Overview Specifications Names and Identifiers Documentation Advanced Data Taxonomic Classification 3D Structure Associated Targets(Human) Associated Targets(non-human) Mechanisms of Action Certificates（CoA,COO,BSE/TSE and Analysis Chart) Chemical and Physical Properties Documents & Articles Citations of This Product Solution Calculators Reviews

🧪

Why this grade

Anhydrous Grade, Moligand™, ACS, ≥99.5% ACS,Anhydrous Grade,Moligand™ for sensitive chromatographic and analytical workflows requiring minimal baseline interference.

🌡

Storage & shipping

Room temperature Ships Normal Check lot-specific COA for exact specifications.

📋

Quality documents

SDS, COA, datasheet, and spec sheet available for download. Lot-specific COA accessible via lot number lookup.

📚

Literature proof

Cited in 1981 peer-reviewed publications across chromatography, organic synthesis, and cross-coupling reactions.

Overview

General Description

Citric acid also called 2-hydroxy-propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, is a component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in all organisms. Industrial production of citric acid use fungal, yeast and citrus fruit as the major source. Aspergillus niger is majorly used for citric acid production by fermentation Manganese inhibits fermentative production of citric acid Oral supplementation of citric acid promotes tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, attenuating physical fatigue.

Application

Citric acidhas been used as a component of citrate buffer and Fe-free sauton′s medium. It has been used in hybridization chain reaction buffer for preequilibration of coverslips for testes sections.

Specifications

Synonyms

Specifications & Purity

Anhydrous Grade, Moligand™, ACS, ≥99.5%

Storage

Room temperature

Shipped In

Normal

Grade

ACS, Anhydrous Grade, Moligand™

Purity

≥99.5%

Names and Identifiers

Pubchem Sid

488179510

Pubchem Sid Url

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/488179510

Canonical Smiles

C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O

IUPAC Name

2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

InChIKey

KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

INCHI

1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)

Isomeric SMILES

C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O

WGK Germany

RTECS

GE7350000

Molecular Weight

192.12

Beilstein

782061

Reaxy-Rn

782061

Reaxys-RN_link_address

https://www.reaxys.com/reaxys/secured/hopinto.do?context=S&query=IDE.XRN=782061&ln=

Documentation

📋 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Comprehensive hazard, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance document.

Download SDS →

✅ Certificate of Analysis (COA)

Lot-specific quality data. Enter your lot number to retrieve the exact COA.

Look up COA →

📊 Datasheet

Quick-reference summary of product specifications and applications.

View datasheet →

🔬 Specification Sheet

Full quality attributes and acceptance criteria for this grade.

View spec sheet →

Advanced Data

Taxonomic Classification

Taxonomy Tree

Kingdom Organic compounds
- Superclass Organic acids and derivatives
  - Class Carboxylic acids and derivatives
    - Subclass Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives

Kingdom	Organic compounds
Superclass	Organic acids and derivatives
Class	Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Subclass	Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Intermediate Tree Nodes	Not available
Direct Parent	Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents	Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives Tertiary alcohols Carboxylic acids Organic oxides Hydrocarbon derivatives Carbonyl compounds
Molecular Framework	Aliphatic acyclic compounds
Substituents	Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives - Hydroxy acid - Alpha-hydroxy acid - Tertiary alcohol - Carboxylic acid - Organic oxygen compound - Organic oxide - Hydrocarbon derivative - Organooxygen compound - Carbonyl group - Alcohol - Aliphatic acyclic compound
Description	This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups.
External Descriptors	tricarboxylic acid
1. Djoumbou Feunang Y, Eisner R, Knox C, Chepelev L, Hastings J, Owen G, Fahy E, Steinbeck C, Subramanian S, Bolton E, Greiner R, and Wishart DS. ClassyFire: Automated Chemical Classification With A Comprehensive, Computable Taxonomy. Journal of Cheminformatics, 2016, 8:61. DOI: 10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y

3D Structure

Associated Targets(Human)

TRPV4 Tchem Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (1 Activities)

Discover Target: TRPV4

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PKD2L1 Tchem Polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 protein (1 Activities)

Discover Target: PKD2L1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

PDE5A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 5A (5113 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE5A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

EGFR Tclin Epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (33727 Activities)

Discover Target: EGFR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

F2 Tclin Thrombin (11687 Activities)

Discover Target: F2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CA2 Tclin Carbonic anhydrase II (17698 Activities)

Discover Target: CA2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ESR1 Tclin Estrogen receptor alpha (17718 Activities)

Discover Target: ESR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HMGCR Tclin HMG-CoA reductase (2475 Activities)

Discover Target: HMGCR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

NR3C1 Tclin Glucocorticoid receptor (14987 Activities)

Discover Target: NR3C1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

INSR Tclin Insulin receptor (5558 Activities)

Discover Target: INSR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PGR Tclin Progesterone receptor (8562 Activities)

Discover Target: PGR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB2 Tclin Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (11824 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM2 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (10671 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRB1 Tclin Beta-1 adrenergic receptor (6630 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRB1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1A Tclin Serotonin 1a (5-HT1a) receptor (14969 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA2A Tclin Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (9450 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AR Tclin Androgen Receptor (11781 Activities)

Discover Target: AR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CHRM1 Tclin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (12690 Activities)

Discover Target: CHRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACE Tclin Angiotensin-converting enzyme (1423 Activities)

Discover Target: ACE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD2 Tclin Dopamine D2 receptor (23596 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

MAOA Tclin Monoamine oxidase A (11911 Activities)

Discover Target: MAOA

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CNR1 Tclin Cannabinoid CB1 receptor (20913 Activities)

Discover Target: CNR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD1 Tclin Dopamine D1 receptor (9720 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD4 Tchem Dopamine D4 receptor (7907 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ACHE Tclin Acetylcholinesterase (18204 Activities)

Discover Target: ACHE

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS1 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-1 (9233 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A2 Tclin Norepinephrine transporter (10102 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH2 Tclin Histamine H2 receptor (5428 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1D Tclin Alpha-1d adrenergic receptor (4171 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1D

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR1B Tclin Serotonin 1b (5-HT1b) receptor (2801 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR1B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2A Tclin Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor (14758 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR2C Tclin Serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor (11471 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR2C

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADORA1 Tclin Adenosine A1 receptor (17603 Activities)

Discover Target: ADORA1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CALCR Tclin Calcitonin receptor (2215 Activities)

Discover Target: CALCR

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A4 Tclin Serotonin transporter (12625 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1A Tclin Alpha-1a adrenergic receptor (8359 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PTGS2 Tclin Cyclooxygenase-2 (13999 Activities)

Discover Target: PTGS2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HRH1 Tclin Histamine H1 receptor (7573 Activities)

Discover Target: HRH1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ADRA1B Tclin Alpha-1b adrenergic receptor (2912 Activities)

Discover Target: ADRA1B

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRM1 Tclin Mu opioid receptor (19785 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRM1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

DRD3 Tclin Dopamine D3 receptor (14368 Activities)

Discover Target: DRD3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PPARG Tclin Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (15191 Activities)

Discover Target: PPARG

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

AVPR1A Tclin Vasopressin V1a receptor (5412 Activities)

Discover Target: AVPR1A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRD1 Tclin Delta opioid receptor (15096 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

OPRK1 Tclin Kappa opioid receptor (16155 Activities)

Discover Target: OPRK1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC6A3 Tclin Dopamine transporter (10535 Activities)

Discover Target: SLC6A3

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

KCNH2 Tclin HERG (29587 Activities)

Discover Target: KCNH2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HTR4 Tclin Serotonin 4 (5-HT4) receptor (2068 Activities)

Discover Target: HTR4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

PDE3A Tclin Phosphodiesterase 3A (3309 Activities)

Discover Target: PDE3A

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ESR2 Tclin Estrogen receptor beta (9272 Activities)

Discover Target: ESR2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

CYSLTR1 Tclin Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (2118 Activities)

Discover Target: CYSLTR1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

ERBB2 Tclin Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase erbB-2 (7851 Activities)

Discover Target: ERBB2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Associated Targets(non-human)

Agtr2 Angiotensin II type 2 (AT-2) receptor (803 Activities)

Discover Target: Agtr2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

blaZ Beta-lactamase (285 Activities)

Discover Target: blaZ

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mc4r Melanocortin receptor 4 (1205 Activities)

Discover Target: Mc4r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Ltc4s Leukotriene C4 synthase (1 Activities)

Discover Target: Ltc4s

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Sigmar1 Sigma opioid receptor (160 Activities)

Discover Target: Sigmar1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Npy1r Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 (8 Activities)

Discover Target: Npy1r

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Cckar Cholecystokinin A receptor (90 Activities)

Discover Target: Cckar

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Nos2 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible (3573 Activities)

Discover Target: Nos2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mapk1 MAP kinase ERK2 (650 Activities)

Discover Target: Mapk1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Hdac6 Histone deacetylase 6 (222 Activities)

Discover Target: Hdac6

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mmp9 Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (38 Activities)

Discover Target: Mmp9

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

HD1 Histone deacetylase (38 Activities)

Discover Target: HD1

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

aroQ 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (29 Activities)

Discover Target: aroQ

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (123386 Activities)

Explore this target

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Staphylococcus aureus (210822 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Escherichia coli (133304 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Bacillus cereus (7522 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Caenorhabditis elegans (1055 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Artemia (698 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mus musculus (284745 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Rattus norvegicus (775804 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

rep Replicase polyprotein 1ab (378 Activities)

Discover Target: rep

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Plasma (328 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Nfe2l2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (214 Activities)

Discover Target: Nfe2l2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Glra2 Glycine receptor (1745 Activities)

Discover Target: Glra2

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

crn-4 Cell death-related nuclease 4 (18 Activities)

Discover Target: crn-4

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

rnt Ribonuclease T (18 Activities)

Discover Target: rnt

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Metallo-beta-lactamase type 2 (11 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SARS-CoV-2 (38078 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

A085R Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (72 Activities)

Discover Target: A085R

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mechanisms of Action

Certificates（CoA,COO,BSE/TSE and Analysis Chart)

C of A & Other Certificates(BSE/TSE, COO):

Analytical Chart:

Find and download the COA for your product by matching the lot number on the packaging.

35 results found

Lot Number	Certificate Type	Date	Item
F2610596	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 22, 2026	C434173
F2610598	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 16, 2026	C434173
F2610597	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 16, 2026	C434173
C2325372	Certificate of Analysis	Jan 19, 2026	C434173
F2513405	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 20, 2025	C434173
F2513233	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 20, 2025	C434173
F2513232	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 20, 2025	C434173
F2513223	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 20, 2025	C434173
F2513231	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 20, 2025	C434173
A2515316	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 19, 2024	C434173
A2515317	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 19, 2024	C434173
A2515318	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 19, 2024	C434173
G2418465	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 26, 2024	C434173
G2418464	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 26, 2024	C434173
G2418463	Certificate of Analysis	Jun 26, 2024	C434173
A2418240	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 28, 2023	C434173
A2418244	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 28, 2023	C434173
A2418243	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 28, 2023	C434173
A2418242	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 28, 2023	C434173
A2418241	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 28, 2023	C434173
A2418239	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 28, 2023	C434173
L2327040	Certificate of Analysis	Aug 12, 2023	C434173
L2305016	Certificate of Analysis	Aug 12, 2023	C434173
J2325032	Certificate of Analysis	Aug 12, 2023	C434173
I2308243	Certificate of Analysis	Aug 12, 2023	C434173
I2308242	Certificate of Analysis	Aug 12, 2023	C434173
I2308241	Certificate of Analysis	Aug 12, 2023	C434173
I2308240	Certificate of Analysis	Aug 12, 2023	C434173
H2309570	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 01, 2023	C434173
G2328030	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 01, 2023	C434173
G2312116	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 01, 2023	C434173
C2325355	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 01, 2023	C434173
C2325357	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 01, 2023	C434173
C2325369	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 01, 2023	C434173
C2325373	Certificate of Analysis	Mar 01, 2023	C434173

Chemical and Physical Properties

Sensitivity	Moisture sensitive
Melt Point(°C)	153-159°C
Molecular Weight	192.120 g/mol
XLogP3	-1.700
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	7
Rotatable Bond Count	5
Exact Mass	192.027 Da
Monoisotopic Mass	192.027 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area	132.000 Å²
Heavy Atom Count	13
Formal Charge	0
Complexity	227.000
Isotope Atom Count	0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
The total count of all stereochemical bonds	0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count	1

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submerged fermentation Phytase Phosphomonoesterase Phytate Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate Available Phosphorus Monogastric Animals Pelleting Stability Solid-State Fermentation

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sucrose Glucose monosaccharides invertase sucrose synthase sucrose phosphorylase

Functional Framework of Starch Metabolism-Related Enzymes in Food Science Research and Mechanistic Analysis of Quality Regulation

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α-amylase Rheology Starch Metabolism-Related Enzymes Food Science Research Quality-Regulation Mechanisms Glucoamylase Debranching Enzymes Transglycosylases Staling Digestive Properties

Acetyl-Group Metabolic Enzyme Network and In Vitro Enzymology Analysis

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Epigenetic Regulation Acetyl-Group Metabolism Acetyl-Coa Acetyltransferases Deacetylases Pathway Analysis In Vitro Enzymology Central Carbon Metabolism

Technical Comparison and Method Selection for Hydroxyproline Determination

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High-performance liquid chromatography colorimetry hydroxyproline collagen quantification LC-MS/MS acid hydrolysis method comparison fibrosis assessment

Bacterial Sodium Ion-Driven Energy Metabolism and Mechanisms of Transmembrane Coupled Transport

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sodium motive force Na+-NQR Na+/H+ antiporter TRAP transporter MATE efflux pump oxaloacetate decarboxylase flagellar motor transmembrane coupling

Tyramide Signal Amplification in In Situ Fluorescence Detection

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HRP TSA tyramide signal amplification in situ fluorescence detection multiplex immunofluorescence FFPE FISH

Effects of Cell Sample Preservation Systems on Morphological Integrity, Anticoagulant Stability, and Analytical Results

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Flow Cytometry EDTA Heparin citrate Cell Sample Preservation System Morphological Integrity Anticoagulant Stability Cell Cryopreservation

Comparison of Low-pH, High-pH, and Enzymatic Antigen Retrieval Systems in IHC

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IHC Antigen Retrieval FFPE low-pH heat retrieval high-pH heat retrieval enzymatic retrieval

Perovskite Oxides for Energy and Environmental Catalysis: How Oxygen Vacancies, B-Site Metals, and the Metal–Oxygen Bond Network Regulate Reaction Performance

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perovskite perovskite oxides oxide

Why Do Cancer Cells Synthesize Their Own Fatty Acids? From the De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway to Experimental Assessment

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Cancer Cells Synthetic fatty acids

From Natural Cellulose to Nanocrystals: Structural Characteristics, Application Directions, and Industrialization Challenges of CNC

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Nanocrystalline Natural Cellulose Cellulose Nanocrystals

Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) Chromatography Columns: Creating New Selectivity for Challenging Separations through Molecular Shape and the π-Electron Cloud on the Graphitic Surface

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High-performance liquid chromatography Porous Graphitic Carbon

Why LABSA (Sulfonic Acid) Is Commonly Used in Household Cleaning Formulations: Neutralization Mechanism, Detergency Action, and Formulation Application Points

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Anionic Surfactant Surfactants Daily Chemical Industry

From Structure to Performance: Conditioning, Film-Forming, Thickening, and Chelating Applications of Functional Ingredients in Personal Care and Home Care

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Differences, Mechanisms of Action, and Selection of Sodium Metasilicate and Sodium Tripolyphosphate in Detergent and Cleaning Formulations

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Surfactants Daily chemical cleaning

The Role, Selection, and Validation of Chelating Agents in Daily Chemical Formulations

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K12 (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate/SLS) Is More Than a Foaming Agent: Structure, Properties, and Applications in Personal Care and Household Care Formulations

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Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate K12 SLS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

From Structure to Rheology: How Carbomer Forms Gel Structures and Enables Thickening, Suspension, and Auxiliary Emulsion Stabilization

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Carbomer

What Is the Difference Between Triethanolamine and Diethanolamine: Understanding Their Formulation Functions, Application Differences, and Selection Logic from a Molecular-Structure Perspective

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DEA Triethanolamine TEA Diethanolamine

Thickening, Suspension, Auxiliary Stabilization, and Agglomeration Mechanisms of Xanthan Gum in Personal Care Formulations: From Molecular Structure to Processing Applications

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Why Can 6501 (Cocamide DEA) Stabilize Foam and Build Viscosity? Structural Mechanism, 1:1/1:1.5 Differences, and Application Selection

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Non-ionic surfactants 6501 Cocamide DEA CDEA Coconut fatty acid diethanolamide

Differences, Functions, and Selection Guidelines for Sodium Hydroxide Flakes, Granules, Liquid Caustic Soda, and Caustic Soda in Household and Personal Care Product Manufacturing: The Functional and Application Logic of Sodium Hydroxide

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AES (Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether Sulfate) in Personal and Home-Care Cleansing Formulations: An Analysis of Structure, Performance, and Low-Temperature Flowability

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Xiao Fang Bai, Da Fang Bai, PnB and DPnB: Mechanisms and Selection of Butyl Glycol Ethers in Hard-Surface Cleaning Formulations

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Why Limonene Can Soften Greasy Soils Yet Is Difficult to Dissolve in Water: Understanding the Cleaning Mechanism and Formulation Applications of Naturally Derived Solvents from Molecular Structure

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Understanding CAPB from Its Structure: How Cocamidopropyl Betaine Improves Foam, Enhances Mildness, and Supports Thickening

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How to Select Thickeners for Strongly Acidic Cleaning Systems: Comparison of Thickening Mechanisms and Application Considerations for Fatty Amine Ethoxylates

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How Can Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Be Replaced? From Detergency Mechanisms to Formulation Choices for Low-Phosphorus/Phosphorus-Free Builder Systems

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Interfacial Mechanism and Formulation Applications of AEO-9 (Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether): An Analysis of Emulsification, Wetting, Oil Soil Removal, and Co-Formulation Compatibility

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More Than a pH Adjuster: Mechanisms, Selection Logic, and Alternative Acid Source Analysis of Citric Acid in Home-Care Cleaning

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Sodium Metasilicate in Cleaning Applications: Hydration-Form Differences, Mechanisms of Action, and Selection Logic

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Na₂SiO₃ Sodium Metasilicate

Analysis of the Foaming Performance Differences Between K12 and AOS: Structure, Acid–Base Stability, and Formulation Selection

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Structural Characteristics, Low-Temperature Flowability, and Home-Care Cleaning Applications of Palm-Derived Isomeric Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether PLE-S9

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PLE-S9

Performance Sources and Formulation Applications of Enzyme-Based Ingredients in Daily Chemical Products: Fermentation Transformation, Enzymatic Reactions, and Application Principles

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Mechanisms and Troubleshooting of Foam Reduction in Personal and Household Care Formulations: Film Rupture, Weak Interfacial Films, Insufficient Surfactant Supply, and Phase-State Disturbance

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Analysis of the Production Process of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) for Putty: Understanding Differences in Substitution Structure and Gelation Temperature from High-Ratio and Low-Ratio Formulations

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HPMC Neutral putty 821 putty Ordinary interior wall putty

Why Are Daily Chemical Products Prone to Viscosity Thinning in Summer? Core Mechanisms, Troubleshooting Methods, and Solutions

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Daily chemical products Return to thinning

Types, Mechanisms of Action, Key Quality Indicators, and Selection and Application of Common Cellulose Ethers in Wall Putty

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Wall Putty Cellulose Ether

Causes and Mechanism Analysis of Delamination During Sanding of Water-Resistant Putty

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Why Do Rust Spots Appear on Neutral Wall Putty? Iron Sources, Moisture Migration, Oxidative Color Development, and Prevention Measures

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Neutral putty

Experimental Evaluation of the Synergistic Actions of Endoglucanase, CBH I, and β-Glucosidase in Lignocellulosic Saccharification

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Glucose β-glucosidase cellulase endoglucanase Enzyme synergy CBH I Lignocellulosic saccharification Cellobiose

TCA Cycle Metabolite Detection Methods and Result Interpretation

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Preparation Strategy and In Vitro Biological Performance Evaluation of Tannic Acid–Brushite In Situ Composite Bone Cement

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Biocompatibility tannic acid brushite bone cement in situ composite calcium phosphate material in vitro degradation osteogenic evaluation

Histological Staining Methods for Identifying Hepatitis B Virus: Comparison of HE, Orcein, Aldehyde Fuchsin, Victoria Blue, Immunohistochemistry, and In Situ Hybridization

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Immunohistochemistry In situ hybridization hepatitis B virus HBV histological staining HBsAg HBcAg orcein staining aldehyde fuchsin staining Victoria blue staining

Mechanism of Kojic Acid in Reducing Hyperpigmentation: From Tyrosinase Inhibition to Melanin Production Regulation

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Natural Pigment tyrosinase Melanin

Antioxidant Mechanisms, Stability, and Delivery Strategies of Resveratrol in Skincare Research

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Resveratrol

Antioxidant Mechanisms of Ferulic Acid in Skincare, Vitamin C/E Synergy, and Stable Delivery Applications

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ferulic acid FA

Potential Mechanisms of Succinic Acid in Acne Care: From Dicarboxylic Acid–Base Equilibria to Metabolic Antagonism Among Skin Microorganisms

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Succinic Acid Acne

Structure, Stratum Corneum Distribution, and Stratum Corneum Conditioning Mechanism of Capryloyl Salicylic Acid: Barrier Effects and Safety Evaluation

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Capryloyl Salicylic Acid Lipohydroxy Acid LHA

Potential Mechanisms of Tea Polyphenols in Oily, Acne-Prone Skin: Effects of EGCG on Sebum Production, Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammatory Responses

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Tea Polyphenols

Moisturizing Mechanisms of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides: From Polysaccharide Structure and Hydration Rheology to Dynamic Film Formation on the Skin Surface

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Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides

How Arbutin Regulates Melanin Production: α/β Anomeric Configuration and Tyrosinase Action

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Melanin Arbutin

Mechanistic Basis of Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in the Management of Expression Lines: SNARE Complex Interference, Constraints on Percutaneous Delivery, and Combination Strategies

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Retinol Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 Argireline SNAP-25 SNARE complex expression lines transdermal delivery anti-wrinkle combinations

Niacinamide Brightening Mechanisms and Formulation Design: Melanosome Transfer, pH Regulation, and Combination Strategies

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Niacinamide

MTAD-Mediated Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyridines: Transient para-Cycloaddition, Alkene Oxidation, and Heteroatom Functionalization

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Pyridines piperidines Alkene Oxidation

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