Technical articles
Experimental Selection of Hydrogenation and Hydrogen-Transfer Reduction Catalysts: Understanding Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Systems by Reaction Task, Selectivity, and Workup Requirements
Experimental Selection of Hydrogenation and Hydrogen-Transfer Reduction Catalysts: Understanding Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Systems by Reaction Task, Selectivity, and Workup Requirements
1. What Are Hydrogenation Catalysts?
Hydrogenation catalysts are catalytic materials or catalytic systems that can activate hydrogen and promote hydrogen transfer to a substrate. In the laboratory, “hydrogenation” commonly includes three types of transformations: first, reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds and triple bonds; second, reduction of functional groups such as nitro, nitrile, imine, and carbonyl groups; and third, hydrogenolytic removal of protecting groups such as benzyl groups. Common metals used in hydrogenation reactions include palladium, platinum, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium. The corresponding systems can generally be divided into two categories: heterogeneous metal catalysts and homogeneous metal catalysts. The table below summarizes the main tasks of hydrogenation catalysts in experimental work.
Transformation Type | Common Experimental Goals |
Hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds | Reduction of alkenes to alkanes; reduction of alkynes to alkenes or alkanes |
Functional group reduction | Reduction of nitro groups to amines, nitriles to amines, and carbonyl groups to alcohols |
Hydrogenolytic deprotection | Removal of benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and related protecting groups |
2. The Order of Selection for Hydrogenation Catalysts
When selecting a hydrogenation system, the first consideration should be the reaction task, followed by selectivity requirements, and then operational and separation requirements. In practice, four questions should be clarified at the outset: (1) what type of bond or functional group is to be reduced; (2) at which stage the target product should stop; (3) which groups in the molecule must be preserved; and (4) how the catalyst and residual metal will be handled after the reaction. Considering these four questions separately makes catalyst selection much clearer. The table below can serve as an initial framework for decision-making in hydrogenation experiments.
What to Determine First | Main Impact |
Reaction type | Whether the reaction is hydrogenation of an unsaturated bond, functional group reduction, or hydrogenolytic deprotection |
Target stopping point | Whether full reduction is desired, or whether the reaction should stop at a partial hydrogenation stage or an intermediate oxidation state |
Groups that must be retained | Whether dehalogenation, debenzylation, aromatic ring hydrogenation, or over-reduction must be avoided |
Separation and scale-up requirements | Whether ease of filtration should take priority, or whether high selectivity and stereocontrol should take priority |
3. Suitable Contexts for Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Systems
Heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts are usually present as supported metals, metal sponge catalysts, or other solid forms, and can be separated from the reaction mixture by filtration after the reaction. They are commonly used in routine hydrogenation, deprotection, and scale-up screening, with the advantages of straightforward operation and relatively simple workup. Homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts, by contrast, exist as metal complexes dissolved in solution. Their active centers are more clearly defined, making them suitable for cases that require fine control of activity and selectivity, especially asymmetric hydrogenation. Accordingly, catalyst removal must also be considered during the workup of homogeneous systems. The table below summarizes the common differences between these two types of systems in experimental practice.
Comparison Item | Heterogeneous System | Homogeneous System |
Catalyst form | Solid catalyst | Metal complex in solution |
Common uses | Routine hydrogenation, deprotection, process screening | Highly selective transformations, asymmetric hydrogenation |
Main features | Easy filtration; commonly used in scale-up | Well-defined active center; broad scope for ligand tuning |
Key points requiring attention | Support, metal loading, filtration, and handling of deactivated catalyst | Catalyst removal, residual metal, ligand matching |
4. Typical Experimental Roles of Common Hydrogenation Catalysts
4.1 Palladium on Carbon (Pd/C, Palladium on Activated Carbon)
Pd/C is one of the most commonly used heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts in the laboratory. It is often used for initial screening of alkene reduction, alkyne reduction, certain nitro compound reductions, and deprotection reactions. Because of its broad applicability, it is frequently chosen as the starting point for routine hydrogenation. At the same time, Pd/C can also readily promote hydrogenolysis. If the substrate contains benzyl protecting groups, halogens, or other readily reducible structural features, possible side reactions should be monitored at the same time.
4.2 Lindlar Catalyst
Lindlar catalyst is mainly used for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes, especially when the reaction is intended to stop at the cis-alkene stage. It is not a general-purpose hydrogenation catalyst, but rather a dedicated choice designed specifically for the task of partial hydrogenation of alkynes. In such experiments, the focus is usually not on achieving the highest possible conversion, but on controlling the stopping point and preventing further hydrogenation to the alkane.
4.3 Palladium Hydroxide on Carbon [Pd(OH)₂/C]
Palladium hydroxide on carbon is commonly used for hydrogenolytic removal of benzyl-related protecting groups and can also be used for the reduction of certain nitro compounds. It is one of the commonly screened catalysts for hydrogenolysis of protecting groups such as benzyl and benzyloxycarbonyl. Whether it performs better than standard Pd/C still needs to be evaluated based on the substrate structure and the reaction conditions.
4.4 Platinum on Carbon (Pt/C, Platinum on Activated Carbon)
Pt/C is a commonly used heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst. It can be used for the reduction of alkenes, alkynes, and certain nitro compounds, carbonyl compounds, and aromatic substrates, and it is also useful for hydrogenation screening of some more challenging substrates. For substrates such as halogenated nitroarenes, platinum-based catalysts are also commonly considered as one of the screening options for nitro reduction under conditions that retain the halogen, although the actual outcome still needs to be verified for the specific substrate. In experimental work, Pt/C is often used to assess the balance between reduction activity and preservation of functional groups.
4.5 Raney Nickel (Raney Ni)
Raney nickel is commonly encountered in the reduction of nitriles to amines, hydrogenation of aromatic rings or otherwise difficult substrates, and some relatively forcing reduction scenarios. Its range of application is broad, but it also places higher demands on operating conditions, safety management, and catalyst handling. Raney nickel is commonly supplied as a water-containing slurry and poses a pyrophoric hazard, so exposure to drying and improper transfer must be avoided.
4.6 Homogeneous Systems Based on Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium, and Related Metals
When the focus of a reaction shifts toward high selectivity or enantioselectivity, the importance of homogeneous systems increases markedly. For highly enantioselective reduction of prochiral carbon-carbon double bonds and prochiral carbon-oxygen double bonds, homogeneous organometallic systems remain the current mainstream approach. Heterogeneous and other pathways are also developing, but in experimental design, homogeneous systems should usually still be included early in the screening process. These systems have well-defined active centers and tunable ligand environments, making them suitable for optimization of activity, chemoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. For tasks involving the construction of chirality, homogeneous systems should generally be included in screening from the early design stage.
5. Main Factors Affecting the Outcome
Metal loading, support, solvent, hydrogen pressure, substrate concentration, and additives all affect the rate, selectivity, and side-product profile of hydrogenation reactions. In heterogeneous hydrogenation systems, metal loading and the nature of the support can alter catalyst activity and substrate compatibility; solvent and hydrogen pressure further influence reaction progress and product distribution. In practice, even catalysts that are both labeled as Pd/C or Pt/C may show significant differences in performance depending on product specification and the combination of reaction conditions. The table below lists the main variables that should be examined together in hydrogenation experiments.
Factor | What to Pay Attention To |
Metal loading and support | Relative activity, selectivity differences, filtration performance |
Hydrogen pressure and hydrogen delivery mode | Reaction rate, safety level, suitability for continuous screening |
Solvent | Substrate solubility, catalyst wetting state, tendency toward side reactions |
Additives | Product distribution, functional group compatibility, changes in catalyst activity |
Endpoint monitoring | Whether over-reduction, continued hydrogenation, or hydrogenolysis side reactions occur |
6. Key Decision Points for Several Common Reaction Objectives
6.1 Selective Reduction of Alkynes to Alkenes
The key point in this type of reaction is to stop the reaction at the alkene stage rather than simply increasing conversion. In practice, close attention should be paid to whether the alkene formed will continue to undergo hydrogenation, and the reaction endpoint should be monitored in a timely manner to prevent further conversion to the alkane. In such reactions, controlling alkene selectivity is usually more important than simply pursuing reaction rate.
6.2 Reduction of Halogenated Nitroarenes to Halogenated Anilines
The key point in this type of reaction is retention of the halogen. In practice, it is not enough to check only whether the nitro group has been fully reduced; dehalogenation, undesired side reduction, and whether the aromatic ring undergoes further hydrogenation should also be monitored at the same time. During condition screening, the goal should be to balance conversion in the main reaction with selectivity for halogen retention.
6.3 Hydrogenolytic Removal of Benzyl Protecting Groups
The key point in this type of reaction is the balance between hydrogenolysis efficiency and functional group compatibility. In practice, attention should be paid simultaneously to the deprotection rate, whether other reducible functional groups in the substrate are affected, and whether over-hydrogenolysis or additional reduction accompanies the reaction. For multifunctional substrates, it is also important to judge in advance whether each functional group can tolerate these reaction conditions.
6.4 Reduction of Nitriles to Amines
The key point in this type of reaction is product distribution. In practice, besides determining whether the nitrile has been converted, one should also examine whether the product is mainly the primary amine, whether secondary and tertiary amines continue to form, and whether imine condensation, side reduction, or other byproducts occur. For this type of reaction, product composition often says more about whether the conditions are appropriate than conversion alone. The possible formation of amines of different substitution levels during nitrile hydrogenation is also clearly discussed in the literature.
6.5 Construction of Chiral Centers
The key point in this type of reaction is enantioselectivity and substrate compatibility. In experimental design, chiral catalytic systems should be brought into the screening process as early as possible, and conditions should be compared in terms of substrate type, ligand environment, and target configuration. For this kind of task, whether effective stereocontrol can be established is the central issue in reaction design. Recent reviews likewise point out that highly enantioselective hydrogenation still mainly relies on homogeneous catalytic systems.
7. Safety and Workup
The risks of hydrogenation reactions mainly come from two aspects: first, hydrogen gas itself is highly flammable; second, high-surface-area catalysts can become distinctly hazardous after adsorbing hydrogen. In heterogeneous hydrogenation systems, special attention must also be paid to safety control during filtration, transfer, and temporary storage.
Common heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts such as Pd/C, Raney nickel, and platinum oxide may carry adsorbed hydrogen after the reaction. If the filter cake dries out, if the catalyst is exposed to air, or if residual catalyst accumulates on vessel walls, filter paper, or in containers, there is a risk of ignition. Therefore, such catalysts must not be handled like ordinary solid powders. During filtration and collection, the catalyst should be kept from drying out, and transfer and disposal should be completed as promptly as possible.
For homogeneous systems, the focus of workup lies in removal of the metal and ligand; for heterogeneous systems, the focus lies in catalyst separation, handling of the filter cake, and prevention of secondary hazards. Regardless of which type of system is used, catalyst removal and disposal of spent catalyst should be considered during the reaction design stage rather than being addressed only after the reaction has been completed.
8. Product Navigation Table for Hydrogenation Catalysts: Choosing Tables 1-4 by Research or Experimental Objective
Research or Experimental Objective | Recommended Table to Consult First | Why Start with This Table | Recommended Related Table(s) | Navigation Notes |
Initial screening of hydrogenation conditions for common alkenes, alkynes, and nitro compounds | Table 1 | Table 1 brings together general heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts such as Pd/C, Pt/C, platinum oxide, Rh/C, Ru/C, and Raney nickel, making it convenient to first establish the basic conditions for whether the substrate is reducible and whether the reaction can proceed smoothly | Table 2 | If the initial screen shows over-reduction, dehalogenation, debenzylation, or poor control of the stopping point, move to Table 2 to refine selectivity-related issues |
Reduction of alkynes to alkenes, without further hydrogenation to alkanes | Table 2 | Table 2 includes more selective heterogeneous catalysts such as lead-poisoned palladium on calcium carbonate and palladium on barium sulfate, which are suitable for screening focused on partial hydrogenation and control of the stopping point | Table 1 | If the activity in Table 2 is insufficient or the substrate is unusual, Table 1 can be revisited to compare with general palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium systems |
Hydrogenolytic removal of protecting groups such as benzyl and benzyloxycarbonyl | Table 2 | Palladium hydroxide on carbon and selective palladium-based catalysts in Table 2 are directly relevant to debenzylation tasks, making it easier to compare deprotection efficiency and side reactions first | Table 1 | If the substrate also contains other reducible functional groups, the general heterogeneous catalysts in Table 1 can be used to assess the competition between hydrogenolysis and reduction |
Selective hydrogenation of halogenated nitro compounds or other substrates prone to side reactions | Table 2 | Table 2 focuses on selective heterogeneous catalysts and is suitable for prioritizing issues such as halogen retention, suppression of over-reduction, and mitigation of side reactions | Table 1 | If it is necessary to compare the effects of different metal systems on both the main reaction and side reactions, Table 1 can be used for parallel screening |
Deep hydrogenation of nitriles, aromatic rings, heterocycles, or other challenging substrates | Table 1 | Systems such as Raney nickel, Ru/C, Rh/C, and platinum oxide in Table 1 are more consistent with the common starting routes for these substrates, making it easier to assess the initial activity window | Table 3 | If conversion with heterogeneous systems is insufficient, or if further control through ligands and metal centers is desired, the homogeneous systems in Table 3 can then be consulted |
Investigating the effects of ligands, metal centers, and catalytic mechanisms on reaction outcomes | Table 3 | Table 3 lists classical homogeneous catalysts, precatalysts, and pincer catalysts, making it convenient to design comparative experiments starting from the metal center and ligand environment | Table 4 | If the research focus further shifts toward chiral control, the screening can move from Table 3 to the chiral homogeneous catalyst systems in Table 4 |
Hydrogenation of polar bonds such as esters, amides, and carbonyl groups, or studies related to borrowing hydrogen and dehydrogenative coupling | Table 3 | Ruthenium pincer catalysts, manganese pincer catalysts, and related homogeneous systems in Table 3 are closely connected to polar bond hydrogenation and metal-ligand cooperative catalysis | Table 1 | If comparison with heterogeneous systems is needed in terms of substrate compatibility, conversion, and process feasibility, Table 1 can be used for route comparison |
Construction of chiral centers, asymmetric hydrogenation, or asymmetric transfer hydrogenation research | Table 4 | Table 4 concentrates chiral Ru-diphosphine catalysts, chiral TsDPEN catalysts, and SEGPHOS- and BINAP-type precatalysts, making it suitable for screening centered on enantioselectivity and substrate compatibility | Table 3 | If non-chiral homogeneous conditions need to be established first before moving into chiral systems, start with Table 3 and then return to Table 4 for chiral optimization |
Comparing the trade-offs between heterogeneous and homogeneous routes | Table 1 | Table 1 can first provide information on the baseline activity and ease of separation of conventional heterogeneous routes, helping determine whether it is worth moving into homogeneous systems | Tables 3 and 4 | When heterogeneous systems are limited in selectivity, functional group compatibility, or chiral control, move to Table 3 or Table 4 for further route comparison |
Planning to move from laboratory screening to scale-up, continuous processing, or process evaluation | Table 1 | The general heterogeneous catalysts in Table 1 are closely connected to practical scale-up studies, making it convenient to first assess reaction activity, filtration and separation, and catalyst handling issues | Table 2 | If the focus during scale-up shifts toward selectivity control, protecting-group removal, or suppression of side reactions, Table 2 can then be consulted for process optimization |
Table 1 | General Heterogeneous Hydrogenation Catalysts
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
General heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst | 7440-05-3 | Palladium on activated charcoal | moistened with water, 10% Pd basis (based on dry substance) | A commonly used heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst for initial screening of alkene, alkyne, and nitro compound reductions as well as hydrogenolysis of benzyl protecting groups; also frequently used for route comparison and pre-scale-up evaluation | |
General heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst | 7440-06-4 | Platinum on carbon | Pt 5%, water content ≤80% | Suitable for hydrogenation of alkenes, nitro compounds, and some heterocyclic and carbonyl substrates; useful for evaluating the balance between reduction activity and preservation of functional groups | |
Classical platinum-based heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst | 1314-15-4 | Platinum oxide | Pt, 80-86% | A classical platinum-based hydrogenation catalyst commonly used for hydrogenation of alkenes, aromatic rings, and some oxygen-containing functional groups; also useful for screening deep hydrogenation conditions for more difficult substrates | |
Heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst for aromatic rings and more challenging substrates | 7440-16-6 | Rhodium on carbon | Rh 5%, containing 55-60% water stabilizer | Commonly used for hydrogenation of alkenes, aromatic rings, and sterically hindered substrates; suitable for supplementing activity and selectivity assessment beyond palladium- and platinum-based systems | |
Heterogeneous catalyst for deep hydrogenation | 7440-18-8 | Ruthenium on carbon | Ru 5%, containing about 50% water | Commonly used for hydrogenation of aromatic rings, heterocycles, and some carbonyl derivatives; also suitable for screening conditions that require stronger deep hydrogenation capability | |
Nickel-based heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst | 7440-02-0 | R111435 | Raney Nickel | 20-40 mesh, dispersed in water | Commonly used for reduction of nitriles, nitro compounds, alkenes, and some carbonyl substrates; also encountered in hydrogenation studies for amines and bulk intermediate synthesis routes |
Table 2 | Selective Heterogeneous Hydrogenation, Partial Hydrogenation, and Hydrogenolysis Catalysts
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Hydrogenolysis deprotection catalyst | 12135-22-7 | Palladium hydroxide on carbon | 20% Pd(OH)2 | Commonly used for hydrogenolytic removal of benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and related protecting groups; also suitable for reduction of some nitro compounds and screening of debenzylation conditions | |
Low-activity palladium-based selective catalyst | 7440-05-3 | Palladium on barium sulfate | 5%Pd | A low-activity supported palladium system commonly used for selective hydrogenation to control over-reduction; also applicable to low-activity hydrogenation conditions such as reduction of acyl chlorides to aldehydes | |
Catalyst for partial hydrogenation of alkynes | 7440-05-3 | Palladium on calcium carbonate | Pd 5%, poisoned with lead | A lead-poisoned palladium catalyst for partial hydrogenation, commonly used to reduce alkynes to alkenes while suppressing further hydrogenation to alkanes | |
Selective platinum-based hydrogenation catalyst | 7440-06-4 | Platinum, sulfided, on carbon | extent of labeling: 5 wt. % loading, dry, matrix carbon, reduced support | A sulfur-modified platinum catalyst commonly used for selective hydrogenation of substrates such as halogenated nitro compounds; suitable for evaluating conditions that suppress dehalogenation or over-hydrogenation |
Table 3 | General Homogeneous Hydrogenation Catalysts and Precatalysts
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Classical homogeneous rhodium hydrogenation catalyst | 14694-95-2 | Tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) Chloride (NSC 124140) | ≥99.95% metals basis | A classical homogeneous catalyst for alkene hydrogenation, commonly used for introductory screening of homogeneous systems, mechanistic studies, and comparison of ligand effects | |
Highly active homogeneous iridium hydrogenation catalyst | 64536-78-3 | (1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(pyridine)(tricyclohexylphosphine)-iridium(I) hexafluorophosphate | ≥99%(C) | Commonly used for hydrogenation of sterically hindered alkenes and coordinating substrates; also useful for studies of directed hydrogenation and substrate coordination effects | |
Rhodium precatalyst system related to aromatic-ring hydrogenation | 1801869-83-9 | (Cyclohexyl-CAAC)Rh(COD)Cl | ≥98%(NMR) | A strongly electron-donating rhodium complex commonly used in hydrogenation studies of aromatic rings and polysubstituted unsaturated systems; also suitable for examining the relationship between precatalyst structure and selectivity | |
Homogeneous rhodium precatalyst | 32965-49-4 | Chloro(1,5-hexadiene)rhodium(I), dimer | ≥98% | A commonly used rhodium precatalyst that can be assembled in situ with chiral or achiral phosphine ligands for development of hydrogenation conditions for substrates such as alkenes and imines | |
Ruthenium metal-ligand cooperative catalyst | 104439-77-2 | 1-Hydroxytetraphenylcylclopentadienyl(tetraphenyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-one)-μ-hydrotetracarbonyldiruthenium(II) | ≥98% | Commonly used for transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, ketone reduction, and borrowing-hydrogen studies; can also serve as a reference catalyst in ruthenium-based reduction systems | |
Pincer ruthenium homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst | 1295649-41-0 | Carbonylhydrido(tetrahydroborato)[bis(2-diphenylphosphinoethyl)amino]ruthenium(II) | ≥98% | Commonly used for hydrogenation of esters, amides, carbonates, and carbon dioxide derivatives; also used in borrowing-hydrogen and dehydrogenative coupling studies | |
Pincer ruthenium homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst | 1295649-40-9 | Carbonylchlorohydrido[bis(2-(diphenylphosphinoethyl)amino]ruthenium(II) | ≥96% | Suitable for hydrogenation of polar bonds in esters, ketones, and imines; useful for examining the effects of base, solvent, and activation mode on the performance of pincer ruthenium systems | |
Non-noble-metal homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst | 1919884-90-4 | Bromodicarbonyl[bis[2-(diisopropylphosphino)ethyl]amine]manganese(I) | — | A non-noble-metal manganese pincer catalyst commonly used in studies of carbonyl hydrogenation and alcohol dehydrogenative coupling; suitable for exploring conditions that may replace noble-metal routes |
Table 4 | Chiral Homogeneous Hydrogenation and Chiral Reduction Catalysts
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | English Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Chiral arene-coordinated ruthenium catalyst | 130004-33-0 | (S)-RuCl[(p-cymene)(BINAP)]Cl | ≥99.95% metals basis | A chiral ruthenium-diphosphine complex commonly used for building chiral ruthenium systems and screening asymmetric hydrogenation conditions | |
Chiral arene-coordinated ruthenium catalyst | 145926-28-9 | (R)-RuCl[(p-cymene)(BINAP)]Cl | ≥99.95% metals basis | A chiral ruthenium-diphosphine complex commonly used for building chiral ruthenium systems and screening asymmetric hydrogenation conditions | |
Chiral SEGPHOS ruthenium precatalyst | 488809-34-3 | (S)-[(RuCl(SEGPHOS®))₂(μ-Cl)₃][NH₂Me₂] | ≥95% | Commonly used for development of asymmetric hydrogenation conditions for functionalized alkenes and unsaturated substrates; suitable for evaluating the effect of chiral diphosphine ligands on enantioselectivity | |
Chiral BINAP ruthenium precatalyst | 199541-17-8 | Dimethylammonium Dichlorotri(μ-chloro)bis[(S)-(-)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl]diruthenate(II) | ≥95% | A classical chiral BINAP ruthenium precatalyst commonly used for constructing asymmetric hydrogenation systems and screening substrate compatibility | |
Chiral TsDPEN ruthenium catalyst | 174813-82-2 | RuCl(R,R)-TsDPEN | ≥90%(HPLC) | Commonly used for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones and imines; also suitable for screening chiral ruthenium reduction systems and comparing configurations | |
Chiral TsDPEN ruthenium catalyst | 174813-81-1 | RuCl(S,S)-TsDPEN | ≥90%(HPLC) | Commonly used for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones and imines; also suitable for screening chiral ruthenium reduction systems and comparing configurations | |
Chiral SEGPHOS ruthenium precatalyst | 346457-41-8 | (R)-[(RuCl(SEGPHOS®))2(μ-Cl)3][NH2Me2] | — | Commonly used for development of asymmetric hydrogenation conditions for functionalized alkenes and unsaturated substrates; suitable for paired configurational screening with the corresponding enantiomeric catalyst | |
Chiral dm-SEGPHOS ruthenium precatalyst | 935449-46-0 | [NH2Me2][(RuCl((R)-dm-segphos®))2(μ-Cl)3] | — | Commonly used in highly selective asymmetric hydrogenation studies; suitable for examining the effects of ligand electronics and steric variation on reaction outcomes | |
Chiral BINAP ruthenium precatalyst | 199684-47-4 | (R)-[(RuCl(BINAP))₂(μ-Cl)₃[NH₂Me₂] | — | A classical chiral BINAP ruthenium precatalyst commonly used for constructing asymmetric hydrogenation systems, comparing enantioselectivity, and screening starting process conditions |
Note: The products listed above are representative products from Aladdin. For additional product specifications, search the Aladdin website using the product name, CAS number, or catalog number.
References
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[3] Noyori R. Asymmetric Catalysis: Science and Opportunities. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2002, 41(12): 2008-2022.
[4] Marianov A N, Jiang Y, Baiker A, Huang J. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Strategies of Enantioselective Hydrogenation: Critical Evaluation and Future Prospects. Chem Catalysis, 2023, 3(7): 100631.
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