Trazodone - Moligand™, 10mM in DMSO , Antagonist of 5-HT 2A receptor;Antagonist of 5-HT 2B receptor;Antagonist of 5-HT 2C receptor, CAS No.19794-93-5, Antagonist of 5-HT 2A receptor;Antagonist of 5-HT 2B receptor;Antagonist of 5-HT 2C receptor

CAS: 19794-93-5 Cat. No.: T422403 Molecular Weight: 371.87 EC Number: 243-317-1 PubChem CID: 5533

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™, 10mM in DMSO

Synonyms

Spectrum_001424 | NCGC00016035-04 | BCP07176 | Q411457 | Spectrum5_000974 | KBio2_007040 | KBioSS_001904 | Trazodone [INN:BAN] | TRAZODONE [VANDF] | SBI-0051126.P003 | s-Triazolo(4,3-a)pyridin-3(2H)-one, 2-(3-(4-(m-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)propyl)- | 2

Storage

Store at -80°C

Shipped In

Dry ice packs + Cold packs

Overview

Information

Trazodone Trazodone (AF-1161) is a 5-HT 2A/2C receptor antagonist that is used as an antidepressant for treating major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.

Specifications

Synonyms

Spectrum_001424 | NCGC00016035-04 | BCP07176 | Q411457 | Spectrum5_000974 | KBio2_007040 | KBioSS_001904 | Trazodone [INN:BAN] | TRAZODONE [VANDF] | SBI-0051126.P003 | s-Triazolo(4, 3-a)pyridin-3(2H)-one, 2-(3-(4-(m-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)propyl)- | 2

Specifications & Purity

Moligand™, 10mM in DMSO

Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms

Trazodone (AF-1161) is a 5-HT 2A/2C receptor antagonist that is used as an antidepressant for treating major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.

Storage

Store at -80°C

Shipped In

Dry ice packs + Cold packs

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Grade

Moligand™

Action Type

ANTAGONIST

Mechanism of action

Antagonist of 5-HT 2A receptor;Antagonist of 5-HT 2B receptor;Antagonist of 5-HT 2C receptor

Names and Identifiers

• Pubchem Sid: 528772036
• Canonical Smiles: C1CN(CCN1CCCN2C(=O)N3C=CC=CC3=N2)C4=CC(=CC=C4)Cl
• IUPAC Name: 2-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3-one
• InChIKey: PHLBKPHSAVXXEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• INCHI: 1S/C19H22ClN5O/c20-16-5-3-6-17(15-16)23-13-11-22(12-14-23)8-4-10-25-19(26)24-9-2-1-7-18(24)21-25/h1-3,5-7,9,15H,4,8,10-14H2
• Isomeric SMILES: C1CN(CCN1CCCN2C(=O)N3C=CC=CC3=N2)C4=CC(=CC=C4)Cl
• PubChem CID: 5533
• Molecular Weight: 371.87

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organoheterocyclic compounds
    • Class Diazinanes
      • Subclass Piperazines

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organoheterocyclic compounds
• Class: Diazinanes
• Subclass: Piperazines
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Phenylpiperazines
• Alternative Parents: N-arylpiperazines Aryl 1,2,4-triazolones Triazolopyridines Aniline and substituted anilines Dialkylarylamines Pyridinones Chlorobenzenes N-alkylpiperazines Aryl chlorides Heteroaromatic compounds Trialkylamines Azacyclic compounds Hydrocarbon derivatives Organopnictogen compounds Organooxygen compounds Organic oxides Organochlorides
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
• Substituents: Phenylpiperazine - N-arylpiperazine - Aryl 1,2,4-triazol-3-one - Triazolopyridine - Tertiary aliphatic/aromatic amine - Aniline or substituted anilines - Dialkylarylamine - Pyridinone - Chlorobenzene - N-alkylpiperazine - Halobenzene - Aryl chloride - Aryl halide - Pyridine - Monocyclic benzene moiety - Benzenoid - 1,2,4-triazole - Azole - Heteroaromatic compound - Triazole - Tertiary aliphatic amine - Tertiary amine - Azacycle - Organooxygen compound - Organonitrogen compound - Organochloride - Organohalogen compound - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organic oxide - Organopnictogen compound - Organic oxygen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Amine - Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpiperazines. These are compounds containing a phenylpiperazine skeleton, which consists of a piperazine bound to a phenyl group.
• External Descriptors: N-arylpiperazine - monochlorobenzenes - N-alkylpiperazine - triazolopyridine

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Associated Targets(Human)

HRH1 Tclin Histamine H1 receptor (1 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SLC6A4 Tclin Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (2 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A4

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SIGMAR1 Tclin Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: SIGMAR1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

HTR2A Tclin 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (3 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2A

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

HTR2C Tclin 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (3 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2C

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

HTR2B Tclin 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (2 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2B

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PDE5A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 5A (5113 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE5A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

EGFR Tclin Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (33727 Activities)

Discover Target: EGFR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CA2 Tclin Carbonic anhydrase II (17698 Activities)

Discover Target: CA2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ESR1 Tclin Estrogen receptor alpha (17718 Activities)

Discover Target: ESR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HMGCR Tclin HMG-CoA reductase (2475 Activities)

Discover Target: HMGCR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

NR3C1 Tclin Glucocorticoid receptor (14987 Activities)

Discover Target: NR3C1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

INSR Tclin Insulin receptor (5558 Activities)

Discover Target: INSR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PGR Tclin Progesterone receptor (8562 Activities)

Discover Target: PGR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB2 Tclin Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (11824 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM2 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (10671 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB1 Tclin Beta-1 adrenergic receptor (6630 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1A Tclin Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor (14969 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2A Tclin Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (9450 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AR Tclin Androgen Receptor (11781 Activities)

Discover Target: AR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM1 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (12690 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACE Tclin Angiotensin-converting enzyme (1423 Activities)

Discover Target: ACE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD2 Tclin Dopamine D2 receptor (23596 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GABRA1 Tclin GABA receptor alpha-1 subunit (399 Activities)

Discover Target: GABRA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAOA Tclin Monoamine oxidase A (11911 Activities)

Discover Target: MAOA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CNR1 Tclin Cannabinoid CB1 receptor (20913 Activities)

Discover Target: CNR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD1 Tclin Dopamine D1 receptor (9720 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD4 Tchem Dopamine D4 receptor (7907 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACHE Tclin Acetylcholinesterase (18204 Activities)

Discover Target: ACHE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS1 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-1 (9233 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A2 Tclin Norepinephrine transporter (10102 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH2 Tclin Histamine H2 receptor (5428 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1D Tclin Alpha-1d adrenergic receptor (4171 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1D

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1B Tclin Serotonin 1b (5-HT1b) receptor (2801 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2A Tclin Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor (14758 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2C Tclin Serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor (11471 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2C

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AVPR2 Tclin Vasopressin V2 receptor (2912 Activities)

Discover Target: AVPR2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADORA1 Tclin Adenosine A1 receptor (17603 Activities)

Discover Target: ADORA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AGTR1 Tclin Type-1 angiotensin II receptor (5176 Activities)

Discover Target: AGTR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CALCR Tclin Calcitonin receptor (2215 Activities)

Discover Target: CALCR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A4 Tclin Serotonin transporter (12625 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CRHR1 Tclin Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (2996 Activities)

Discover Target: CRHR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1A Tclin Alpha-1a adrenergic receptor (8359 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS2 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-2 (13999 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH1 Tclin Histamine H1 receptor (7573 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1B Tclin Alpha-1b adrenergic receptor (2912 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRM1 Tclin Mu opioid receptor (19785 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD3 Tclin Dopamine D3 receptor (14368 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AVPR1A Tclin Vasopressin V1a receptor (5412 Activities)

Discover Target: AVPR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRD1 Tclin Delta opioid receptor (15096 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRK1 Tclin Kappa opioid receptor (16155 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR3A Tclin Serotonin 3a (5-HT3a) receptor (3366 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR3A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GCGR Tclin Glucagon receptor (2563 Activities)

Discover Target: GCGR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A3 Tclin Dopamine transporter (10535 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GRIN1 Tclin Glutamate (NMDA) receptor subunit zeta 1 (122 Activities)

Discover Target: GRIN1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KCNH2 Tclin HERG (29587 Activities)

Discover Target: KCNH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Associated Targets(non-human)

Agtr2 Angiotensin II type 2 (AT-2) receptor (803 Activities)

Discover Target: Agtr2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mc4r Melanocortin receptor 4 (1205 Activities)

Discover Target: Mc4r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Ltc4s Leukotriene C4 synthase (1 Activities)

Discover Target: Ltc4s

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Sigmar1 Sigma opioid receptor (160 Activities)

Discover Target: Sigmar1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Npy1r Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 (8 Activities)

Discover Target: Npy1r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Cckar Cholecystokinin A receptor (90 Activities)

Discover Target: Cckar

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Ntsr1 Neurotensin receptor 1 (48 Activities)

Discover Target: Ntsr1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Pde4d Phosphodiesterase 4D (4 Activities)

Discover Target: Pde4d

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Bdkrb1 Bradykinin B1 receptor (77 Activities)

Discover Target: Bdkrb1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Abcb1b P-glycoprotein 1 (174 Activities)

Discover Target: Abcb1b

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Nos2 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible (3573 Activities)

Discover Target: Nos2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mapk1 MAP kinase ERK2 (650 Activities)

Discover Target: Mapk1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hdac6 Histone deacetylase 6 (222 Activities)

Discover Target: Hdac6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Faah Anandamide amidohydrolase (3907 Activities)

Discover Target: Faah

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mmp9 Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (38 Activities)

Discover Target: Mmp9

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hcar2 Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (55 Activities)

Discover Target: Hcar2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mus musculus (284745 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

N2a (708 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GCN5 Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 (89 Activities)

Discover Target: GCN5

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

pfk 6-phospho-1-fructokinase (7870 Activities)

Discover Target: pfk

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Txnrd1 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic (45279 Activities)

Discover Target: Txnrd1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Brain (1 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Adra1b Adrenergic receptor alpha-1 (5652 Activities)

Discover Target: Adra1b

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Htr3a Serotonin (5-HT) receptor (353 Activities)

Discover Target: Htr3a

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Scn2a Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III) (344 Activities)

Discover Target: Scn2a

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Glra2 Glycine receptor (1745 Activities)

Discover Target: Glra2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mechanisms of Action

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Molecular Weight: 371.900 g/mol
• XLogP3: 2.800
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
• Rotatable Bond Count: 5
• Exact Mass: 371.151 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 371.151 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 42.400 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 26
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 611.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

References

1. Fengying Dai, Kepeng Lv, Bo Zhang, Junqiang Zhao, Shaoteng Wang, Ke Lan, Yiping Zhao, Xiaolei Zhang, Bohong Kan.  (2023)  Overcoming the structure deficiency of nanodrug coated with tannic acid shell through phenolic hydroxyl protection strategy for Alzheimer's disease combination treatment.  Biomaterials Advances,      [PMID:37827021] [10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213651]

2. Moying Yang, Yan Yao, Haotian Shen, Fei Teng, Yunuo Liu, Yuyang Ma, Bin Di, Mengxiang Su.  (2025)  Detection of antidepressants in wastewater from four provinces of China by UPLC-MS/MS to assess the regional prevalence of depression.  MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL,      [PMID:] [10.1016/j.microc.2025.114446]