PP1 - Moligand™, ≥98% , Inhibitor of C-terminal Src kinase;Inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor;Inhibitor of FYN proto-oncogene; Src family tyrosine kinase;Inhibitor of LCK proto-oncogene; Src family tyrosine kinase;Inhibitor of mitogen-activated, Inhibitor of C-terminal Src kinase;Inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor;Inhibitor of FYN proto-oncogene; Src family tyrosine kinase;Inhibitor of LCK proto-oncogene; Src family tyrosine kinase;Inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14;Inhib

CAS: 172889-26-8 Cat. No.: P126623 Molecular Weight: 281.36 EC Number: 663-338-3

GRADE & PURITY Moligand™, ≥98%

Synonyms

1-(tert-Butyl)-3-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine | 12L-341S | 4-AMINO-1-TERT-BUTYL-3-(4-METHYLPHENYL)PYRAZOLO[3,4-D]PYRIMIDINE | HMS3652F20 | HMS2191A04 | KBio2_002942 | MLS000326642 | PP1 | PP-1 | 1-tert-butyl-3-(p-tolyl)-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

Overview

Application:
PP1 has been used as:
an inhibitor of sarcoma (Src) family kinases (SFK) like hematopoietic cell kinase (hck) and fyn a selective Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor in hippocampal neuronal cultures to test its effect on neurite growth a Src-kinase blocker to test its effect on brimonidine (BMD)-induced phosphorylation in extracellular signal-activated kinases(ERK1/2)

PP1 is a potent and selective Src inhibitor for Lck/Fyn with IC50 of 5 nM/ 6 nM.
A selective and potent Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Specifications

Synonyms

1-(tert-Butyl)-3-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine | 12L-341S | 4-AMINO-1-TERT-BUTYL-3-(4-METHYLPHENYL)PYRAZOLO[3, 4-D]PYRIMIDINE | HMS3652F20 | HMS2191A04 | KBio2_002942 | MLS000326642 | PP1 | PP-1 | 1-tert-butyl-3-(p-tolyl)-1h-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]

Specifications & Purity

Moligand™, ≥98%

Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms

Potent inhibitor of Src-family tyrosine kinases. Inhibits p56lckand p59fynT(IC50values are 5 and 6 nM respectively). Displays > 8000-fold selectivity over ZAP-70 and JAK2. Also moderately inhibits p38, CSK, PDGF receptors, RET-derived oncoproteins, c-Kit

Storage

Store at -20°C

Shipped In

Ice chest + Ice pads

This product requires cold chain shipping. Ground and other economy services are not available.

Grade

Moligand™

Action Type

INHIBITOR

Mechanism of action

Inhibitor of C-terminal Src kinase;Inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor;Inhibitor of FYN proto-oncogene; Src family tyrosine kinase;Inhibitor of LCK proto-oncogene; Src family tyrosine kinase;Inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14;Inhib

Purity

≥98%

Names and Identifiers

• Pubchem Sid: 504750486
• Pubchem Sid Url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/504750486
• Canonical Smiles: CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=NN(C3=NC=NC(=C23)N)C(C)(C)C
• IUPAC Name: 1-tert-butyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine
• InChIKey: ZVPDNRVYHLRXLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• INCHI: 1S/C16H19N5/c1-10-5-7-11(8-6-10)13-12-14(17)18-9-19-15(12)21(20-13)16(2,3)4/h5-9H,1-4H3,(H2,17,18,19)
• Isomeric SMILES: CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=NN(C3=NC=NC(=C23)N)C(C)(C)C
• WGK Germany: 3
• UN Number: 2811
• Packing Group: I
• Molecular Weight: 281.36
• Reaxy-Rn: 7818223
• Reaxys-RN_link_address: https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=7818223&ln=

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

• Kingdom Organic compounds
  • Superclass Organoheterocyclic compounds
    • Class Azoles
      • Subclass Pyrazoles

• Kingdom: Organic compounds
• Superclass: Organoheterocyclic compounds
• Class: Azoles
• Subclass: Pyrazoles
• Intermediate Tree Nodes: Not available
• Direct Parent: Phenylpyrazoles
• Alternative Parents: Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines Toluenes Aminopyrimidines and derivatives Imidolactams Heteroaromatic compounds Azacyclic compounds Primary amines Organopnictogen compounds Hydrocarbon derivatives
• Molecular Framework: Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
• Substituents: Phenylpyrazole - Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine - Pyrazolopyrimidine - Aminopyrimidine - Toluene - Monocyclic benzene moiety - Pyrimidine - Imidolactam - Benzenoid - Heteroaromatic compound - Azacycle - Amine - Primary amine - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organonitrogen compound - Organopnictogen compound - Organic nitrogen compound - Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
• Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpyrazoles. These are compounds containing a phenylpyrazole skeleton, which consists of a pyrazole bound to a phenyl group.
• External Descriptors: Not available

Data sources

1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61.

DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

Associated Targets(Human)

CSK Tchem Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK (1 Activities)

Discover Target: CSK

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

EGFR Tclin Epidermal growth factor receptor (1 Activities)

Discover Target: EGFR

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

RET Tclin Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret (2 Activities)

Discover Target: RET

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PTK6 Tchem Protein-tyrosine kinase 6 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: PTK6

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SRC Tclin Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (2 Activities)

Discover Target: SRC

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

FRK Tchem Tyrosine-protein kinase FRK (1 Activities)

Discover Target: FRK

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

FYN Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (3 Activities)

Discover Target: FYN

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

RIPK2 Tchem Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: RIPK2

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

LCK Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck (2 Activities)

Discover Target: LCK

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

LYN Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn (1 Activities)

Discover Target: LYN

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

BLK Tchem Tyrosine-protein kinase Blk (1 Activities)

Discover Target: BLK

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

WNK1 Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: WNK1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

MAPK14 Tchem Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: MAPK14

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

ABL1 Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL (18331 Activities)

Discover Target: ABL1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

EGFR Tclin Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (33727 Activities)

Discover Target: EGFR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

INSR Tclin Insulin receptor (5558 Activities)

Discover Target: INSR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

VDR Tclin Vitamin D receptor (26531 Activities)

Discover Target: VDR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ERBB2 Tclin Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 (7851 Activities)

Discover Target: ERBB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

IGF1R Tclin Insulin-like growth factor I receptor (8605 Activities)

Discover Target: IGF1R

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KIT Tclin Stem cell growth factor receptor (10667 Activities)

Discover Target: KIT

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CSNK2A1 Tchem Casein kinase II alpha (3512 Activities)

Discover Target: CSNK2A1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DAPK3 Tchem Death-associated protein kinase 3 (2108 Activities)

Discover Target: DAPK3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAPK11 Tchem MAP kinase p38 beta (2785 Activities)

Discover Target: MAPK11

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

LCK Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase LCK (9212 Activities)

Discover Target: LCK

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAPK14 Tchem MAP kinase p38 alpha (12866 Activities)

Discover Target: MAPK14

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GSK3B Tclin Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (11785 Activities)

Discover Target: GSK3B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PRKCZ Tchem Protein kinase C zeta (2414 Activities)

Discover Target: PRKCZ

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MYLK Tchem Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle (1267 Activities)

Discover Target: MYLK

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CSNK1G1 Tchem Casein kinase I gamma 1 (2496 Activities)

Discover Target: CSNK1G1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

FGFR1 Tclin Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (9149 Activities)

Discover Target: FGFR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

STK3 Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase MST2 (3069 Activities)

Discover Target: STK3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CSNK1D Tchem Casein kinase I delta (4546 Activities)

Discover Target: CSNK1D

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CAMK2B Tchem CaM kinase II beta (1626 Activities)

Discover Target: CAMK2B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SRC Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase SRC (10310 Activities)

Discover Target: SRC

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHEK2 Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (4015 Activities)

Discover Target: CHEK2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PDPK1 Tchem 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (3758 Activities)

Discover Target: PDPK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AKT2 Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT2 (4301 Activities)

Discover Target: AKT2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AKT3 Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT3 (3157 Activities)

Discover Target: AKT3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHUK Tchem Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase alpha subunit (3170 Activities)

Discover Target: CHUK

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

IKBKB Tchem Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta subunit (5554 Activities)

Discover Target: IKBKB

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AURKB Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase Aurora-B (6805 Activities)

Discover Target: AURKB

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ROCK1 Tclin Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (4723 Activities)

Discover Target: ROCK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PIM1 Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase PIM1 (9629 Activities)

Discover Target: PIM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PKN2 Tchem Protein kinase N2 (1991 Activities)

Discover Target: PKN2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CSK Tchem Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK (2395 Activities)

Discover Target: CSK

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

JAK3 Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 (8349 Activities)

Discover Target: JAK3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

RPS6KA5 Tchem Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha 5 (3355 Activities)

Discover Target: RPS6KA5

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PRKCG Tchem Protein kinase C gamma (2471 Activities)

Discover Target: PRKCG

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PRKD3 Tchem Protein kinase C nu (2315 Activities)

Discover Target: PRKD3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PRKD1 Tchem Protein kinase C mu (1904 Activities)

Discover Target: PRKD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SYK Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK (7372 Activities)

Discover Target: SYK

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PLK1 Tchem Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 (28605 Activities)

Discover Target: PLK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ITK Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK (3699 Activities)

Discover Target: ITK

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

RPS6KA1 Tchem Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha 1 (2796 Activities)

Discover Target: RPS6KA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

JAK2 Tclin Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (12915 Activities)

Discover Target: JAK2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ALOX15B Tchem Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, type II (7244 Activities)

Discover Target: ALOX15B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CAMK1 Tchem CaM kinase I alpha (1664 Activities)

Discover Target: CAMK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

FLT1 Tclin Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (6262 Activities)

Discover Target: FLT1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KDR Tclin Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (20924 Activities)

Discover Target: KDR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

GSK3A Tclin Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha (3764 Activities)

Discover Target: GSK3A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PRKG2 Tchem cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2 (1612 Activities)

Discover Target: PRKG2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PRKG1 Tchem cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 beta (2814 Activities)

Discover Target: PRKG1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAPK13 Tchem MAP kinase p38 delta (2605 Activities)

Discover Target: MAPK13

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Associated Targets(non-human)

ampC Beta-lactamase AmpC (62480 Activities)

Discover Target: ampC

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Prkcd Protein kinase C delta (192 Activities)

Discover Target: Prkcd

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mapk1 MAP kinase ERK2 (650 Activities)

Discover Target: Mapk1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hdac6 Histone deacetylase 6 (222 Activities)

Discover Target: Hdac6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Fgfr3 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (21 Activities)

Discover Target: Fgfr3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Camk2g CaM kinase II gamma (1 Activities)

Discover Target: Camk2g

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Plasmodium falciparum (966862 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Rattus norvegicus (775804 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

rep Replicase polyprotein 1ab (378 Activities)

Discover Target: rep

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

pfk 6-phospho-1-fructokinase (7870 Activities)

Discover Target: pfk

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Nfe2l2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (214 Activities)

Discover Target: Nfe2l2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Rorc Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma (89407 Activities)

Discover Target: Rorc

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

NS1 Nonstructural protein 1 (33327 Activities)

Discover Target: NS1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

RPL19A 60S ribosomal protein L19-A (106 Activities)

Discover Target: RPL19A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HSP40, subfamily A, putative (505 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SKN7 Transcription factor SKN7 (365 Activities)

Discover Target: SKN7

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mechanisms of Action

Chemical and Physical Properties

• Solubility: Solvent:DMSO, Max Conc. mg/mL: None, Max Conc. mM: 10; Solvent:ethanol, Max Conc. mg/mL: None, Max Conc. mM: 10
• Molecular Weight: 281.360 g/mol
• XLogP3: 2.800
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
• Rotatable Bond Count: 2
• Exact Mass: 281.164 Da
• Monoisotopic Mass: 281.164 Da
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 69.600 Ų
• Heavy Atom Count: 21
• Formal Charge: 0
• Complexity: 358.000
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• The total count of all stereochemical bonds: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

References

1. Yijun Li, Xinyu Wen, Min Nie, Qi Wang.  (2017)  Toward Subtle Manipulation of Fine Dendritic β-Nucleating Agent in Polypropylene.  ACS Omega,      [PMID:31457299] [10.1021/acsomega.7b01036]