Formulation Validation

Note: The following products are mainly intended for model systems, mechanism research, comparative experiments, formulation screening, or small-scale validation. They are not equivalent to construction-grade wall putty raw materials for direct use. For actual engineering applications, confirmation should be based on construction-grade product TDS, COA, batch-to-batch stability, regulatory requirements, and formulation test results.

Table 1 Cellulose Ethers and Cellulose Derivatives

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Nonionic water-retaining cellulose ether	9004-65-3	H1506257	Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)	Substitution type 2910; viscosity: 400 mPa·s; methoxy: 28–30%; hydroxypropyl: 7.0–12%	Used for studies on water retention, application viscosity, open time, and the influence of methoxy and hydroxypropyl contents on application performance in wall putty
Nonionic high-viscosity water-retaining cellulose ether	9032-42-2	M498720	Methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose	Viscosity: 70,000–80,000 mPa·s, 2% in H₂O at 20 °C	Used for comparative experiments on high-viscosity water retention, sag resistance, wet slurry stability, and hydroxyethyl-substituted structures
Nonionic aqueous-phase thickening cellulose ether	9004-62-0	H434475	2-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC)	Average Mw ~380,000	Used for studies on thickening in paste putty and water-based systems, storage stability, wet slurry rheology, and aqueous-phase viscosity
Methyl-type thermal-gelling cellulose ether	9004-67-5	M759806	Methyl Cellulose (MC)	8–18 mPa·s	Used for comparative studies on thermal gelation behavior, low-viscosity water retention, methyl-substituted structures, and hydration states
Hydroxypropyl-type water-soluble cellulose ether	9004-64-2	H753230	Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC)	Viscosity: 4,000–6,500 mPa·s, 2% aqueous solution at 20 °C	Used for studies on hydroxypropyl-substituted structures, water solubility, thickening, film formation, and differences among cellulose ether categories
Anionic carboxymethyl cellulose ether	9004-32-4	C104986	Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)	Viscosity: 1,000–1,400 mPa·s, USP grade	Used for evaluating water retention, thickening, calcium-ion compatibility, and electrolyte sensitivity of anionic cellulose ethers
Anionic carboxymethyl cellulose ether	9000-11-7	C1455160	Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CM-32)	—	Used for studies on carboxymethyl-substituted structures, solubility, water retention, and stability in calcium salt systems
Ethyl-type hydrophobic film-forming cellulose ether	9004-57-3	E110667	Ethyl Cellulose (EC)	Chemically pure (CP)	Used for comparative studies on hydrophobic film formation, water-resistance modification, structural differences, and water-insoluble cellulose ethers

Table 2 Organic Binders, Film-Forming Materials, and Rheology Modifiers

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Water-soluble organic film-forming binder	9002-89-5	P119362	Mowiol® PVA-124 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)	Viscosity: 54–66 mPa·s	Used for studies on organic binding, film formation, adhesion strength, and combination with cellulose ether water retention in wall putty
Vinyl acetate film-forming resin	9003-20-7	P304881	Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAC)	Approx. M.W. 500,000	Used for studies on organic binding, dry film formation, adhesion performance, and basic properties of latex powder resins
Ethylene-vinyl acetate film-forming resin	24937-78-8	P432376	Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA)	Vinyl acetate 12 wt%; melt index 8 g/10 min at 190 °C/2.16 kg	Used for studies on flexibility, adhesion performance, crack resistance, and basic resin properties related to redispersible polymer powders
Starch ether thixotropic anti-sagging agent	9049-76-7	H304935	Hydroxypropyl Starch Ether	Viscosity: 500–20,000 mPa·s, 5% aqueous solution at 20 °C	Used for experiments on cellulose ether compounding, sag resistance, thixotropic recovery, troweling feel, and wet slurry support
Natural polysaccharide water-retaining thickener	9000-30-0	G109238	Guar Gum	Viscosity: 5,000–5,500 cps; 200 mesh	Used for comparative studies on natural polysaccharide thickening, water retention, wet slurry cohesion, and cellulose ethers
Microbial polysaccharide suspension thickener	11138-66-2	G104873	Xanthan Gum	PharmPure™, USP	Used for studies on suspension stability, thixotropic performance, low-dosage thickening, and anti-settling behavior of wet slurry
Anionic dispersing and thickening polymer	9003-04-7	P434409	Sodium Polyacrylate (PAAS)	Average Mw ~8,000; 45% in H₂O	Used for evaluating powder dispersion, aqueous-phase viscosity, slurry stability, and compatibility with calcium-ion systems
Organobentonite thixotropic anti-settling agent	1302-78-9	B102861	Bentonite	Bentone SD-2, suitable for medium- to high-polarity solvents	Used for studies on thixotropic thickening, anti-settling, sag resistance, and rheology in medium- to high-polarity slurry systems
Organosilicone defoaming and surface-adjusting agent	63148-62-9	S433164	Silicone Oil	Viscosity: 5 cSt at 25 °C	Used for studies on defoaming, bubble control during troweling, pinhole defect observation, and application surface condition evaluation
Zinc soap hydrophobic lubricant	557-05-1	Z432906	Zinc Stearate	Industrial grade	Used for studies on hydrophobic modification, lubrication, sanding feel, anti-blocking performance, and surface smoothness
Calcium soap hydrophobic lubricant	1592-23-0	C113301	Calcium Stearate	Ca 6.6–7.4%	Used for studies on hydrophobicity, lubrication, anti-caking, water-resistance modification, and auxiliary powder dispersion

Table 3 Inorganic Cementitious Materials and Setting-Reaction Regulators

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Hydrated lime-based alkaline cementitious material	1305-62-0	C431719	Calcium Hydroxide	European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), suitable for analysis, ACS, premium grade	Used for studies on alkaline cementitious systems in hydrated lime-based wall putty, calcium-ion compatibility, strength development, and cellulose ether adaptability
Active calcium hydration cementitious material	1305-78-8	C420198	Calcium Oxide	Reagent grade	Used for basic studies on active calcium hydration, alkaline environments, early-stage reactions, and hydrated lime systems
Hemihydrate gypsum cementitious material	10034-76-1	C302031	Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate	≥97%	Used for studies on setting and hardening of gypsum-based wall putty, early strength, water-retention synergy, and setting time
Dihydrate gypsum crystalline material	10101-41-4	C101878	Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate	AR, ≥99%	Used for gypsum-system controls and studies on calcium sulfate crystal forms, filling behavior, and crystalline transformation
Calcium salt early-strength accelerator	544-17-2	C755623	Calcium Formate	UltraBio™, ≥99% (T)	Used for studies on early strength, setting acceleration, low-temperature strength development, and regulation of cementitious reactions in cement-based wall putty
Hydroxycarboxylate retarding and complexing agent	527-07-1	G278703	D-Sodium Gluconate	≥99%	Used for studies on retardation, complexing dispersion, working time, and calcium-ion effects in cement and hydrated lime systems
Organic acid retarding and complexing agent	77-92-9	C108869	Citric Acid Anhydrous	AR, ≥99.5% (T)	Used for studies on retardation, complexation, setting-time adjustment, and reaction-rate control in gypsum or cement systems

Table 4 Inorganic Fillers, Pigments, and Powder Structure Materials

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Catalog No.	Name	Specification or Purity	Product Features and Applications
Calcium-based filler powder	471-34-1	C432744	Calcium Carbonate	Anhydrous grade, ACS, ≥99%	Used for evaluating wall putty filling, powder particle-size distribution, sandability, water absorption behavior, and water-retention systems
Spherical siliceous structural powder	14808-60-7	S305533	Silica Powder	≥99.9% metals basis, spherical, 35 μm	Used for studies on particle-size distribution, hardness, wear resistance, slurry flowability, and inorganic skeletal structures
Plate-like lubricating filler	14807-96-6	T109493	Talc Powder	Pharmaceutical grade, PharmPure™, ≥325 mesh	Used for studies on troweling lubrication, surface fineness, sandability, and the application feel of plate-like powders
Aluminosilicate white filler	1332-58-7	K1373699	Kaolin	Filler grade, whiteness ≥85%	Used for studies on whiteness, hiding power, suspension stability, slurry thixotropy, and powder structure
Plate-like silicate reinforcing filler	12001-26-2	P580753	Phlogopite	Industrial grade, 200 mesh	Used for studies on plate-like reinforcement, crack resistance, dimensional stability, and the influence of layered fillers on wall putty structure
White hiding pigment	13463-67-7	T431947	Titanium Dioxide (IV)	Premium grade, ≥99%	Used for evaluating whiteness, hiding power, surface appearance, and high-whiteness wall putty systems

Note: The above are representative Aladdin products related to scientific research and formulation studies. For more product specifications, grades, and COA information, please search by “product name/CAS/catalog number” on the Aladdin official website.

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