Techniques for detecting, quantifying and localizing antigens and antibodies — ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Below are the protocols, FAQs and technical articles in our knowledge base tagged with this topic.
Fluorescent dyes are among the most widely used signal molecules in life science research. Their core value lies not merely in generating color, but in converting molecular distribution, cellular states, subcellular structures, and dynamic biological processes into detectable, quantifiable, and ...
Fluorophores are light-emitting molecules or materials that absorb energy upon excitation at specific wavelengths and emit photons at longer wavelengths. They are widely used in cell imaging, flow cytometry, immunoassays, nucleic-acid quantification, protein–protein interaction analysis, and ...
In a broad sense, any chromophoric system that absorbs light at a shorter wavelength and re-emits it at a longer wavelength is referred to as a fluorophore. A major subgroup consists of small-molecule fluorescent dyes, but fluorophores also include fluorescent proteins and various ...
Use Hoechst nuclear staining to observe chromatin morphology and qualitatively/semi-quantitatively assess apoptosis ratios. Applicable to both adherent and suspension cell apoptosis models.
Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) refers to the phenomenon where certain organic luminescent molecules (fluorescent dyes) exhibit enhanced light emission in the aggregated or solid-state compared to their solution state.
In cell biology research, staining techniques are essential tools for observing the internal structures and functions of cells. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and other organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes play specific biological roles.
The cytoskeleton is an essential scaffold within cells, composed of actin, tubulin, and intermediate filaments. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell shape, cell movement, cell division, and signal transduction. Cytoskeletal staining reagents not only help researchers visualize the ...
Selection of fluorescent dyes for multicolor flow-through experiments
Amine-reactive probe labeling techniques are widely used for the labeling and tracking of biomolecules, especially in the modification of proteins and nucleic acids.
Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is a classical fluorescent dye widely used in molecular biology research. Its chemical structure consists of a tri-benzimidazole, which can intercalate between the base pairs of DNA or RNA, significantly enhancing its fluorescence signal. Initially discovered as a ...
Immunocytochemistry (ICC) protocol
The absorption of light results in dye molecules entering an electronically excited state, which can store energy only for a brief period and can be radiated again during fluorescence after the excited state's lifetime.
Besides the optical phenomena of refraction, scattering, interference, and diffraction in partially or totally transparent objects, which can result in colour impressions such as rainbows, sky blue, sparkling soap bubbles, gorgeous peacock feathers, or thin oil films and layers, the colours of ...
Techniques often explored alongside immunological experiments.
