Techniques for detecting, quantifying and localizing antigens and antibodies — ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Below are the protocols, FAQs and technical articles in our knowledge base tagged with this topic.
Nitrogen-containing S(VI) functional groups such as sulfoximines and sulfonimidamides have attracted sustained interest in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis in recent years. Compared with conventional sulfones and sulfonamides, these structures introduce an additional nitrogen ...
Adamantane has the molecular formula C₁₀H₁₆ and consists solely of carbon and hydrogen, without aromatic rings, heteroatoms, or unsaturated bonds. In terms of elemental composition, it is simply a saturated hydrocarbon; nevertheless, adamantane and its derivatives have established ...
Fluoropyridines can be divided into three positional isomers: ortho, meta, and para. For synthetic chemistry, these three isomers do not present the same level of difficulty. Ortho- and para-fluoropyridines can usually be obtained through well-established halogen-exchange reactions, commonly ...
In small-molecule drug discovery, the value of a molecular building block depends not only on whether its structure is novel, but also on whether it can be effectively introduced into target molecules and provide well-defined variables for structural optimization.
Polyamines are a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds that contain multiple amine-type nitrogen atoms, or multiple amino and imino structural units within the molecule. They are widely involved in life sciences, organic synthesis, materials chemistry, environmental adsorption, and ...
In multistep organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, the value of some intermediates does not lie in corresponding to one specific end product, but in their ability to define chain length, reaction sites, and the sequence of subsequent transformations in advance.
The nitrile group is a common functional group in medicinal chemistry, agrochemical chemistry, fine chemicals, and functional molecules, and it is also a highly useful synthetic intermediate. It can exist directly as a structural unit within a molecule, and it can also be readily transformed ...
In organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials chemistry, and natural product research, both heterocycles and brominated sites are highly frequent keywords. IUPAC defines heterocyclic compounds as cyclic compounds in which the ring contains at least two different elements; meanwhile, ...
Thiophene is one of the most representative five-membered sulfur-containing aromatic heterocycles. It is both a classical scaffold in organic synthesis and a high-frequency structural unit in medicinal chemistry, functional materials, conductive polymers, and sensor research.
In this article, “tetrazole” refers to the five-membered nitrogen heterocycle composed of one carbon and four nitrogens. For readability, we use tetrazole throughout. The importance of tetrazoles is not simply “having many nitrogens,” but rather that this small ring simultaneously offers ...
Many people imagine drug discovery as “building with LEGO blocks”: as long as the big fragments are assembled correctly, the job is done. In reality, it is closer to a precision mixing console—a single atom or a small functional group can simultaneously alter binding affinity, selectivity, ...
Techniques often explored alongside immunological experiments.
