NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs): COX Mechanism, Risk Quick Reference, and Research Selection Guide — with an Aladdin Product List

What are NSAIDs, and why are they called “nonsteroidal”?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, NSAIDs) are a large and structurally diverse class of analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agents. The term “nonsteroidal” is used to distinguish them from glucocorticoids (steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs): they do not share a steroid scaffold and, in most cases, their common pharmacological feature is inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). “Nonsteroidal” emphasizes the absence of a steroid nucleus in structure; pharmacologically, most NSAIDs act primarily by inhibiting COX and reducing mediators such as prostaglandins.

NSAIDs are best at managing:

1. Inflammation-associated pain and swelling (e.g., musculoskeletal inflammation, arthritis-related pain, sprains/strains)

2. In some situations, they are also used for fever reduction and as adjuncts for postoperative/acute pain control (depending on the specific agent and dose)

Typical situations where NSAIDs are less effective:

3. Neuropathic pain (e.g., postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy) usually relies on “adjuvant analgesics” such as antiepileptics and antidepressants; NSAIDs are often adjunctive or have limited benefit.

Mechanism of action: COX inhibition and reduced prostanoid mediators

The shared core mechanism of NSAIDs is inhibition of cyclooxygenase (Cyclooxygenase, COX), thereby reducing prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid metabolism (e.g., PGE₂, PGI₂, TXA₂, etc.).

COX-1 vs COX-2: a key framework for efficacy and adverse effects

1. COX-1: constitutively expressed in many tissues and associated with:

• gastric mucosal protection
• renal blood flow and salt–water homeostasis
• platelet thromboxane (TXA₂) generation and physiological hemostasis

2. COX-2: often inducible under inflammatory stimulation (with some physiological expression as well), and more closely related to:

• inflammatory mediator generation
• pain sensitization

Important notes:

• Do not treat “LOX inhibition / leukotriene reduction” as the main mechanism of NSAIDs. Traditional NSAIDs primarily act on the COX pathway; the “leukotriene pathway” belongs to another metabolic route. (In some adverse reactions—e.g., NSAID-exacerbated asthma/nasal polyp–associated reactions—the leukotriene pathway is an important side-pathway contributing to reactions rather than the therapeutic main mechanism.)
• Do not assume that “pro-inflammatory prostaglandins can only be synthesized by COX-2.” Both COX-1 and COX-2 generate prostaglandins; under inflammatory conditions, COX-2 usually contributes more prominently.

NSAID Classification Overview (COX Selectivity × Chemical Scaffold)

Chemical scaffold (structural class)	Non-selective COX inhibitors (mainstream)	Preferential COX-2 inhibition	Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs)	Selection notes
Salicylates	Aspirin*, salicylates	—	—	*Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet COX-1 and is often listed separately in research/teaching
Arylpropionic acids	Ibuprofen, (S)-naproxen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen	—	—	A classic “non-selective NSAID family,” widely used for mechanism work, controls, and within-class substitution
Acetic acids & derivatives	Diclofenac (incl. sodium/potassium salts), indomethacin, tolmetin, ketorolac, sulindac, aceclofenac, acemetacin	Etodolac (often described as COX-2–preferential)	—	Many salts/prodrugs/derivatives; useful for “salt-form differences, metabolic activation, strong analgesia” topics
Oxicams (enolic acids)	Piroxicam, tenoxicam, lornoxicam	Meloxicam (COX-2–preferential)	—	Differences in half-life and tolerability are often discussed in “chronic inflammation/long-term use” contexts (risk still needs evaluation)
Fenamates	Mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid	—	—	Often discussed for non-COX effects; experimentally, add “structurally distinct NSAID confirmation” when possible
Pyrazolidinediones	Phenylbutazone (mostly historical/research control)	—	—	Limited modern clinical use, but still appears in mechanism/historical comparisons
Non-acidic prodrug type	—	—	—	Nabumetone (prodrug-type; often listed separately)
Coxibs	—	—	Celecoxib, etoricoxib (historical controls: rofecoxib, valdecoxib)	GI risk is often lower, but pay closer attention to CV risk and sodium/water retention; when using historical coxibs in research, note the background; rofecoxib (Vioxx) was withdrawn on 2004-09-30 due to increased cardiovascular risk
Other/special scaffolds	—	Nimesulide (often described as relatively COX-2–preferential)	—	Regulatory/risk discussions vary by region; when used as a control, interpret alongside other COX-2 controls; the EMA has emphasized short-term use (maximum 15 days) to reduce hepatotoxicity risk

Note:

COX selectivity is a relative concept and depends on assay systems and dose. This table is for science communication and selection logic, not a strict quantitative ranking.

Quick Reference: Representative Compounds and Common Selection Scenarios

Selection scenario	Representative compounds	Why commonly used / what they control for	Practical selection tips
Classic COX-pathway controls	Aspirin	Irreversibly inhibits platelet COX-1; clarifies the special case of “antiplatelet vs analgesic/anti-inflammatory”	Do not generalize aspirin as a “typical NSAID” to all agents; platelet-related conclusions should be handled separately
	Ibuprofen / naproxen / diclofenac	Cover common non-selective NSAID profiles; frequently used as analgesic/anti-inflammatory/antipyretic controls	Different physicochemical properties and risk profiles—avoid using one as a proxy for all
	Indomethacin	Classic “high-potency” COX inhibitor control; common in mechanism/model studies	Watch solubility, cytotoxicity, and off-target windows in experiments
COX-2–selective controls	Celecoxib / etoricoxib	Representative COX-2–selective agents; useful for comparing GI risk patterns and platelet effects (often less platelet impact)	Still monitor CV risk and sodium/water-retention–related phenotypes
	Rofecoxib / valdecoxib (historical coxibs)	Still meaningful for research controls/mechanistic discussion of “COX-2 selectivity and risk”	In clinical/market contexts, note historical safety background; use compliant wording in research communications
Formulation/property-driven studies	Diclofenac sodium/potassium	Salt form affects solubility, dissolution, and formulation behavior; good for “salt-form comparison”	Different salts of the same parent may change exposure/release and apparent effects
	Topical applications (e.g., diclofenac topical)	Illustrates “local delivery to reduce systemic exposure”; suitable for local models/transdermal research	Findings from topical/local and systemic dosing are not directly interchangeable
	Prodrug/metabolic-activation type: sulindac, nabumetone, loxoprofen sodium (regional mainstream)	Useful for PK/metabolic pathway and exposure–effect relationship work	Whether an in vitro model can “activate” the compound to an active metabolite is a key prerequisite
More “tool compound” attributes	Fenamates: flufenamic acid (etc.)	Beyond NSAIDs, used in some studies involving signaling pathways/ion channels	Be especially cautious of non-COX off-target effects; include “structurally distinct NSAID confirmation” where possible

NSAID Adverse Effects and Mechanistic Clues — High-Risk Conditions Quick Reference

Risk type	Mechanistic clue (why it happens)	Typical manifestations (mild → severe)	High-risk conditions / populations requiring extra attention
Gastrointestinal (GI)	COX-1 inhibition → reduced protective prostaglandins in gastric mucosa	dyspepsia/heartburn/epigastric pain → ulcer → bleeding/perforation	older age, ulcer/bleeding history, long-term or high-dose use, concomitant anticoagulants/antiplatelets/glucocorticoids, etc.
Renal & fluid retention	Prostaglandins contribute to renal blood flow and salt–water balance; inhibition may impair perfusion/drive retention	edema, elevated blood pressure, renal function fluctuation/acute kidney injury	dehydration, underlying kidney disease, older adults, concomitant diuretic + ACEI/ARB (“triple whammy” risk)
Cardiovascular (CV)	Altered prostacyclin/thromboxane balance + BP elevation/sodium–water retention and other integrated factors	increased risk of MI/stroke/thrombosis (overall increases with dose and duration)	prior CV disease or high-risk individuals; COX-2–selective inhibitors require more cautious assessment
Hypersensitivity/respiratory reactions	Individual susceptibility; some individuals are sensitive to NSAID-triggered reactions; often linked to sensitivity to COX-1 inhibition and may involve inflammatory amplification with arachidonic acid metabolism “shifting” toward leukotrienes	rash, asthma exacerbation, wheezing, etc.	asthma/nasal polyps–associated populations; prior NSAID allergy history
Research selection reminder	Adverse-effect mechanisms suggest phenotypes may arise from “loss of physiological prostaglandin functions,” not necessarily from “simple anti-inflammation” alone	—	In cell/animal studies, also consider DMSO controls, salt forms/prodrug activation, dosing windows, and off-target effects

Aladdin NSAID (and Related Analgesic) List

This list organizes common and important NSAIDs (and related analgesics) by chemical class, and also summarizes dosage forms/delivery formats and recommended application keywords to help quickly match experimental needs and use scenarios.

1. Five common research-facing delivery formats covered:

• Solid (for preparing stock solutions, method development, controls, and quality studies);
• DMSO pre-dissolved solution (e.g., 10 mM in DMSO; convenient for cell assays and screening, improves dosing efficiency, suitable for high-throughput and rapid validation);
• Aqueous pre-dissolved solution (e.g., 10 mM in Water; suitable for DMSO-sensitive systems or aqueous applications);
• Acetonitrile standard solution (e.g., 100 μg/mL in Acetonitrile; for LC/LC-MS quantitation, method development, and QC controls; ready to use);
• GMP grade (for studies and benchmarking under higher compliance/quality contexts).

2. Rapid alignment of compounds with typical research scenarios:

• COX-2 selectivity (coxibs and related controls), perioperative analgesia/strong analgesic controls (e.g., ketorolac, parecoxib), topical hot spots (diclofenac-related), salt-form/dissolution and formulation research (sodium vs potassium salts), standard solutions/method development (acetonitrile standards), analytical standards/high-purity controls (≥99% or analytical standard grade), and specific tags such as plant cell culture.

Product Table

Category	CAS No.	Aladdin Cat. No.	Name	Specification / Purity	Key features & notes (selection reference)
Salicylates	50-78-2	A407995	Acetylsalicylic acid	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Classic NSAID; non-selective COX inhibition; aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet COX-1; common control/mechanism studies; 10 mM DMSO is convenient for cell experiments.
Salicylates	50-78-2	A118582	Acetylsalicylic acid	Moligand™, for plant cell culture, ≥99%	Same as above; high purity and labeled for plant cell culture use.
Salicylates	50-78-2	A104180	Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)	Moligand™, ≥99%	Same as above; high-purity solid suitable for standards/method development/controls.
Salicylates	54-21-7	S432875	Sodium salicylate	Suitable for analysis, premium grade	Salicylate salt form; commonly used for analysis/controls; salt form is more water-friendly in aqueous systems.
Salicylates	54-21-7	S104177	Sodium salicylate	Chemical pure (CP), ≥99.5%	Common for analysis/solution preparation; high content suitable for routine experiments and preparation.
Salicylates	54-21-7	S305325	Sodium salicylate	≥99%	General research reagent grade; suitable for preparing standards or adding to assay systems.
Salicylates	54-21-7	S104176	Sodium salicylate	AR, ≥99.5% (NT)	Analytical reagent grade; suitable for stricter analysis/method validation.
Salicylates	54-21-7	S104179	Sodium salicylate	PharmPure™, USP	USP grade is more suitable for quality studies, method confirmation, and pharmacopeia/regulatory benchmarking.
Salicylates	54-21-7	S408836	Sodium salicylate	10 mM in DMSO	Pre-dissolved solution for convenient, rapid use in cell/screening experiments.
Propionic acids	22204-53-1	S161049	(S)-(+)-2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid	Moligand™, ≥99%	(S)-Naproxen; propionic-acid NSAID; non-selective COX inhibition; high purity for controls/method work.
Propionic acids	22204-53-1	N422659	(S)-(+)-2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; 10 mM DMSO facilitates cell screening/pharmacology experiments.
Propionic acids (salt form)	26159-34-2	N407750	Naproxen Sodium	10 mM in DMSO	Naproxen sodium; salt form often used in formulation/dissolution studies; DMSO pre-dissolved format is convenient for cell experiments.
Propionic acids (salt form)	26159-34-2	N129290	Naproxen sodium	≥98%	Same as above; solid reagent grade for standards/method development/controls.
Propionic acids	15687-27-1	I408893	Ibuprofen	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Mainstream OTC NSAID; non-selective COX inhibition; common analgesic/antipyretic/anti-inflammatory control; pre-dissolved for convenient screening.
Propionic acids	15687-27-1	I129291	Ibuprofen	Moligand™, ≥98% (GC)	Solid with GC purity metric; suitable for analysis/method development/controls.
Propionic acids	22071-15-4	K414566	Ketoprofen solution in acetonitrile	Moligand™, 100 μg/mL in Acetonitrile	Ketoprofen acetonitrile standard solution; suitable for LC/GC analysis, method development, and quantitative controls.
Propionic acids	22071-15-4	K129331	Ketoprofen	Moligand™, ≥98% (HPLC)	CAS corresponds to ketoprofen; commonly used as a propionic-acid NSAID control; high-purity solid for method work/controls.
Propionic acids	22071-15-4	K409203	Ketoprofen	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for convenient cell/high-throughput screening.
Propionic acids	5104-49-4	F134483	Flurbiprofen	Moligand™, ≥98% (HPLC)	Propionic-acid NSAID; commonly used analgesic/anti-inflammatory control; HPLC purity suitable for analysis and controls.
Propionic acids	5104-49-4	F408049	Flurbiprofen	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; 10 mM DMSO for cell experiments/screening.
Propionic acids (prodrug / regional mainstream)	80382-23-6	L338874	Loxoprofen sodium	≥98%	Common NSAID in East Asian markets (prodrug/metabolic activation features); salt form; suitable as a regional mainstream control and for product promotion.
Propionic acids (prodrug / regional mainstream)	80382-23-6	L426080	Loxoprofen sodium	10 mM in Water	Aqueous pre-dissolved format; suitable for aqueous systems/cell experiments; reduces DMSO introduction.
Acetic acids & derivatives	15307-86-5	D155733	2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenylacetic acid	Moligand™, ≥98%	Diclofenac (free acid); relatively strong analgesic/anti-inflammatory agent; common control/analyte; use careful science-communication boundaries for GI/CV risk.
Acetic acids & derivatives	15307-86-5	D421816	2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenylacetic acid	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for convenient cell experiments/screening.
Acetic acids & derivatives (standard solution)	15307-86-5	D414562	Diclofenac solution in acetonitrile	Moligand™, 100 μg/mL in Acetonitrile	Diclofenac acetonitrile standard solution; suitable for LC quantitation, method development, and environmental/PK sample comparison.
Acetic acids & derivatives (salt form)	15307-79-6	D129332	Diclofenac sodium	≥99%	Common salt form; often used in solubility/formulation-related research; high purity for controls/method work.
Acetic acids & derivatives (salt form)	15307-79-6	D408737	Diclofenac sodium	10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for cell/screening use.
Acetic acids & derivatives (salt form)	15307-81-0	D409053	Diclofenac Potassium	10 mM in DMSO	Diclofenac potassium; salt form often discussed for onset/dissolution; pre-dissolved for screening.
Acetic acids & derivatives (salt form)	15307-81-0	D129413	Diclofenac potassium	≥99%	Same as above; high-purity solid for method development/controls.
Acetic acids & derivatives (indoleacetic acids)	53-86-1	I1372187-GMP	Indomethacin	-	Indomethacin; classic potent NSAID control; GMP grade for stricter quality contexts.
Acetic acids & derivatives (indoleacetic acids)	53-86-1	I408762	Indomethacin	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Pre-dissolved indomethacin; commonly used in inflammation/pain mechanism control studies.
Acetic acids & derivatives (indoleacetic acids)	53-86-1	I106885	Indomethacin (NSC-77541)	Moligand™, ≥99%	Same as above; high-purity solid suitable for standards and controls.
Acetic acids & derivatives	41340-25-4	E129317	Etodolac	Moligand™, ≥98%	Etodolac; COX inhibitor (often described as relatively COX-2–preferential but not a coxib); analgesic/anti-inflammatory control.
Acetic acids & derivatives	41340-25-4	E408574	Etodolac	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for convenient cell experiments/screening.
Acetic acids & derivatives	26171-23-3	M192391	Tolmetin	Moligand™, ≥95%	Tolmetin; acetic-acid NSAID; usable as research control and for method development.
Acetic acids & derivatives	26171-23-3	M422922	Tolmetin	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Acetic acids & derivatives (prodrug/derivative)	53164-05-9	A129429	Acemetacin	≥98%	Acemetacin (indomethacin-related derivative/prodrug concept); used for comparative studies and SAR discussions.
Acetic acids & derivatives (prodrug/derivative)	53164-05-9	A424549	Acemetacin	10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Acetic acids & derivatives (phenylacetic derivative)	89796-99-6	A151117	Aceclofenac	≥98% (HPLC)	Aceclofenac; structurally related to diclofenac; analgesic/anti-inflammatory; HPLC purity suits controls/method work.
Acetic acids & derivatives (phenylacetic derivative)	89796-99-6	A426741	Aceclofenac	10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for cell/screening.
Acetic acids & derivatives (strong-analgesia oriented)	74103-06-3	K194835	Ketorolac	Moligand™, ≥98%	Ketorolac; representative NSAID with strong analgesic profile; common in perioperative/acute pain models; note boundaries when communicating renal/GI risk.
Acetic acids & derivatives (strong-analgesia oriented)	74103-06-3	K409080	Ketorolac	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening/cell assays.
Acetic acids & derivatives (salt form)	74103-07-4	K129289	Ketorolac tromethamine	≥99%	Common salt form; used in solubility/formulation studies; high purity for controls.
Acetic acids & derivatives (salt form)	74103-07-4	K425766	Ketorolac tromethamine	10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Acetic acids & derivatives (prodrug/metabolic activation)	38194-50-2	S125148	Sulindac	Moligand™, ≥98%	Sulindac; prodrug/metabolic activation features; used as analgesic/anti-inflammatory control and in some signaling studies.
Acetic acids & derivatives (prodrug/metabolic activation)	38194-50-2	S408587	Sulindac	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Oxicams	36322-90-4	P129294	Piroxicam	Moligand™, ≥98% (HPLC)	Oxicam class; longer half-life; common analgesic/anti-inflammatory control; note GI-risk wording.
Oxicams	36322-90-4	P407766	Piroxicam	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Oxicams	59804-37-4	T129254	Tenoxicam	≥98%	Oxicam class; analgesic/anti-inflammatory; common for method work/controls.
Oxicams	59804-37-4	T424976	Tenoxicam	10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Oxicams	70374-39-9	L129341	Lornoxicam	≥98% (HPLC)	Lornoxicam; analgesic/anti-inflammatory; HPLC purity suits analysis/controls.
Oxicams	70374-39-9	L425602	Lornoxicam	2 mM in DMSO	Lower concentration pre-dissolved format; suitable for DMSO-sensitive systems or low-dose screening.
Oxicams	70374-39-9	L1499358	Lornoxicam	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; common pre-dissolved concentration for screening.
Oxicams	71125-38-7	M129228	Meloxicam	Moligand™, ≥98%	Meloxicam; relatively COX-2–preferential (not a coxib); commonly used in chronic inflammation/arthritis controls.
Oxicams	71125-38-7	M408223	Meloxicam	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Fenamates	61-68-7	M157895	Mefenamic acid	Moligand™, ≥98%	Fenamate class; analgesic/anti-inflammatory (common in dysmenorrhea contexts); usable for research controls and method work.
Fenamates	61-68-7	M408474	Mefenamic acid	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Fenamates	530-78-9	F129495	Flufenamic acid	Moligand™, ≥99%	Flufenamic acid; fenamate class; often used as a tool compound/control; high purity suits method work.
Fenamates	530-78-9	T580273	Flufenamic acid	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	169590-42-5	C1372189-GMP	Celecoxib	-	COX-2 selective; GI risk often lower than non-selective NSAIDs (not risk-free); GMP for quality/compliance contexts.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	169590-42-5	C1371990-GMP	Celecoxib (GMP Like)	-	Same as above; “GMP like” for benchmarking/verification scenarios.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	169590-42-5	C129279	Celecoxib	Moligand™, ≥99%	Same as above; high-purity solid for controls/method work.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	169590-42-5	C408187	Celecoxib	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	202409-33-4	E126660	Etoricoxib	Moligand™, ≥98%	Etoricoxib; common COX-2–selective control; solid suitable for method work.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	202409-33-4	E422460	Etoricoxib	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	198470-84-7	P135573	Parecoxib	Moligand™, ≥98%	Parecoxib (injectable COX-2–related prodrug concept); commonly used in perioperative/acute pain research. Parecoxib is a prodrug of valdecoxib (rapidly converted after injection).
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	198470-84-7	P580483	Parecoxib	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	162011-90-7	R126597	Rofecoxib	Moligand™, ≥98%	Historical COX-2–selective representative; withdrawn in many countries but still used in research controls/mechanism work; marketing copy is advised to label “for research use.”
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	162011-90-7	R408064	Rofecoxib	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	181695-72-7	V125795	Valdecoxib	Moligand™, ≥99%	Valdecoxib; withdrawn/restricted in some markets; usable as a research control; emphasize “for research use” in communications.
Coxibs (selective COX-2 inhibitors)	181695-72-7	V408426	Valdecoxib	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Other NSAIDs (sulfonanilides, etc.)	51803-78-2	N159746	Nimesulide	Moligand™, ≥98% (HPLC)	Nimesulide; often grouped as “relatively COX-2–preferential”; pay attention to region-specific compliant wording (hepatotoxicity risk is frequently discussed).
Other NSAIDs (sulfonanilides, etc.)	51803-78-2	N407977	Nimesulide	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Non-acidic prodrug NSAID (naphthylalkanone prodrug)	42924-53-8	N129302	Nabumetone	Moligand™, ≥98%	Nabumetone; non-acidic prodrug-type NSAID; used for comparative studies, SAR, and PK differences.
Non-acidic prodrug NSAID	42924-53-8	N408414	Nabumetone	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Pyrazolidinediones	50-33-9	P129990	Phenylbutazone	Moligand™, ≥98% (HPLC)	Phenylbutazone; classic NSAID representative (more safety controversies; limited modern clinical use); common in research/historical comparisons.
Pyrazolidinediones	50-33-9	P408411	Phenylbutazone	Moligand™, 10 mM in DMSO	Same as above; pre-dissolved for screening.
Non-NSAID antipyretic analgesic (often not classified as NSAIDs)	103-90-2	A105807	Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)	Chemical pure (CP), ≥98% (HPLC)	Primarily antipyretic/analgesic with weak anti-inflammatory activity (often not classified as an NSAID due to insufficient anti-inflammatory effect); suitable as a “non-opioid analgesic control beyond NSAIDs”; HPLC metric suits analytical use.
Non-NSAID antipyretic analgesic	103-90-2	A305928	Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)	≥98%	Same as above; suitable for routine research/method work.
Non-NSAID antipyretic analgesic	103-90-2	A105808	Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)	AR, ≥99%	Same as above; AR grade for quality/method development.
Non-NSAID antipyretic analgesic	103-90-2	A660928	Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)	10 mM in DMSO	Pre-dissolved for cell/screening; commonly used as a “non-NSAID control.”
Non-NSAID antipyretic analgesic	103-90-2	A105809	Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)	Analytical standard, ≥99.5%	Analytical standard grade for quantitative analysis, method validation, and QC controls.

Aladdin: https://www.aladdinsci.com/