Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response formed in the nervous system under conditions such as infection, injury, metabolic stress, abnormal protein deposition, or immune imbalance. Its core lies in the dynamic imbalance among microglia, astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, the blood-brain ...
In Alzheimer’s disease models, cholinergic detection should not focus only on measuring acetylcholine or acetylcholinesterase separately. The key is to assess the relationship among neurotransmitter levels, enzyme activity changes, cholinergic neuronal injury, and inflammatory responses. When ...
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