Fruit and Seed Traditional Chinese Medicine Identification Laboratory
Fruit and Seed Traditional Chinese Medicine Identification Laboratory
The purpose of this experiment is to master the Schisandra chinensis, bitter almonds, peach kernel, make gentleman, cumin, forsythia, cuscuta, strychnine, betel nut, cardamom, Yi Zhi, fat sea and other herbs of the traits of the identification characteristics; master Schisandra chinensis, cardamom, betel nut, burdock, strychnine powder microscopic, physicochemical characteristics, and understanding of commonly used medicinal herbs, so as to do to the drug well-known.
Operation method
microscopic observation
Materials and Instruments
Pharmaceuticals Move 1. Points to note for the identification of herbs For more product details, please visit Aladdin Scientific website.
Chloral hydrate Glycerol acetic acid Ammonium vanadate Concentrated sulfuric acid Concentrated nitric acid
Laboratory equipment for microscopic identification Ultraviolet light lamp Biological microscope Alcohol lamp Milk bowl
(1) Schisandra chinensis
Schisandra chinensis (Schisandra chinensis): the fruit is irregularly rounded or compressed globular, with a purple-red or dark-red skin that is wrinkled and oily; the flesh is thick and soft, and the skin is thin in large size, with some surfaces blackish-red or appearing as "hoarfrost". Seeds 1~2, kidney-shaped. The flesh is acidic in flavor.
Southern Schisandra: the fruit is small, irregularly shaped. The surface is dark red or brown, shriveled, wrinkled, and lusterless. Fruit flesh is thin, close to the seed. Flesh flavor slightly sour.
(2) Bitter almond
Flat heart-shaped, slightly pointed at the tip, bluntly rounded at the base, asymmetric. Brown to dark brown, irregularly wrinkled; a short linear umbilicus on the slightly lower edge of the tip, an ellipsoid point (commissure) at the base, a dark linear scar (seed ridge) between the umbilicus and the commissure, and many dark brown vascular veins scattered from the commissure. Seed coat thin, with 2 white cotyledons, oily. Gas faint, taste bitter.
(3) Peach kernel
Seeds long ovate, flattened, densely covered with granular projections. Apical tip pointed, middle expanded, base obtuse-rounded and oblique, margin thin, seed coat yellowish brown to dark brown, most longitudinal vascular bundles scattered at the rounded end of the commissure. Seed coat yellowish brown to dark brown, with numerous longitudinal vascular bundles scattered at rounded end of commissure. Seed coat thin, easily peeled off. Inside there are 2 oil-rich cotyledons, oily. Gas faint, taste slightly bitter.
(4) Juniperus chinensis
The fruit is ellipsoid or ovoid, with 5 longitudinal ribs, black-brown to purple-black surface, smooth, slightly glossy. The texture is hard, the transverse section is mostly in the shape of a pentagram, and the center is in the shape of a rounded cavity. Seeds 1, long elliptic or fusiform, surface brown or black-brown, seed coat thin, easy to peel; cotyledons 2, yellow-white, oily.
(5) Cumin
Double hanging fruit, cylindrical, surface yellowish green or light yellow, both ends slightly pointed, the tip of the residual yellowish brown raised stylopodium, the fruit is long oval, the back longitudinal ribs 5, the joint surface is flat and wide. The cross section is slightly pentagonal, and the four abaxial sides are about equal in length. The flavor is slightly sweet and pungent.
(6) Forsythia
There are green forsythia (first ripe fruit) and old forsythia (ripe fruit), which are long ovate to ovate, slightly compressed, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and most of the small raised spots on the surface, and each side has an obvious longitudinal groove, and the tip is sharply pointed. The greenish-brown surface with fewer small raised grayish-white spots. The old wing is split from the tip or split into two petals, with yellowish brown or reddish brown surface, with a longitudinal septum, brittle texture, bitter taste.
(7) Cuscuta
It is orbicular or ovoid, gray-brown or yellow-brown surface, slightly rough. Enlarged microscope observation surface has fine raised dark dots, one end has slightly concave linear umbilicus. Texture hard. Soaked in boiling water, the surface is sticky, heated and cooked until the seed coat rupture to reveal the white convoluted embryo, shaped like spitting silk.
(8) Strychnine
Seeds flat round, button-like, slightly raised edge, often concave on one side, the other side slightly convex; surface densely gray-brown or gray-green silky hairs, from the center to the surrounding radial arrangement, silky luster. The edge has a raised ridge, and there is a small protruding bead hole, the bottom center has a slightly protruding dot-shaped umbilicus, the texture is hard, difficult to break. After soaking and softening along the edge of the longitudinal dissection, can be seen light yellow horny hypertrophied endosperm. Slight gas, taste very bitter, very poisonous!
(9) Betel nut
Compressed spherical or conical, light yellowish brown or light reddish brown surface, with slightly concave reticulate grooves, the bottom center has a rounded depression of the bead hole, beside which there is an obvious scar-like umbilicus. Texture hard, section can be seen brown seed coat and white endosperm marble-like pattern.
(10) Cardamom
The fruit is subglobose, white or yellowish brown, slightly obtuse trigonous, with yellow velvet at the tip and base. The pericarp is thin, woody, easy to crack, the seed cluster 3 petals, each petal has 7 ~ 10 seeds, the seeds are irregular polyhedral, the back is slightly elevated, dark brown, outside the membranous aril. The texture is hard, the section is white, oily. Aromatic, taste pungent and cool slightly like camphor.
(11) Pueraria Mirifica
Fusiform or ellipsoid, slightly pointed at both ends, surface brown or gray-brown, with vascular bundles 13-20, forming longitudinal intermittent ribs. Pericarp thin and tough, closely adhering to seeds. Seed clusters divided into 3 valves, with membranes in the center, each valve with 6～11 seeds, 2～3 rows arranged longitudinally. Aril yellowish. Aromatic and pungent.
(12) Hibiscus esculentus
The seeds are ellipsoid, bluntly rounded at the apex, slightly pointed at the base, and dark yellowish brown or brown in color. The outer seed coat is extremely thin, brittle and easy to peel off, and expands into a sponge when exposed to water. Inner seed coat reddish brown to brownish black, with a yellowish white round spot at the apex. Cotyledons two, close to endosperm, thin and large. Chewing mucilaginous, seed kernel pungent.
2. Microscopic, physicochemical identification
(1) Powder of Schisandra chinensis
Dark purple. Chloral hydrate mounts were examined microscopically.
(1) Seed coat epidermal stone cells: in pieces, light yellow or light yellowish brown, polygonal or long polygonal in surface view, quite uniform in size, thick walled, very fine pore grooves, obvious cell lumen, containing dark brown material.
Seed coat inner layer stone cells: larger, polygonal, rounded or irregular, slightly thicker wall, dense and larger pores, obvious cell lumen.
(iii) Pericarp epidermal cells: surface view of polygonal, slightly thickened peritrichous wall, radial keratin lines on the surface, scattered oil cells in the epidermis.
Ducts: threaded ducts, occasionally with reticulation.
⑤ Endosperm cells: polygonal, thin walled, containing fatty oil and pasty particles.
(2) Cardamom powder
Light brown, with strong aroma. Chloral hydrate test solution mounted for microscopic examination.
(1) Epidermal cells of testa: light yellow. Surface view is elongated, very long, wall is thick and straight.
(ii) Hypodermal cells: yellowish brown or reddish brown, rectangular or polygonal, vertically aligned with the epidermal cells of the testa. The wall is thin, the cell cavity contains yellowish brown or reddish brown material, easily broken into irregular pigment blocks.
Oil cells: larger, colorless or yellowish, slightly square or rectangular in surface view, often overlapping with epidermal and hypodermal cells.
Calcium oxalate clusters: present in pigmented cells or aril cells.
⑤ Inner testa cup-shaped cells: in pieces, reddish brown or yellowish brown. Most of them are pentagonal or hexagonal in surface view, thick walled, non-lignified, with siliceous masses in the lumen.
(6) Endosperm cells: long polygonal, filled with fine starch grains, with fine rhombic, square or columnar crystals.
(vii) Aril cells: narrow, thin-walled, containing fine granular, spherical or square calcium oxalate crystals.
(8) pigment mass: scattered, yellowish brown or reddish brown, irregular shape.
(3) Betel nut powder
Reddish brown to light brown. Chloral hydrate test solution mounted microscopic examination.
(1) Seed coat stone cells: different shapes, sole-shaped, fusiform, oblong or polygonal, wall not very thick. Containing reddish brown material.
Endosperm cells: numerous fragments, colorless. Cells irregularly shaped, rather thick walled, with large roundish pores.
(iii) Endosperm cells: oblong, polygonal or oblong. The pores are small, and the cell lumen is mostly filled with reddish brown to dark brown material.
(4) Color reaction
Take the endosperm part of dried strychnine seeds and make transverse section, add 1% ammonium vanadate solution 1 drop, the inner layer of endosperm should show blue-purple color. (Strychnine reaction) Take the endosperm of strychnine and add 1 drop of concentrated nitric acid, the outer layer of endosperm should show orange-red color. (Strychnine reaction)
(5) Water test
Take several grains of bitter almonds, add water to study, the occurrence of benzaldehyde aroma.
(6) Fluorescence reaction
Take burdock seed powder and put it under ultraviolet light, showing green fluorescence.