Botanical experiments

Determination of chloroplast periplasmic membrane integrity can be used for (1) studies of the molecular mechanisms that promote photosynthesis and (2) detectio

In vivo staining can be used to (1) show certain natural structures within the cell using certain non-toxic or minimally toxic dyes, and (2) not affect the life

Nitrate reductase activity assays can be used to: measure its efficiency in catalyzing the reduction of nitrate to nitrite in plants.

The cellular wound healing assay is widely used and improved by researchers to study the role of various experimental conditions such as gene knockout and chemo

Determination of chlorophyll content can be used to: (1) determine the photosynthetic capacity, i.e., health, of the plant; (2) as data for research to improve

The preparation of plant protoplasts can be used for: (1) due to its ability to regenerate cell walls, carry out successive cell divisions and regenerate comple

Tissue homogenization followed by suspension in isotonic media for differential centrifugation is a common method for separating organelles. The settling rate o

Source of content: Microbiology Lab.

It is a kind of technology that uses micrographic device to record the microstructure of the objects observed in the field of view of microscope for further ana

Mitosis, also known as indirect division, was first discovered in animals by W. Fleming (1882) and in plants by E. Strasburger (1880). Characterized by the pres

Cell membranes are unit membranes composed of lipid bilayers studded with proteins, which in turn bind to sugar molecules as a branched sugar coat on the cell s

The determination of soluble sugars in fruits and vegetables can be used to: understand and identify the quality of fruits and vegetables.

Live staining is a method of staining the cells or tissues of living organisms that can be colored but is not toxic. Its purpose is to show certain structures w

Observe the morphology and primordial structures of common plant stems with the naked eye and microscope. The stem is the central axial part of the plant body.

Amylase in plants hydrolyzes stored starch into maltose. Amylase is present in almost all plants, with the strongest amylase activity in cereal seeds. There are

Aims and Requirements: To learn the basic morphological structures and types of seeds and types of seedlings. Learn the methods of seed germination and understa

Source of content: Microbiology Lab.

Grasp the basic principles of quantitative determination of reducing sugar and total sugar, learn the basic operation of colorimetric determination of sugar met

Observe the secondary structure of common plant stems through a microscope, the structural characteristics of the secondary protective tissue peridermis, the st

Understand the activating and inhibiting effects of enzymatic reactions; learn the methods and principles by which activators and inhibitors affect enzymatic re

Source of content: Microbiology Lab.

The amount of wounding is an important indicator of plant root vigor. When the amount of wounding is high, the volume can usually be measured directly, while fo

In this experiment, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used to extract and separate proteins in seeds, and the authenticity and purity of varieties can be id

The water status of plant tissues can be expressed in terms of water potential (representing the energy level of water). The lower the water potential of a plan

The root system of plants is the main organ of fertilizer and water absorption, as well as the organ of assimilation, transformation and synthesis of many subst

When a branch with leaves is inserted in a burette filled with water, the leaves are still constantly undergoing transpiration. The strength of transpiration va

When barley (or wheat) seeds germinate, the seed embryo produces GA3 that diffuses into the endosperm's pasteurized cells (known as the "target cells" of the GA

Respiration intensity is one of the most important indicators of plant life activity and is necessary to be measured in plant physiological research and product

Chloroplast pigment is an important substance for plants to absorb sunlight energy for photosynthesis. This experiment is to learn the extraction and separation

Modified half-leaf method is part of the plant symmetrical leaf shade or remove placed in the dark, the other part is left in the light for photosynthesis, afte

When a branch with leaves is inserted in a burette filled with water, the leaves are still constantly undergoing transpiration. The strength of transpiration va

The proline content in plants increases when they are dehydrated. The proline content in plants reflects the water situation in plants to a certain extent, and

The study of plant stress tolerance is important in scientific research and is closely related to production, so it is often necessary to measure the magnitude

Protoplasm's main constituent -- protein for amphoteric compounds, it is in different pH medium, its dissociation is different: when the medium's pH value is mo

Tear the epidermis of purple onion or radish leaves, put it on a slide, add a little drop of water and then cover the coverslip, observe the cells in the prepar

H2O2 is strongly absorbed at 240 nm, and catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide, causing the absorbance of the reaction solution (A240) to decrease with reaction

Matter has different energy states, some electrons in the matter absorbed the energy of light quanta, the matter from the original stable state of the energy le

The tip of the germinating wheat embryonic root was cut (about 1 cm from the tip) and immersed in neutral red solution for live staining for 10-15 min, then rem

Plant tissue into a series of increasing concentrations of sucrose or mannitol solution, after a certain period of time to achieve osmotic equilibrium, the cell

Within living cells, the phenomenon of active movement of protoplasm is collectively known as protoplasmic movement. Protoplasmic movement is one of the importa

Chlorophyll is an ester of a dicarboxylic acid that saponifies with a base to form a basic salt of chlorophyllic acid; after the formation of the salt, chloroph

The intensity of respiration can be expressed as the number of CO2mg released per unit weight of plant material per unit time. The CO2 released by respiration i

When sufficient oxygen is supplied to plant tissues, plant cells can oxidize substrates completely. When glucose is fully oxidized as a respiratory substrate, C

The various pigments in chloroplast pigments have different chemical structures, and thus their physicochemical properties such as polarity, absorption spectra,

According to the similarity of the structure and physiological function of the two sides of the leaf midvein, you can first cut off half of the leaf in the dark

Because chlorophyll and carotenoids have different molecular structures, they have different absorption spectra. Carotenoids absorb blue-violet light and chloro

According to the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll on visible light, the use of spectrophotometer at a particular wavelength to determine its optical density,

Chlorophyll molecule has a porphyrin ring, its magnesium ions are located in the center of the porphyrin ring, chlorophyll molecule is more unstable, in contact

Peroxidases are metalloproteins containing iron in the porphyrin ring. Peroxidase forms a compound with hydrogen peroxide in which the hydrogen peroxide is acti

Catalase is a hemoglobin-like enzyme that contains iron in its composition and catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen.

Monosalt toxicity and antagonism are related to hydrophilic colloids in protoplasm and protoplasmic membranes; the higher the ionic valence, the lower the conce

Monosalt toxicity and antagonism are related to hydrophilic colloids in protoplasm and protoplasmic membranes; the higher the ionic valence, the lower the conce

Plant root system is not only an important organ to absorb water and mineral elements, but also an important synthetic organ, plant absorbed inorganic salts, so

The water status of plant tissues can be expressed in terms of water potential. The magnitude of the water potential of plant tissues can, to a certain extent,

Oxidases dehydrogenate from metabolites and allow them to combine directly with oxygen to produce water or hydrogen peroxide. Examples include cytochrome oxidas

Respiration can be thought of as a series of oxidative and reductive actions, the intermediate steps of which are facilitated by a variety of oxidative and redu

Different stages in the plant growth cycle show a certain rhythmic pattern, the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, the observation of

Different stages in the plant growth cycle show a certain rhythmic pattern, the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, the observation of

Different stages in the plant growth cycle show a certain rhythmic pattern, the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, the observation of

Where viable seeds can constantly respire, absorbing O2 from the air while releasing CO2, CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3, which is unstable and dissociate

Different stages in the plant growth cycle show certain rhythmic patterns, and the growth of plants or organs is often limited to certain areas, so the observat

Plant seeds often exist in many substances that can produce fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation, such as certain flavonoids, coumarins, vegetal, phenolic

The protoplasmic membrane of living cells has the ability to selectively absorb substances, while the protoplasmic membrane of dead cells loses this ability, so

Plants must absorb certain essential mineral elements for their normal growth and development. If an essential element is missing, it will show specific deficie

Cytokinin is widely found in plants. It can promote cell division, inhibit the activity of some hydrolytic enzymes such as nuclease and protease, so that macrom

Quantitative determination of erythromycin-like substances have many methods: such as barley dextrin layer α-amylase-induced formation method, acid mold leaf g

Growth hormone (indoleacetic acid) promotes elongation of oat germ sheath cells. In the case where the source of growth hormone is cut off from the apical shoot

Growth hormone promotes the elongation of the germinal sheath and stem and the development of the fruit, as well as the formation of roots. Within a certain con

Abscisic acid enhances the activity of pectinase and cellulase, causing delamination to occur, leading to shedding. Within a certain concentration range, the sh

Growth hormone and synthetic analogs (NAA, IAA, sodium naphthalene acetate, etc.) have a great effect on plant growth, but the effect of different concentration

Cytokinins promote the growth of young leaves and delay the senescence of mature leaves, as well as having a nutrient mobilizing effect. Treatment of some leave

Ethylene alters membrane permeability and cell compartmentalization, and induces the synthesis, release or activation of many enzymes (especially degradative en

Ethylene is one of the five major endogenous hormones and the only gaseous hormone. Almost all plant tissues have the potential to produce ethylene. Ethylene ha

Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that has multiple effects on plant metabolism, growth and development. Treatment of yellowing pea seedlings with ethylene gas inhi

Cytokinins have the effect of promoting cotyledon enlargement in radish. Over a range of concentrations (0.05 to 50 pp M for 6-BA agonist), cotyledon weight gai

The natural regulation of abscission is effected by the inhibitory action of growth hormone supplied from the leaf (or fruit) and the promotional action of ethy

Mature pollen falling on the stigma will germinate and grow pollen tubes, and pollen germination can also occur when appropriate conditions (temperature, pH, os

Water in plant tissues exists in two different states; bound water that is tightly bound to the protoplasmic colloids, and free water that is not tightly bound

When the plant tissues were in contact with the highly concentrated sugar solution, the bound water remained in the tissues because it was adsorbed by the proto

While absorbing nutrients, the plant root system overflows H+, OH-, HCO3- and other organic substances, which changes the inter-root pH, and thus affects the in

The water loss phenotype of isolated plant leaves and its water loss rate are two important physiological indexes for the study of drought tolerance traits in p

Plants grown under normal environmental conditions have low levels of free proline, but under adversity (e.g., drought, cold, salt, etc.) the free proline conte

Hill reaction (Hill reaction) is a reaction in which isolated chloroplasts of green plants decompose water in the presence of light, releasing oxygen and at the

The root system is the main organ of the plant body, and its growth is closely related to the speed of water and mineral uptake by the plant. Therefore, it is o

This experiment was mainly used to determine plant root vigor.

Experiments to deepen the understanding of efficient diffusion of water through small pores.

Through the experiment, master the principle and method of observing the stomatal opening and closing condition of plant leaves by the infiltration method.

Through the experiment, master the principle and method of observing the stomatal opening and closing condition of plant leaves by blotting method.

To understand the influence of environmental factors on the vital activities of the root system by observing the spitting phenomenon of plants under different e

Through the experiment, master the principle and method of observing the stomatal opening and closing condition of plant leaves by the fixation method.

Transpiration is an important process of water metabolism in plants. The speed of transpiration is related to the rate of upward transport of mineral salts and

Nitrate nitrogen is the most important source of nitrogen in plants, and the nitrate nitrogen content in plants can reflect the nitrogen supply of the soil, so

Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme in the process of nitrate assimilation, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, and the determinat

Observe the toxic effects of single salts on plants or the antagonistic effects between ions; thus, further understand the interaction of mineral elements and p

Principles and methods of analyzing the amino acid composition of plant root wound fluids by paper spectroscopy.

Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme in the process of nitrate assimilation, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, and the determinat

Experiment to understand some of the main physical and chemical properties of chloroplast pigments.

Principles and methods for the determination of total amino acids in plant root wound sap.

Solution cultures and sand-based cultures are important methods for studying material nutrition. This experiment studies the techniques of solution culture and

To understand the principles and methods of growth hormone induced adventitious root formation in plants through experiments.

There are five terminal oxidative enzymes in plants, including ascorbate oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, flavinase, and alternate oxidase. This

Senescence is a biological phenomenon that develops in plants over a long period of evolution and natural selection, and it can be manifested at different level

To understand the principles and methods of determining sucrose content in plant tissues.

Polyconazole is a widely used plant growth retardant in agriculture, which can be effectively used to cultivate strong crop seedlings and improve plant resistan

To understand the greening effect of cytokinins on isolated cotyledons and the basic principles and methods.

Experimentally, the assay of polyphenol oxidase activity in plants was mastered.

Through the experiment, it is proved that the normal germination and growth of seeds of higher plants must have sufficient oxygen, even for flooded plants such

Peroxidase is commonly found in plant tissues, and its activity is related to the metabolic strength and cold and disease resistance of plants, which regulates

Knowledge of the principles and methods of determining seed viability by the fluorescence method.

Seed germination rate is an important symbol for identifying seed quality, and plays an important role in determining the amount of seed to be sown as well as i

This experiment focuses on observing the effects of light and dark treatments at different times on the morphogenesis of plants, so as to understand that light

Under natural light conditions, plants were subjected to short days, intermittent light periods, and intermittent darkness to understand the effects of alternat

Through the experiment, to master the principle and method of the determination of malondialdehyde content in plants

Knowledge of the principles and methods of determining seed viability by the staining method

A portion of the oxygen molecules in living organisms, when involved in enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions, are converted to superoxide anion radicals (O2-) i

The plant cytoplasmic membrane is the interface between the cell and the external environment, and plays an important role in maintaining the cell microenvironm

The law of interlocking inheritance describes the relationship between the segregation and combination of interlocking genes located on a pair of homologous chr

Analyze morphological features such as chromosome number, size, position of the mitotic grain and follower in plant cells at mid-mitosis, and learn the methods

Meiosis is a specialized type of mitosis that occurs in organisms during the maturation of the gametes formed by the gametocytes, and it consists of two consecu

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division in which the sex mother cell divides to form gametes. In this process, chromosomes are replicated once and the ce

Determination of plant respiration rate by Watt's micro respirometer is a classical method of determination, and the basic principles and techniques of this met

The root tip compression technique can be used to: study chromosome number and morphology in mid-stage plants.

The cells of young tissues are in the stage of exuberant division, with larger nuclei and less cytoplasm, high concentration of nucleic acid, and fewer inclusio

1. to understand the principles and methods of artificially induced polyploid plants and their significance; 2, to observe the various variations in the number

Understand the mutagenic effects of physical factors on genetic material through radiation on plants.

The principles and techniques of determining the rate of plant respiration by the airflow method will be mastered through experiments.

Mendel's laws include the "law of segregation" and the "law of independent distribution". According to the law of segregation, a pair of alleles located on a pa

Microparticle bombardment, also known as the gene gun method, has been widely used in the genetic transformation of cereal crops. This method brings DNA directl

1. Understanding the methods and significance of micronucleus determination 2、Searching for new testing systems and new safer and more effective plant mutagen

Understand that when chromosome structure is mutated, chromosome bridges or chromosome breaks can be observed in mitotic cells at later stages, and micronuclei

This chapter details a reproducible method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of spring wheat by direct inoculation of Agrobacterium sap into immature see

Experiments to deepen understanding of the pathways and rates of water transport in plants and the potential for vascular transport.

This chapter describes a method similar to the Arabidopsis inflorescence imbibition method for the transformation of wheat floral organs. Instead of relying on

Wheat, as one of the major global crops, is processed into a range of food products for consumer consumption. Therefore, it is of great importance to determine

Oat, a temperate cereal crop widely grown worldwide, lacks tolerance to osmotic stress caused by drought and/or high salt. We have developed a genotype-independ

Over the past 30 years, fluorescent chromosome analysis techniques have facilitated the understanding of genome construction and deepened knowledge of the organ

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of barley has been widely utilized over the last decade and it offers advantages over gene gun-mediated transgenic techniq

Modern "metabolomics" methods can be used to automatically compare the levels of a number of structurally different compounds in a large number of samples. The

In Western Europe, for transgenic crops to be approved for commercial production, proof of their substantial equivalence to conventionally bred crops needs to b

The study of insertion patterns and loci of exogenous genes in transgenic plants greatly contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of integration, expr

With the development of transgenic technology systems, the transfer of heterologous genes into the plant genome has become possible, which provides a new avenue

This chapter describes a simple and practical method for large-scale isolation and purification of chloroplasts. The advantages of this method are high yield, l

In this chapter we describe an efficient method suitable for whole protein extraction from various plant tissues. The method utilizes trichloroacetic acid and a

Within this chapter, we present a protocol for extracting total protein from wood-forming tissues (secondary xylem in differentiation). This protocol has been u

Another feasible method for protein extraction, besides the classical trichloroacetic acid (TCA ) /acetone precipitation method, is phenol extraction, which can

It is well known that the xylem and primordial vasculature in higher plants are responsible for the long-distance transport of small nutrient molecules. However

Plant cell mitochondria perform a number of important biochemical processes. The most important of these is the oxidative degradation of organic acids via the t

Seeds may contain different components, like starch and polysaccharides, which can severely reduce the amount of protein extracted. The proteins in cereal plant

The isolation and extraction of nuclear proteins has facilitated the study of plant proteomics. This technique relies on subcellular isolation with which the pr

Because of its outstanding ability to separate total proteins, bidirectional gel electrophoresis can be applied to the separation of all types of proteins. Howe

Bidirectional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for protein identification using fixed pH gradients (IPGs ) are currently the main techniques for proteo

In all living cells the plasma membrane (PM ) exists as an interface between the cytoplasm and the environment and is one of the most complex and differentiated

Two-dimensional electrophoresis, as an important experimental tool for comparative proteomics studies, has been applied to conveniently reflect the differences

The integrity of the proteome of subcellular components such as the nucleus is largely determined by whether or not other cellular contaminants are removed from

The plant cell wall is a highly dynamic and chemically active component of the plant cell. The main components of the cell wall are polysaccharides, as well as

Staining of biphasic gel electrophoresis is a crucial step in comparative proteomics studies regarding the number of proteins to be measured, the accurate quant

We provide background on multivariate analysis of proteomics data and also provide methods for data transformation of different data packages. This technique ca

MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) is a faster and more convenient method for identifying proteins. The genomes studied have been sequenced and annotat

Immunoblotting using polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF ) membranes is the most commonly used method for Edman sequencing. Protein samples are transferred from a 2

In this chapter, we present a detailed experimental method for the large-scale identification of proteins in rice leaf and root tissues using 2D liquid chromato

Like other eukaryotic cells, glycosylation is one of the most studied post-translational events in plant cells. Depending on the type of connection between the

PROTICdb is a web-based database designed primarily to store and analyze plant proteomic data obtained by 2D polyacrylamide electrophoresis and mass spectrometr

Tandem mass spectrometry is an effective technique for peptide characterization based on the fragmentation pattern of the peptide, also known as MS/MS scanning.

Prior to the identification of membrane proteins by matrix-assisted laser-resolved time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), these proteins need to be se

Source: Experiments in Botany

The completion of the Arabidopsis and rice genome sequencing projects has greatly supported the application of proteomics methods such as protein microarray tec

Identification of protein kinase substrates is a major focus of protein kinase research and provides evidence for resolving signal transduction pathways and the

High-resolution protein separation is an essential requirement for proteomics studies, and protein separation relies heavily on 2D IEF/SDS-PAGE; unfortunately,

Source: Experiments in Botany

Plant identification is a means of determining the name of a plant, checking the name of a plant rather than fixing a name. Nomenclature is to name a newly disc

A method has been developed for extracting intact proteins from SDS-PAGE gels and analyzing them by MALDI-TOF MS to determine their molecular mass. This method

Source: Experiments in Botany

Source: Experiments in Botany

Source: Experiments in Botany

Source: Experiments in Botany

Source: Experiments in Botany

Source: Experiments in Botany

When plant tissues are subjected to drought or other adverse conditions, the protoplasmic structure of the cells will be injured, especially the membrane system

Gibberellins are produced in the dextrinous layer of the embryo after water absorption and germination of barley or wheat seeds. These gibberellins, when releas

We can analyze the differential expression of proteins in two different tissues and organs of the same plant by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel elec

Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) is a redox substance with a standard redox potential of 80 millivolts. It is a colorless solution when dissolved in water, b

In the determination of the oil content of the sample, usually using organic solvents with a boiling point of less than 60 ℃ as a fat solvent (such as ether an

Down-regulation of endogenous gene expression by post-transcriptional horizontal gene silencing (PTGS) is a key to characterize plant gene function. Many RNA le

The TPS is an open gas circuit system for the simultaneous determination of photosynthetic and respiration rates and transpiration rates in plant leaves. When m

Phenolic substances in plant tissues are oxidized to Da by polyphenol oxidase, and Da can automatically polymerize into colorful substances and browning occurs.

Viable seed embryos undergo continuous redox reactions during respiration, and the hydrogen shed reduces the coenzymes (NAD or NADP). When TTC penetrates into t

The extraction of plant DNA is a basic technique in plant molecular biology and genetic engineering research, and several methods such as CTAB method, SDS metho

The speed of transpiration is related to the speed of mineral salt transportation in the plant and leaf temperature, etc. The transpiration rate can be used as

The osmotic potential of plant cells mainly depends on the concentration of solutes in the vesicles, and some plants actively accumulate solutes in their cells

Phenylalanine ammonia-dissolving enzyme (PAD) plays an important role in regulating the formation of secondary substances such as lignin, phytoalexins, flavonoi

The expansion and contraction of the guard cells on both sides of the stomata directly affects the opening and closing of the stomata, which significantly influ

Vitamin C is one of the most important vitamins in human nutrition and a deficiency can lead to scurvy. Fruits and vegetables are the main source of vitamin C f

Stomata are the main channel for gas exchange between plant leaves and the outside world, and the distribution, density, shape, size and opening and closing of

The phenomena of single salt toxicity and inter-ionic antagonism are simple experiments to illustrate the importance of the balance of various ions (various ion

Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme in the metabolic action of plant nitrogen and is associated with the ability of crops to take up and utilize nitrate nitrogen.

Essential elements are mineral elements that are necessary to maintain the normal physiological activities of plants. To determine whether various elements are

Determination of malondialdehyde content in plant tissues is to understand the factors of malondialdehyde (malondialdehyde, MDA ) formation in living organisms;

Growth hormone and its synthetic analogs have a great influence on plant growth, but different concentrations produce different physiological effects. The effec

NO3- taken up by plant roots must be metabolically reduced before it can be further utilized by the plant. Nitrate reductase (EC.1.6.6.1, abbreviated as NR) is

Plant tissue culture can study the laws of growth and differentiation of cultured parts without interference from other parts of the plant body, and can utilize

Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C, is widely found in fresh fruits and vegetables, and it is a highly active substance involved in many metabolic activities. Ascorb

Plant growth and development, gene expression, and response to environmental stimuli are governed by hormone balance in the body. However, due to the extremely

The isolation and preparation of plant chloroplasts is an important technical condition for the study of the structure and function of chloroplasts and the mech

Master the method of determining amylase activity by using gibberellin (GA3)-induced degradation of starch by synthetic a-amylase to diminish the blue-purple co

Plant mineral elements are essential for plant growth, and most of them are involved in metabolic activities as necessary components of coenzymes or cofactors.

Plant endogenous hormones play an extremely important role in regulating the growth and development of plants, and they show obvious physiological effects in ve

Familiarize yourself with methods of determining pollen tube growth and the major factors affecting growth.

Ethylene (ETHYLENE) is one of the endogenous plant hormones, which exists in the form of a gas and has a variety of physiological functions for the plant body.

The developmental process of plant flower buds is often influenced by environmental factors . In particular, temperature and photoperiod are affected. The study

To understand the principles and methods of colorimetric determination of peroxidase activity.

To learn and understand the method and principles of the photochemical reduction method of nitro nitro tetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) for the determination of

When plants age or are exposed to adversity, the metabolism of reactive oxygen species is enhanced in the body resulting in the accumulation of H2O2, which caus

To understand the factors of malondialdehyde (MDA ) formation in living organisms; to focus on the principles and methods of MDA determination; to further famil

Chloroplast pigments have the role of absorbing, transferring and converting light energy, extracting and separating chloroplast pigments is the first step in t

Hill reaction (Hill reaction) is a reaction in which the isolated chloroplasts of green plants decompose water in the light, release oxygen, and at the same tim

To master the principle of cell injury and the measurement of cell injury in plants in the presence of adversity or other injuries; to master the determination

Polyphenol oxidase (PP0) is widely present in plant tissues, and can oxidize phenolic substances to Da substances, but this reaction does not occur frequently i

Understand the role of ATPase in plant metabolic processes and the principles and methods of ATPase activity determination.

Respiration rate is one of the most important indicators of the strength of plant life activities. The size of the respiration rate of plants varies depending o

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Activity is to understand the function of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) shuttle enzyme and to familiarize with the enzyme coupled as

Cytokinin can promote cell division, delay aging, etc., so it is often used as a preservative for flowers, fruits and vegetables. Therefore, this experiment is

Determination of plant chlorophyll fluorescence parameters is to master the basic principles and methods of portable chlorophyll fluorescence meter to determine

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate synthase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is an important regulatory enzyme of photosynthesis with a dual role. One is to catalyze the fixation of

Plant chloroplast pigment content directly affects plant photosynthesis and crop yield, and is also closely related to the supply of plant water and mineral nut

LI-6400 portable photosynthesis instrument to determine the gas exchange of plant leaves is to master the infrared CO2 analyzer method to determine the gas exch

Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants absorb light energy to synthesize CO2 and H2O into organic matter and release O2. Photosynthesis rate is an im

Under normal conditions, the free proline content of plants is very low, but when encountering adversities such as drought, low temperature, salinity and alkali

Betaine is a widely distributed cytocompatible substance, and many plants accumulate large amounts of betaine in their cells under salinity and drought stress,

Phenylalanine deaminase is a key enzyme in plant secondary metabolism. It catalyzes the deamination of L-phenylalanine. Ammonia is released to form trans-cinnam

They should know the role of ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD). They should know how to determine ascorbate peroxidase activity spectrophotometrically.

Soluble sugar is mostly some sugar with sweet flavor, such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and so on. Soluble sugar content is an important indicator of

Amino acids are the basic units of proteins and are also the breakdown products of proteins. Nitrogen absorbed and assimilated by plant roots is mainly transpor

Many biotic and abiotic adversities induce the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and h2o2 plays an important role as a signaling molecule in plant stress

Starch is the main storage material of plants, mostly in seeds, roots and tubers. Starch is not only an important nutrient, but also has a wide range of industr

Organic acids are found in a wide range of plant organs and play an important role in metabolism. The content of organic acids varies in different parts of the

Understand the principles and methods of hydroxylamine oxidation for the determination of oxygen radicals.

To understand the method of extracting sucrase from plant tissues and the principle of Nelson's method for determining sucrase activity.

To learn and understand the principles and methods of the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method for the determination of cellulase activity, and to understand

Phenolic substances in plant tissues are oxidized to Da by polyphenol oxidase, and Da can automatically polymerize into colorful substances and browning occurs.

Tannins are generally considered to be water-soluble polyphenolic compounds with a molecular mass of 500-3,000 ku0 In addition to their phenolic properties, tan

Freehand sectioning is a method of holding a blade or razor and cutting fresh or fixed material into thin slices, which are then mounted and used for microscopi

Alkaloids are natural nitrogen-containing organic compounds, but do not include amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, choline, methylamine and othe

Cells are the basic units that make up living organisms. Compared with animal cells, plant cells have their own special cell components, such as cell wall and p

In order to illustrate in a simple way the structure of a flower, the composition, arrangement and interrelationship of its parts, the parts of a flower can be

Usually, we call a group of substances with C6-C3 C6 carbon structure as flavonoid compounds, including flavones, flavonols, flavanones, chai- cones, anthocyani

Due to their large size and opacity, plants cannot be viewed directly under a microscope. To study the internal structure of the plant, the thickness and volume

Various organisms in nature have relative stability in the form, structure and number of their chromosomes. The complete set of chromosomes contained in the gam

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically regulated process that actively removes excess, injured cells during plant growth and development or in response to

Plant cells contain abundant organelles, including vesicles, plastids, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules and microfi

In a broad sense, the cytoskeleton is a type of organelle that contains three different components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate fibers. So fa

Since the sperm cells of angiosperms are unable to move, the completion of sexual reproduction in angiosperms requires the use of pollen tubes to deliver the sp

The pollination process begins with anther dehiscence and dispersal of mature pollen. Pollen grains carrying male gametes or their precursors are exposed to dry

Conifers are a group of gymnosperms with slender, needle-like leaves, mostly evergreen, and generally soft, some resin-containing material, consisting mainly of

After landing on the stigma, pollen, the male gametophyte of plants, grows pollen tubes through germination and transports sperm cells to the embryo sac to comp

Genetic diversity is a historical product of organisms formed in the course of long-term evolution and is an important component of biological diversity. The si

Water potential is the potential energy that drives the movement of water through an organism. Water always moves from a higher to a lower water potential in th

Phylogenetic analysis of plant molecules is mainly based on the use of biomolecular sequences (such as DNA sequences) that carry plant genetic information, and

Plant tissue water content is an important indicator of plant water status. Plant tissue water content not only directly affects plant growth, stomatal conditio