Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death regulated by genes and protein networks. It mainly functions to eliminate senescent, damaged, abnormally proliferating, or functionally imbalanced cells. Typical apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, ...
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in antibacterial therapy and cell culture contamination control. Because it can induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal abnormalities, apoptosis, and necrosis-like injury, gentamicin is often used to construct injury models in ...
The TNF signaling pathway is one of the most central signaling networks in inflammatory responses, cell fate regulation, and tissue homeostasis maintenance. Its complexity is not reflected in the single fact that TNF can induce inflammation, but in that the same ligand stimulus can, under ...
The TUNEL assay is one of the most commonly used methods for detecting DNA fragmentation in apoptosis studies. Its detection target is the 3'-OH terminus of fragmented DNA rather than the apoptotic pathway itself.
Sphingolipid metabolism is not merely a process of membrane-lipid turnover, but an important signaling layer linking death-receptor activation, mitochondrial injury, inflammasome assembly, and cell-fate determination.
Under conditions such as drug exposure, nutrient limitation, oxidative stress, inflammatory/immune effects, and mechanical or osmotic perturbations, cell populations often exhibit concurrent declines in viability, shifts in cell death pathways, and remodeling of cell-cycle kinetics. Importantly, ...
Annexin V is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein with high affinity for phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. In healthy cells, PS is restricted to the inner leaflet, but during apoptosis, PS translocates to the cell surface, serving as a key ...
The DNA of apoptotic cells is cut into fragments of about 200 base pairs under the action of caspase-activated nuclease (CAD), forming DNA ladders. By detecting DNA fragmentation during apoptosis, the degree of apoptosis can be evaluated.
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis is an orderly, gene-regulated, and active cell death process. Apoptosis plays an important role in the development of organisms, the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, the regulation of the immune system, and the occurrence ...
